| Roots of North Indian Shi‘ism in Iran and Iraq |
| ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
| INTRODUCTION |
 | PART ONE THE RISE OF A SHI'I STATE IN AWADH |
 | 1 Middle Eastern Roots of Awadh Shi‘ism |
| 2 Shi‘i State Formation in Awadh and the Ulama |
| • | The Emergence of Successor States to the Mughals |
| • | The Rise of the Awadh Successor State |
| • | Changes in the Status of Sunni Institutions |
| • | Patrimonial Bureaucracy versus Tribal Conquest |
| • | State Formation and Sunni-Shi‘i Tension |
| • | The Beginnings of Shi‘i Scholarship in Awadh |
| • | The Physicians of Faizabad |
| • | Early Religious Policy under Asafu'd-Dawlah |
| • | The Early Career of Sayyid Dildar Ali Nasirabadi |
| • | Conclusion |
| PART TWO THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF POPULAR SHI'ISM IN AWADH |
| 3 Shi'ism and Muslim Social Groups |
| 4 Popular Shi'ism |
| PART THREE THE GROWTH OF A SHICI CLERICAL HIERARCHY IN AWADH |
| 5 The Beginnings of Formal Shi‘i Institutions in Awadh |
| 6 The New Jurisprudents and the Struggle for Religious Leadership |
| 7 Religion, State, and the Second Usuli Generation |
| 8 Clericalist Monarchy and Shi‘i Institution Building |
| PART FOUR SHICIS AND OTHERS |
| 9 Shi‘i, Sunni, Hindu: Communal Relations in Awadh |
| 10 The Mujtahids and the West: From Accommodation to Annexation and Revolt |
| CONCLUSION |
| GLOSSARY OF ARABIC, PERSIAN, AND URDU TERMS |
| SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY |
| INDEX |