1. N. Maier, Frustration: The Study of Behavior Without a Goal (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1949).

2. A. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), 4; italics added.

3. Ibid., 20.

2. A. Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1957), 4; italics added.

3. Ibid., 20.

4. J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1943).

5. Ibid., 262-263, 285.

4. J. A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1943).

5. Ibid., 262-263, 285.

6. W. H. Riker, The Theory of Political Coalitions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), 23, 24-28.

7. M. Laver, The Politics of Private Desires (Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1981), 21-38.

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297.

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297.

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297.

8. H. A. Simon, "Human Nature in Politics: The Dialogue of Psychology with Political Science," American Political Science Review 79 (1985): 293-304. break

9. Ibid., 296-302.

10. Ibid., 300.

11. Ibid., 297.

12. Maier, Frustration .

13. R. A. Ball, "A Poverty Case: The Analgesic Subculture of the Southern Appalachians," American Sociological Review 33 (1968): 885-895.

14. R. K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1949).

15. A. J. Yates, Frustration and Conflict (New York: Wiley, 1962).

16. Ibid., 2.

15. A. J. Yates, Frustration and Conflict (New York: Wiley, 1962).

16. Ibid., 2.

17. J. Dollard et al., Frustration and Aggression (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1939).

18. Maier himself makes this point; see Frustration , 105-7; see also D. W. Baruch, "Therapeutic Procedures as Part of the Educational Process," Journal of Consultative Psychology 4 (1940): 165-172.

19. G. W. Allport, J. S. Bruner, and E. M. Jandorf, "Personality under Personal Catastrophe," Character and Personality 4 (1941): 1-22; P. Eisenberg and P. F. Lazarsfeld, "The Psychological Effects of Unemployment," Psychological Bulletin 35 (1938): 358-390.

20. Quoted in Maier, Frustration , chap. 3; italics added.

21. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure , chap. 4.

22. Ibid., 139.

21. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure , chap. 4.

22. Ibid., 139.

23. G. Watson, "Lax versus Strict Home Training," Journal of Social Psychology 5 (1934): 102-5.

24. A. Toynbee, A Study of History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1946).

25. H. M. Caudill, Night Comes to the Cumberlands (Boston: Little, Brown, 1962).

26. J. E. Weller, Yesterday's People (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1965).

27. J. Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980).

28. Ball, "A Poverty Case."

29. C. A. Valentine, Culture and Poverty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).

30. Ibid., 131-134; italics added.

29. C. A. Valentine, Culture and Poverty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).

30. Ibid., 131-134; italics added.

31. H. Rodman, Lower-Class Families: The Culture of Poverty in Negro Trinidad (London: Oxford University Press, 1971).

32. H. Eckstein, "Civic Inclusion and Its Discontents," Daedalus 113 (1984): 107-146.

33. Yates, Frustration and Conflict , 30ff.

34. H. Foster, Ribbin', Jivin', and Playin' the Dozens (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger, 1974).

35. R. Rogowski, Rational Legitimacy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974). break