1. Dziga Vertov, "We: Variant of a Manifesto," in Kino-Eye: The Writings of Dziga Vertov , ed. Annette Michelson, trans. K. O'Brien (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1984), 8. (Vertov's essay originally published in 1922.)

2. Renato Poggioli, The Theory of the Avant-Garde (New York: Harper & Row, Icon Editions, 1971), 201.

3. Germaine Dulac, "The Aesthetics. The Obstacles. Integral Cinegraphie," Framework 19 (1982): 7, 9. (Dulac's essay originally published in 1927.)

4. Jean Epstein, quoted in Ian Christie, "French Avant-Garde Film in the Twenties," in Film as Film (London: Arts Council of Great Britain, 1979), 38.

5. Jean Epstein, "Bonjour Cinéma," Afterimage (London) 10 (1981): 13. (Epstein's essay originally published in 1921.)

6. Louis Delluc, quoted in Stuart Liebman, "French Film Theory, 1910-1921," Quarterly Review of Film Studies 4, no. 1 (Winter 1983): 12.

7. Germaine Dulac, "The Essence of the Cinema: The Visual Idea," in The Avant-Garde Film: A Reader of Theory and Criticism , ed. P. Adams Sitney (New York: New York University Press, 1978), 39. (Dulac's essay originally published in 1925.)

8. Louis Aragon, "Du Décor," qutoed in Liebman, "French Film Theory," 6. (Aragon's essay originally published in 1925.)

9. Louis Delluc, quoted in Jacques Brunis, "The Experimental Film in France," in Experiment in Film , ed. Roger Manvell (London: Grey Walls Press, 1949), 70.

10. Jonas Mekas, [Interview], Parachute 10 (1978): 24.

11. Stan Brakhage, lecture at McGill University, November 1970.

12. Ernie Gehr, "Program Notes for a Screening at the Museum of Modern Art," January 1971; revised December 1977, in Sitney, Avant-Garde Film , 247.

13. Michael Snow, "An Interview," Form and Structure in Recent Film (Vancouver: Vancouver Art Gallery, 1972), n.p.

14. Peter Kubelka, "The Theory of Metrical Film," in Sitney, Avant-Garde Film , 140.

15. Slavko Vorkapich, "Motion and the Art of Cinematography," Film Culture 40 (1966): 78. (Vorkapich's essay originally published in 1926.)

16. Vertov, "We," Kino-Eye , 8-9.

17. Maya Deren, "Cinematography: The Creative Use of Reality," in Sitney, Avant-Garde Film , 69. (Deren's essay originally published in 1960.)

18. Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Painting, Photography, Film , trans. Janet Seligman (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), 21. (Originally published in 1925.)

19. Gunnar Johansson, "Visual Motion Perception," Scientific American 232, no. 6 (1975): 76.

20. Alfred L. Yarbus, Eye Movements and Vision , trans. Basil Haigh (New York: Plenum, 1967), passim. break

21. R. L. Gregory, Eye and Brain: The Psychology of Seeing , 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, World University Library, 1973), 92.

22. Steven Kovacs, "Man Ray as Filmmaker," Artforum 11 (November 1972): 79.

23. Cf. Parker Tyler, "Willard Maas," Film Culture 20 (1959): 53-54: "The film makers learned--with the thrill of discovering new land--that the anatomic parts, thus photographed, held mixed as well as ambiguous identities."

24. Guy Davenport, "Two Essays on Brakhage and His Songs," Film Culture 40 (1966): 10.

25. James Broughton, "Film as a Way of Seeing," Film Culture 29 (1963): 19.

26. George Wald, "Eye and Camera," Scientific American Offprints 46 (1950): 2. All subsequent citations to Wald are to this source.

27. Frank S. Werblin, "The Control of Sensitivity in the Retina," Scientific American Offprints 1264 (1973): 11.

28. John P. Frisby, Seeing, Illusion, Brain, and Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 132.

29. R. M. Boynton, "The Visual System: Environmental Information," in Handbook of Perception , vol. 1, ed. E. C. Carterette and M. P. Friedman (New York: Academic Press, 1974), 290.

30. Johansson, "Visual Motion Perception," 76.

31. R. L. Gregory, The Intelligent Eye (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970), 24-25.

32. David Marr, Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982), 3.

33. Quoted in David Douglas Duncan, "Prismatics: Photo-Data," Prismatics: Exploring a New World (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), n.p.

34. Arnold Gesell, Vision: Its Development in Infant and Child (Darien, Conn.: Hafner, 1974), 4.