1. Public Broadcasting Service, Long-Range Planning for Public Television , vol. 1, p. 95.

2. "To assure the maximum freedom" appears in U.S. Congress, Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 , sec. 396 (g) (1) (D).

3. "Public Television's Short Leash," Washington Post , May 1, 1969.

4. A complete transcript of the testimony before Senator Pastore's subcommittee is printed in "Hearings before the Subcommittee on Communications of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, on S. 1242, April 30 and May 1, 1969" (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1969). The story of the "producer's revolt" is told in "The Producers Organize," Nation , May 19, 1969, and reprinted with an editorial reply by Ronald C. Bornstein in Educational Broadcasting Review (Oct. 1969).

5. The Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 provided that "nothing in the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, or in any other provision of law shall be construed to prevent United States communications common carriers from rendering free or reduced rate communications interconnection services for noncommercial educational television or radio services, subject to such rules and regulations as the Federal Communication Commission may prescribe." See U.S. Congress, Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 , sec. 396 (h).

6. The members of the "Six Pack" were Robert Schenkkan, James Loper, and Presley Holmes from the NET Affiliates Council; and Hartford Gunn, Jr., Warren Kraetzer, and Lloyd Kaiser from the board of Educational Television Stations.

7. The quote "paranoia by the stations towards NET" is from Robert Pepper, "The Interconnection Connection: The Formation of PBS," in Avery and Pepper, Politics of Interconnection , pp. 3-4.

8. "NET Proposal for Interconnection Management," a planning paper submitted by NET to the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, July 24, 1969, NPBA.

9. Friendly's "U.S. 1" metaphor is contained in a letter from Fred Friendly to Frank Pace, Nov. 13, 1969 (quoted in Avery and Pepper, Politics of Interconnection , p. 7).

10. Everett N. Case to McGeorge Bundy, Sept. 16, 1969, NPBA.

11. The details of the plan to create PBS are contained in "The Management and Operation of National Interconnection for Public Broadcasting," an unsigned memorandum from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Oct. 1, 1969, NPBA.

12. The original PBS board was made up of five elected station representatives (Class A)—James Loper, chairman (KCET), Frank Barreca (KUAT), Howard Holst (WKNO), Jack McBride (KUON), and Lloyd Kaiser (WITF); two ex-officio members (Class B)—the presidents of CPB (Macy) and NET (Day); and two public members (Class C)—Clifford Wharton, president of Michigan State University, and Jerome Wiesner, provost of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In March 1970, the president of PBS, Hartford Gunn, Jr., was added to the Board as a Class D director.

13. Gunn's decision to move the PBS headquarters to Washington had personal consequences that might have proved disastrous. Soon after moving there, he was severely beaten in a mugging.

14. The so-called Aspen Document was a letter dated June 18, 1971, to John W. Macy, Jr., and Hartford Gunn, Jr., from James Day (NET), David Ives (WGBH), Lloyd Kaiser (WQED), James Loper (KCET), William McCarter (WETA), and John Taylor (WTTW). A seventh member, Richard Moore (KQED), was not present at the meeting but indicated in a separate letter his "support of the intent of the Aspen Document." He added, however, that he felt "the bill of particulars in the Aspen Document fails to reveal the most fundamental problem we face, which is the institutional and essentially political structure both of CPB and PBS . . . the very things to which we object are inherent and inevitable in the nature of the system."

15. John Macy's comment on the Aspen Document is extracted from his letter to J. Day, July 14, 1971, NPBA.

16. Robert Pepper has detailed the involvement of the Ford Foundation in the creation of PBS. See Avery and Pepper, Politics of Interconnection .

17. John W. Mary, Jr., to Day, Mar. 26, 1971. On Apr. 27, 1971, the chairman of the merged NET-WNET, Ethan Allen Hitchcock, and the former NET chairman, Norman Cousins, met with John Macy, Fred Friendly, and David Davis to discuss these changes. Mary emphasized "the pronounced and overriding need . . . to extend and enlarge programming from the nation's capital," and made the point that "the reorganization of public television is designed to maximize the capability of individual stations to represent their communities." Cousins expressed concern that the "national character" of NET-WNET "would be seriously weakened" and that its board was being asked to ratify a decision "without having participated in the decision-making.'' (Memorandum of the Minutes of Meeting, Apr. 27, 1971, NPBA).