1. Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism ; G. Rubin, "Traffic in Women." Rubin repudiates her position explicitly in "Thinking Sex," p. 307. Mitchell repudiates her position indirectly in the last essay in her Women, The Longest Revolution, p. 307. [BACK]

2. The material in the remainder of this section (pp. 187-95) draws from my article "Reproducing Male Dominance." [BACK]

3. For a good statement and partial critique of Freud's concept of bisexuality, see Stoller, "Freud's Concept of Bisexuality." [BACK]

4. For several passages referring to parental identification, see Burlingham, "Preoedipal Infant-Father Relationship," especially pp. 26-27. [BACK]

5. Quoted in Burlingham, "Preoedipal Infant-Father Relationship," p. 27. [BACK]

6. For example, in "Female Sexuality" (p. 53), Freud says, "In this the complete identity of the pre-Oedipus phase in boys and girls is recog- soft

nized, and the girl's sexual (phallic) activity towards her mother is affirmed and substantiated by observations." [BACK]

7. Freud, "Femininity," p. 87. [BACK]

8. Freud, "Female Sexuality," p. 51. [BACK]

9. Quoted by Mitchell from Freud's "Femininity" in her Psychoanalysis and Feminism, p. 117n. [BACK]

10. Rossi cites this in "Biosocial Perspective on Parenting," especially p. 17. [BACK]

11. Schafer, "Freud's Psychology of Women." [BACK]

12. Chodorow, Reproduction of Mothering, p. 165 [BACK]

13. Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism, p. 128. [BACK]

14. Horney, "Flight from Womanhood." [BACK]

15. Chodorow, Reproduction of Mothering, pp. 115-17. [BACK]

16. Quoted by Burlingham, "Preoedipal Infant-Father Relationship," p. 27. [BACK]

17. Mitchell, Psychoanalysis and Feminism, p. 56. [BACK]

18. See Chodorow, Reproduction of Mothering . She says, for example, "A second assumpton is that sexual orientation and mode define gender. A little girl is a little man or boy because she loves a woman, and her sexuality is active and clitoral. 'Changing sex,' as Freud puts it means giving up her clitoris and her activity" (p. 147). And again in parentheses she says, "for psychoanalysts, femininity means genital heterosexuality" (p. 111). [BACK]

19. G. Rubin, "Traffic in Women," p. 199. [BACK]

20. Mitchell, Women, The Longest Revolution, p. 308. [BACK]

21. G. Rubin, "Thinking Sex," p. 307. [BACK]

22. Money and Ehrhardt, Man and Woman . [BACK]

23. See chapter 7, "Minimizing Versus Maximizing Sex Differences," in Money, Love and Love Sickness . For Money, gender identity and gender role are two sides of the same coin, which he refers to as Gender-Identity/Role or G-I/R. In his terms, G-I/R definitely includes heterosexuality, and he speaks against those feminists who assume that gender identity is nothing but a matter of declaring oneself male or female (pp. 87-88). He excludes passivity or submission from the role, however. He has little conception of the rootedness of male dominance in social structure and simply pronounces it "obsolete." [BACK]

24. Stoller, "Freud's Concept of Bisexuality," pp. 351-53. [BACK]

25. Stoller, "Femininity," p. 132. [BACK]

26. J. Ross, "Towards Fatherhood." [BACK]

27. Chodorow, Reproduction of Mothering, p. 113. [BACK]

28. Matthews, "Sex-Role Perception." [BACK]

29. This point is similar to that made by Abelin, who speaks of a little girl enacting a maternal generational identity while the boy emulates a continue

male gender identity. Abelin tends to make the usual assumption, however, that gender means sexual, since he refers to the girl's generational identity as a "madonna asexual complex." (E. Abelin, Panel contribution, "The Role of the Father in the Preoedipal Years," Proceedings of the Sixty-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Psychoanalytical Association, April 1977, Quebec. See also J. Ross, "Fathering." [BACK]

30. Ullian, "'Why Girls Are Good.'" [BACK]

31. Unger, Female and Male, pp. 213-14. [BACK]

32. Ullian, "'Why Girls Are Good,'" p. 250. [BACK]

33. Kohlberg, "Children's Sex Role Concepts." See also Kohlberg and Zigler, "Impact of Cognitive Maturity." [BACK]

34. Ullian, "Regression in Service of Male Ego." [BACK]

35. Wickert, "Freud's Heritage." [BACK]

36. Money, "Conceptual Neutering of Gender," p. 282.

37. Ibid. [BACK]

36. Money, "Conceptual Neutering of Gender," p. 282.

37. Ibid. [BACK]

38. When speaking of roles, a learned role was a gender role. Sex role then would refer to role in sexual intercourse. (See Tresemer, "Assumptions Made About Gender Roles.") This usage is confusing since surely learning is also involved in intercourse. [BACK]

39. Kessler and McKenna, Gender . [BACK]

40. MacKinnon, "An Agenda for Theory." [BACK]

41. MacKinnon, "Toward Feminist Jurisprudence," especially p. 635. [BACK]

42. MacKinnon, "An Agenda for Theory," p. 533. [BACK]

43. G. Rubin, "Thinking Sex," p. 307. [BACK]

44. Rubin sees MacKinnon as wanting "to subsume sexuality under feminist thought" and seems to think that MacKinnon is making a definitional fusion between gender and sex. My reading of MacKinnon indicates that this is not the case. [BACK]

45. For more discussion of the politics of AIDS, see Fitzgerald, Cities on a Hill. [BACK]

46. Money, "Conceptual Neutering of Gender." [BACK]

47. Degler, "Women in Making of Demographic Transition" in his At Odds . [BACK]

48. See Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in Human Female, and Masters and Johnson, Human Sexual Response . [BACK]

49. See especially Koedt, "Myth of Vaginal Orgasm." [BACK]

50. Person, "Sexuality as Mainstay of Identity." [BACK]

51. The above comments were stimulated by and built on Spender, "The Politics of Naming," especially p. 177. [BACK]

52. Goldman, "Prostitution." [BACK]

53. Schulz, "Rape Is Four-Letter Word." See also discussion in Spender, "The Politics of Naming," especially pp. 179-80. [BACK]

54. M. Morgan, Total Woman, especially pp. 106-7 and back cover. break [BACK]

55. Foucault, History of Sexuality . [BACK]

56. Snitow, Stansell, and Thompson, eds., Powers of Desire, especially pp. 30-33. [BACK]

57. For example, see Carroll, Volk, and Hyde, "Motives for Sexual Intercourse." [BACK]

58. L. Rubin, Intimate Strangers, p. 104. [BACK]

59. Blumstein and Schwartz, American Couples . [BACK]

60. Symons, Evolution of Human Sexuality, pp. 170-184, especially p. 179. [BACK]

61. Blumstein and Schwartz, American Couples, p. 205. [BACK]

62. For the connection of sex and aggression, see Stoller, Sexual Excitement . For the connection with degrading the object, see Freud, "Degradation in Erotic Life." [BACK]

63. Masters and Johnson, Human Sexual Response, and Homosexuality in Perspective . [BACK]

64. Spender, "The Politics of Naming," pp. 172ff. [BACK]

65. Contratto, "Maternal Sexuality." [BACK]

66. Friedrich, Meaning of Aphrodite, p. 181. [BACK]

67. For a more psychoanalytic version of this theory, see Slater, Glory of Hera . [BACK]

68. Benjamin, "Desire of One's Own." [BACK]

69. Frye, "Harm's Way," in Politics of Reality . [BACK]