1. Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking Glass , in The Annotated Alice (New York: Bramhall, 1960), p. 269.

2. Jefferson is quoted in Nat Hentoff, The First Freedom (New York: Delacorte, 1980), pp. 86-87.

3. The text of Agnew's attack upon broadcasters was published in the Chicago Tribune , Nov. 14, 1969.

4. Flanigin to Whitehead, memorandum, Nov. 3, 1969. See National Association of Educational Broadcasters, The Nixon Administration Public Broadcasting Papers , hereafter Nixon Papers . These papers were obtained under the Freedom of Information Act by the Carnegie Commission on the Future of Public Broadcasting and summarized by the National Telecommunication and Information Administration.

5. "Statement of Goals," James Karayn, NPACT press packet, 1975, NPBA.

6. Stone, Nixon , p. 84. Interestingly, in his book Right Place (p. 279), MacNeil characterized the National Public Affairs Center for Television as a title "so gloriously stilted that it seemed almost to be seeking anonymity in the Scrabble wasteland of Washington acronyms."

7. Stone, Nixon , p. 88. Nixon's characterization of Vanocur, and the charge that Vanocur's aggressive questioning in the first Nixon-Kennedy debate contributed to his defeat, are quoted from Nixon, Six Crises (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1962), p. 339.

8. Jon Huntsman to Flanigin, confidential memorandum, Sept. 23, 1971 ( Nixon Papers , p. 36).

9. "The Czar of the Airwaves," Newsweek , Feb. 7, 1972.

10. Whitehead's options for controlling public television are contained in Whitehead to the president, memorandum, Oct. 4, 1971 ( Nixon Papers , p. 38).

11. Ehrlichman to Whitehead, memorandum, n.d., ( Nixon Papers , p. 38).

12. Whitehead to Flanigin and Colson, "Action Memorandum," July 9, 1971 ( Nixon Papers , p. 32).

13. The text of Whitehead's address to the National Association of Educational Broadcasters was transcribed and distributed to its members after the Miami Convention. Excerpts are quoted in Tom Zito, "Chastising Public TV," Washington Post , Oct. 21, 1971, and in "Collision of Politics and Public Television," Broadcasting , Oct. 25, 1971.

14. John Witherspoon, Corporation for Public Broadcasting to All Stations, memorandum, Nov. 5, 1971, NPBA.

15. Ibid.

16. "Carnegie Report Revisited," by Arthur L. Singer, Jr., in Educational Broadcasting Review 5, no. 4 (Aug. 1971). The article was adapted from Singer's address before the annual Public Television Development Conference at Boyne Highlands, Mich., June 28, 1971. Singer acknowledges the collaboration in the preparation of the address of Stephen White, one of the coauthors of the Carnegie Commission Report. See Carnegie Commission on Educational Television, Program for Action .

17. Interview over New York's WBAI and quoted in Macy, Wasteland (p. 75). It is quoted as well in Bruce E. Thorp, "White House Static over Structure, Funds Keeps Public Broadcasting Picture Fuzzy," National Journal , Apr. 29, 1972. Thorp attributes the interview to National Public Radio, Jan. 12, 1972.

18. This Week with Bill Moyers , Public Broadcasting System, Jan. 2, 1972. Quoted in The Network Project , Office of Telecommunications Policy (New York: The Network Project, 1973), p. 18.

19. The Administration's attitude toward the Ford Foundation's role in public television was clearly stated in a memorandum from White House aide Jon Rose to Larry Higby of H. R. Haldeman's staff on Oct. 15, 1971. "Even if we go the Whitehead route and succeed in cutting off federal funds for liberal hour on public tv, no doubt Mac Bundy will be ready with Ford Foundation money to take up the slack. This is another battle for which I and a number of others would be eager to draft legislation if desired" ( Nixon Papers , p. 42).

20. Flanigin to Albert Cole, memorandum, Nov. 9, 1970 ( Nixon Papers ).

21. Stone, Nixon , p. 66. Here he refers to an interview with Henry Goldberg, Jan. 28, 1981.

22. Whitehead to the president, memorandum, Oct. 4, 1971 ( Nixon Papers ).

23. Whitehead to the president, memorandum, Nov. 15, 1971 ( Nixon Papers ).

24. Whitehead to Haldeman, memorandum, Nov. 24, 1971 ( Nixon Papers , p. 48).

25. Stone, Nixon , p. 153.

26. Ibid.

27. CPB Board minutes, Apr. 13, 1972.

28. In refusing to work the Republican National Convention, MacNeil said, "We felt it quite inappropriate for a news organization under attack by the Nixon White House to cover his renomination convention in full when we had not covered McGovern's. . . . Whatever NPACT's motives, I felt it would be widely perceived as an act of abasement." See MacNeil, Right Place , p. 284.

29. Stone, Nixon , pp. 187ff. He refers to an interview with Bill Moyers.

30. Jack Kuney, producer of The Politics—and Comedy of Woody Allen , has provided a more detailed account of the episode in "The Closing Down of Woody Allen," Television Quarterly 19, no. 4 (winter 1983). A full description of the show itself can be found in Eric Lax, On Being Funny (New York: Charterhouse, 1975), pp. 201-7. Details of the controversy surrounding its cancellation appeared in New York Times , Feb. 15, 1972; Broadcasting , Feb. 21, 1972; and Variety , Feb. 16, 1972.

31. Billy B. Oxley to All Stations, PBS telex, Feb. 11, 1972, NPBA.

32. The Dick Cavett Show , ABC-TV, June 17, 1972.

33. E. A. Hitchcock to J. Day, Feb. 15, 1972, NPBA.

34. "It was in bad taste," said Allen of his own show. "At the time I thought it was innocuous" ("Woody's Film Too Tasteless for TV," New York Magazine , May 21, 1979).

35. Stone, Nixon , p. 75.

36. Whitehead to Colson and Flanigan, ''Action Memorandum," July 9, 1971 ( Nixon Papers , p. 32).

37. Whitehead to the president, memorandum, Nov. 14, 1971 ( Nixon Papers , p. 47).

38. Although William F. Buckley, host of the PBS show Firing Line , stood to gain from passage of the Macdonald Bill, his brother, Sen. James Buckley, cast the only dissenting vote in the Senate's 82-1 majority favoring passage.

39. President Nixon's Veto Message, June 30, 1972 ( Nixon Papers , p. 75).

40. Fred Friendly, "The Politicization of Public TV," Columbia Journalism Review , (Mar.-Apr. 1973).

41. Bill Moyers, "Public TV: Up the Blandbox," Washington Post , Apr. 1, 1973.

42. Whitehead's "seeking funds and independence" quote is from Whitehead to the president, memorandum, June 26, 1972 ( Nixon Papers , p. 75).

43. New York Times , Aug. 11, 1972.