1. Figures compiled by Joan Connelly Ullman from Anuario estadístico de la ciudad de Barcelona: 1905 , vol. 4, in La Semana Trágica. Estudio sobre las causas socioeconómicas del anticlericalismo en España (1898-1912) , trans. Gonzalo Pontón (Barcelona: Ediciones Ariel, 1972), 127. All writers depend on those who came before them. This study—and most social histories of early-twentieth-century Catalunya—owe a huge debt to Professor Ullman. Unfortunately, because the American edition of her book appeared in 1968, just before women's studies emerged as a discipline in the United States, she has never received the recognition she deserves as a pioneer in women's studies. Although I refer mostly to the vastly expanded 1972 Spanish edition of her book, the American edition, The Tragic Week: A Study of Anticlericalism in Spain, 1875-1912 (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1968), remains one of the best studies of women's political mobilization and ought to be reissued.

2. Gary Wray McDonogh, in his superb study of the Barcelona middle class in the mid-nineteenth century, Good Families of Barcelona: A Social History of Power in the Industrial Revolution (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 188, portrays the Lyceum theater and concert hall as Barcelona's preeminent elite cultural institution.

3. Luis Cabañas Guevara, Biografía del Paralelo, 1894-1934. Recuerdos de la vida teatral, mundana y pintoresca del barrio mas jaranero y bullicioso de Barcelona (Barcelona: Ediciones Memphis, 1945), 7, 16-21.

4. These figures were secured from the local doctors by José Elías de Molins and published in his La obrera en Cataluña, en la ciudad y en el campo. Orientaciones sociales (Barcelona: Imprenta Barcelonensa, [1915]), 34.

5. Jaime Alzina Caules, "Investigación analítica sobre la evolución demográfica de Cataluña," Cuadernos de información económica y sociológica (Barcelona) 1, no. 7 (June 1965): 33, cited in Ullman, Semana Trágica , 128; McDonogh, Good Families of Barcelona , 21; José Reig y Vilardell, Barcelona en el siglo XIX (Dietario de la ciudad) , 4 vols. (Barcelona: Imprenta de La Publicidad , 1898); Elisa Vives de Fabregas, Vida femenina barcelonesa en el ochocientos (Barcelona: Librería Dalmau, 1945), 219.

6. Andre Barey, Barcelona: De la ciutat pre-industrial al fenomen modernista , trans. Joaquim Martí (Barcelona: La Gaya Ciencia, n.d.).

7. I learned about how Josep Puig i Cadafalch used medieval Catalan paintings as inspirations for building designs from art historian Judith Rohrer (private communication, June 9, 1989).

8. E. Casanelles, Antonio Gaudí (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1965), 31-32.

9. For the seventeenth-century uprisings against Castile, see J.H. Elliott, The Revolt of the Catalans (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1963). For the Revolution of 1868 and the First Spanish Republic, see Friedrich Engels, "The Bakuninists at Work: Notes on the Spanish Uprising in the Summer of 1873," in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Revolution in Spain (New York: International Press, 1939); C. A.M. Hennessy, The Federal Republic in Spain: Pi y Margall and the Federal Republican Movement, 1868-74 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962); and Miguel González Sugrañes, La república en Barcelona. Apuntes para una crónica , 2d ed. (Barcelona: Imprenta de Henrich, 1903).

10. Alzina Caules, "Investigación analítica," 28, chart 4, cited in Ullman, Semana Trágica , 128; Molins, Obrera en Cataluña , 17.

11. Figures compiled by Ullman from Anuario estadístico: 1905 , vol. 4, in Semana Trágica , 127.

12. Ullman, Semana Trágica , 130.