Roots of North Indian Shi‘ism in Iran and Iraq
  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  INTRODUCTION

 collapse sectionPART ONE  THE RISE OF A SHI'I STATE IN AWADH
 collapse section1  Middle Eastern Roots of Awadh Shi‘ism
 •Early Shi‘ism
 •Safavid Iran: Shi‘ism, State, and Society
 •The Deccan Shi‘i States
 •Shi‘ism in Northern India under the Mughals
 •Eighteenth-Century Political Transitions and Their Effect on Shi‘ism
 •Neo-Akhbari Dominance, 1722-1763, in Iraq
 •The Usuli Revival in the Zand Period, 1763-1779
 •Conclusion
 collapse section2  Shi‘i State Formation in Awadh and the Ulama
 •The Emergence of Successor States to the Mughals
 •The Rise of the Awadh Successor State
 •Changes in the Status of Sunni Institutions
 •Patrimonial Bureaucracy versus Tribal Conquest
 •State Formation and Sunni-Shi‘i Tension
 •The Beginnings of Shi‘i Scholarship in Awadh
 •The Physicians of Faizabad
 •Early Religious Policy under Asafu'd-Dawlah
 •The Early Career of Sayyid Dildar Ali Nasirabadi
 •Conclusion

 collapse sectionPART TWO  THE ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT OF POPULAR SHI'ISM IN AWADH
 collapse section3  Shi'ism and Muslim Social Groups
 •Shi'is and the Census
 •The "Noble" Castes
 •Artisans and Craftsmen
 •Sufism and Shi'ism
 •Conclusion
 collapse section4  Popular Shi'ism
 •The Nawabi Transformation of Lucknow
 •The Institution of the Imambarah
 •The Shrine to the Standard of Hazrat ‘Abbas
 collapse sectionObservance of Muharram
 •The Mourning Session
 •Processions
 •Non-Shi‘i Participation in Muharram
 •Conclusion

 collapse sectionPART THREE  THE GROWTH OF A SHICI CLERICAL HIERARCHY IN AWADH
 collapse section5  The Beginnings of Formal Shi‘i Institutions in Awadh
 •The Establishment of Friday Prayers
 •Ideological Justification for Friday Prayers and Clerical Authority
 •The Spread of Friday Congregational Prayers
 •Shi‘i Religious Education
 •The Judiciary and Ulama-State Tensions
 •Conclusion
 collapse section6  The New Jurisprudents and the Struggle for Religious Leadership
 •The Battle with Sufism
 •Sufis and the Friday Prayers
 •Usuli-Sufi Polemics
 •The Social Context
 •The Usuli-Akhbari Contest
 •Conclusion: Social Class, Hierarchy, and Authority
 collapse section7  Religion, State, and the Second Usuli Generation
 •The Coronation of Ghaziyu'd-Din Haydar
 •Immanence and Leadership
 •Patronage and the Ulama
 •Challenges to Indian Usuli Dominance
 •Shaykhism
 •The Ulama and the State, 1827-1857
 •Conclusion
 collapse section8  Clericalist Monarchy and Shi‘i Institution Building
 •Remission of Monies to Iraq through the Ulama
 •Growing Ulama Political Authority
 •The Government Payment of Alms
 •The Funding of a Shi‘i Seminary
 •The Establishment of Shi‘i Courts in Awadh
 •Relationship with the Shi‘i Centers of Iraq
 •State-Ulama Tensions
 •Conclusion

 collapse sectionPART FOUR  SHICIS AND OTHERS
 collapse section9  Shi‘i, Sunni, Hindu: Communal Relations in Awadh
 •Introduction
 •Imamis and Hindus
 •Shi‘i-Sunni Relations in Awadh
 •Sayyid Ahmad Rai-Barelavi and Growing Sunni Militancy
 •Sunni-Shi‘i Issues in Awadh, 1827-1847
 •The Faizabad Temple Dispute and the Shi‘i Ulama
 •Conclusion
 collapse section10  The Mujtahids and the West: From Accommodation to Annexation and Revolt
 •The British Impact
 •The Response of the Shi‘i Ulama to the West
 •The Mujtahids and the British Residents, 1842-1856
 •Annexation
 •Shi‘is and the Revolt in Awadh, 1857-1859
 •Conclusion
  CONCLUSION

  GLOSSARY OF ARABIC, PERSIAN, AND URDU TERMS
 collapse sectionSELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
 collapse sectionUnpublished Sources
 •Arabic
 collapse sectionPersian
 •Collections
 •Manuscripts
 collapse sectionUrdu
 •Collections
 •Manuscripts
 collapse sectionEuropean Languages
 •Collections
 •Printed
 collapse sectionPublished Sources and Dissertations
 •Arabic
 •Persian
 •Urdu
 •English Translations from Asian-Language Sourges
 •European Languages
 collapse sectionSecondary Sources
 •Arabic
 •Persian
 •Urdu
 •European Languages
 collapse sectionINDEX
 •A
 •B
 •C
 •D
 •E
 •F
 •G
 •H
 •I
 •J
 •K
 •L
 •M
 •N
 •O
 •P
 •Q
 •R
 •S
 •T
 •U
 •V
 •W
 •Z
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