Roots of North Indian Shi‘ism in Iran and Iraq
  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  INTRODUCTION

 collapse sectionPART ONE  THE RISE OF A SHI'I STATE IN AWADH
 collapse section1  Middle Eastern Roots of Awadh Shi‘ism
 •Early Shi‘ism
 •Safavid Iran: Shi‘ism, State, and Society
 •The Deccan Shi‘i States
 •Shi‘ism in Northern India under the Mughals
 •Eighteenth-Century Political Transitions and Their Effect on Shi‘ism
 •Neo-Akhbari Dominance, 1722-1763, in Iraq
 •The Usuli Revival in the Zand Period, 1763-1779
 •Conclusion
 expand section2  Shi‘i State Formation in Awadh and the Ulama

 collapse sectionPART TWO  THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF POPULAR SHI'ISM IN AWADH
 expand section3  Shi'ism and Muslim Social Groups
 expand section4  Popular Shi'ism

 collapse sectionPART THREE  THE GROWTH OF A SHICI CLERICAL HIERARCHY IN AWADH
 expand section5  The Beginnings of Formal Shi‘i Institutions in Awadh
 expand section6  The New Jurisprudents and the Struggle for Religious Leadership
 expand section7  Religion, State, and the Second Usuli Generation
 expand section8  Clericalist Monarchy and Shi‘i Institution Building

 collapse sectionPART FOUR  SHICIS AND OTHERS
 expand section9  Shi‘i, Sunni, Hindu: Communal Relations in Awadh
 expand section10  The Mujtahids and the West: From Accommodation to Annexation and Revolt
  CONCLUSION

  GLOSSARY OF ARABIC, PERSIAN, AND URDU TERMS
 expand sectionSELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
 expand sectionINDEX
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