1. N. Maier, Frustration: The Study of Behavior Without a Goal (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949). [BACK]

2. A. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), 4; italics added.

3. Ibid., 20. [BACK]

2. A. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), 4; italics added.

3. Ibid., 20. [BACK]

4. J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1943).

5. Ibid., 262-263, 285. [BACK]

4. J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1943).

5. Ibid., 262-263, 285. [BACK]

6. W. H. Riker, The Theory of Political Coalitions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), 23, 24-28. [BACK]

7. M. Laver, The Politics of Private Desires (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1981), 21-38. [BACK]

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297. [BACK]

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297. [BACK]

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297. [BACK]

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297. [BACK]

12. Maier, Frustration . [BACK]

13. R. A. Ball, "A Poverty Case: The Analgesic Subculture of the Southern Appalachians," American Sociological Review 33 (1968): 885-895. [BACK]

14. R. K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1949). [BACK]

15. A. J. Yates, Frustration and Conflict (New York: Wiley, 1962).

16. Ibid., 2. [BACK]

15. A. J. Yates, Frustration and Conflict (New York: Wiley, 1962).

16. Ibid., 2. [BACK]

17. J. Dollard et al., Frustration and Aggression (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939). [BACK]

18. Maier himself makes this point; see Frustration , 105-7; see also D. W. Baruch, "Therapeutic Procedures as Part of the Educational Process," Journal of Consultative Psychology 4 (1940): 165-172. [BACK]

19. G. W. Allport, J. S. Bruner, and E. M. Jandorf, "Personality under Personal Catastrophe," Character and Personality 4 (1941): 1-22; P. Eisenberg and P. F. Lazarsfeld, "The Psychological Effects of Unemployment," Psychological Bulletin 35 (1938): 358-390. [BACK]

20. Quoted in Maier, Frustration , chap. 3; italics added. [BACK]

21. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure , chap. 4.

22. Ibid., 139. [BACK]

21. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure , chap. 4.

22. Ibid., 139. [BACK]

23. G. Watson, "Lax versus Strict Home Training," Journal of Social Psychology 5 (1934): 102-5. [BACK]

24. A. Toynbee, A Study of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946). [BACK]

25. H. M. Caudill, Night Comes to the Cumberlands (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962). [BACK]

26. J. E. Weller, Yesterday's People (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1965). [BACK]

27. J. Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980). [BACK]

28. Ball, "A Poverty Case." [BACK]

29. C. A. Valentine, Culture and Poverty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).

30. Ibid., 131-134; italics added. [BACK]

29. C. A. Valentine, Culture and Poverty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).

30. Ibid., 131-134; italics added. [BACK]

31. H. Rodman, Lower-Class Families: The Culture of Poverty in Negro Trinidad (London: Oxford University Press, 1971). [BACK]

32. H. Eckstein, "Civic Inclusion and Its Discontents," Daedalus 113 (1984): 107-146. [BACK]

33. Yates, Frustration and Conflict , 30ff. [BACK]

34. H. Foster, Ribbin', Jivin', and Playin' the Dozens (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974). [BACK]

35. R. Rogowski, Rational Legitimacy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). break [BACK]