1. For further details and documentation about the communist movement in Egypt during this period, see Joel Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? Marxist Politics and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in Egypt and Israel, 1948–1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).

2. Henri Curiel, Pages autobiographiques (1977, typescript), p. 54 and appendix, “Les principales étapes de la lutte intérieur qui s'ést déroulée autour du MDLN durant l'année Mai 1947-Juin 1948, dite année de l'unité” (rapport addressé par Henri Curiel à ses camarades du MDLN à la fin de 1955), p. 7.

3. Gilles Perrault, Un homme à part (Paris: Bernard Barrault, 1984), p. 195. A Man Apart (London: Zed Books, 1987) is an abridged English translation of the first part of the book but omits the passage referred to in this note.

4. Marcel Israel, letter to Gilles Perrault (n.d., typescript response to Un homme à part).

5. Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 195; English edition, p. 146.

6. This organization adopted several different names: New Dawn, Popular Vanguard for Liberation, Popular Democracy, Workers' Vanguard, and, finally, in 1957 the Workers' and Peasants' Communist Party.

7. Hilmi Yasin, interview, Cairo, May 25, 1986.

8. Fu’ad Mursi, interview, Cairo, May 19, 1986.

9. Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 199; English edition, p. 149.

10. Sa‘d Zahran, Fi usul al-siyyasa al-misriyya: maqal tahlili naqdi fi al-ta’rikh al-siyyasi (Cairo: Dar al-Mustaqbal al-‘Arabi, 1985), p. 139.

11. Quoted in Selma Botman, The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–70 (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1988), pp. 94–95

12. Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, interview, Cairo, June 22, 1992.

13. Curiel explained why HADETU supported the partition of Palestine in an interview in Rif‘at al-Sa‘id, al-Yasar al-misri wa’l-qadiyya al-filastiniyya (Beirut: Dar al-Farabi, 1974), p. 284. The introductions by Ra’uf ‘Abbas and ‘Izzat Riyad to Ra’uf ‘Abbas (ed.), Awraq hinri kuriyal wa’l-haraka al-shuyu‘iyya al-misriyya (Cairo: Sina li’l-Nashr, 1988) and Ibrahim Fathi, Hinri kuriyal didda al-haraka al-shuyu‘iyya al-‘arabiyya: al-qadiyya al-filastiniyya (Cairo: Dar al-Nadim, 1989) crudely reproduce charges of Curiel's Zionist sympathies without critically evaluating the evidence.

14. Curiel, Pages autobiographiques, p. 57.

15. Arrest warrant quoted in Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 213.

16. Ibid., p. 220.

17. The total contribution of the members of the Rome Group to their comrades in Egypt was fifteen million (old) francs according to Yusuf Hazan, ibid., p. 274.

18. Ibid., p. 215.

19. Ibid., p. 263; English edition, p. 193.

20. Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 508.

21. Jonathan Boyarin, Polish Jews in Paris: The Ethnography of Memory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).

22. Bulletin d'études et d’information sur l'Egypte et le Soudan no. 17 (Aug. 1952), Henri Curiel Papers.

23. “The Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, an Alienation of Egypt's National Sovereignty, a Danger for Asia's and World Security” (n.d., mimeographed) and “To the Conference of African and Asian Countries” (Apr. 18, 1955, mimeographed), both in Henri Curiel Papers.

24. For details, see Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There? pp. 153–59.

25. Ahmad Hamrush, interview, Cairo, Jan. 14, 1996. Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 271, relates the same story with somewhat different details.

26. Rif‘at al-Sa‘id, Ta’rikh al-haraka al-shuyu‘iyya al-misriyya: al-wahda, al-inqisam, al-hall, 1957–1965 (Cairo: Dar al-Thaqafa al-Jadida, 1986), p. 88.

27. “Khitab ila al-maktab al-siyasi,” Jan. 12, 1958, Henri Curiel Papers.

28. Edward W. Said, “The Mind of Winter: Reflections on Life in Exile” Harper's, Sept. 1984, p. 51.

29. For an example of the kind of information on the political prisoners in Egypt provided to the European public, see Adel Montasser, “La répression anti-democratique en Egypte,” Les Temps Modernes 16 (Aug.–Sept. 1960):418–41.

30. Quoted in Perrault, Un homme á part, p. 287.

31. Didar Rossano-Fawzy, interview, Paris, June 22, 1994.

32. Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 299.

33. Ibid., p. 351.

34. Ibid., pp. 352–53.

35. Ibid., p. 370.

36. Ibid., p. 365.

37. Georges Suffert, “Le patron des résaux d'aide aux terroristes,” Le Point, June 21, 1976, pp. 52–57. For a point-by-point refutation, see Perrault, Un homme à part, pp 546–48.

38. Suffert, “Le patron des résaux d'aide aux terroristes,” p. 57.

39. Quoted in Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 351.

40. Said, “The Mind of Winter,” p. 53.

41. Raymond Aghion, interview, Paris, May 11, 1994.

42. Pierre Mendès-France, “Au Moyen-Orient, comme au Viêt-nam, la paix est un devoir,” Le Nouvel Observateur, Apr. 24–30, 1968, p. 24.

43. Raymond Aghion, interview, Paris, May 23, 1994. Aghion also showed me copies of the correspondence between himself and Pierre Mendès-France.

44. Perrault, Un homme à part, pp. 533–35; Uri Avnery, My Friend, the Enemy (Westport, Conn.: Lawrence & Hill, 1986), p. 30.

45. Henri Curiel, “Note aux camarades égyptiens sur la nécessité de la poursuite de la lutte pour la paix,” in Pour une paix juste au proche-orient (Paris: n.p., 1980), pp. 111–12. Hebrew edition: ‘Al mizbeah ha-shalom (Jerusalem: Mifras, 1982).

46. This argument is developed in detail in Beinin, Was the Red Flag Flying There?

47. Hamrush, interview. Perrault, Un homme à part, pp. 535–36, presents a slightly different version of these events.

48. Hamrush, interview.

49. For example, New York Times, Apr. 6, 8, 1970.

50. Eric Rouleau, interview, Paris, May 15, 1994.

51. Abu Iyad with Eric Rouleau, My Home, My Land: A Narrative of the Palestinian Struggle (New York: Times Books, 1981). French edition: Palestinien sans patrie (Paris: Fayolle, 1978).

52. Hamrush, interview.

53. Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 552.

54. Hamrush, interview.

55. Perrault, Un homme à part, pp. 537–38; Curiel, ‘Al mizbeah ha-shalom, p. 15.

56. Curiel, “Pour un ‘second Bologne,’” in Pour une paix juste au proche-orient, pp. 152–55.

57. Mahmoud Hussein, letter to the editor of Nouvel Observateur, Oct. 22, 1973.

58. Saul Friedländer and Mahmoud Hussein, moderated by Jean Lacouture, Arabs & Israelis: A Dialogue (New York: Holmes & Meir, 1975).

59. See Fathi, Hinri kuriyal didda al-haraka al-shuyu‘iyya al-‘arabiyya.

60. Mahmoud Hussein, The Class Struggle in Egypt, 1945–1970 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1973).

61. Mohamed Sid-Ahmed, After the Guns Fall Silent: Peace or Armageddon in the Middle East (London: Croom Helm, 1976). Arabic edition: Ba‘da an tasquta al-madafi‘ (Beirut: Dar al-Qadaya, 1975).

62. Ilan Halevi, interview, Paris, June 24, 1993. Benny Lévy is today the head of a yeshiva (religious seminary) in Strasbourg.

63. The Times, Nov. 16, Dec. 17, 1973.

64. Quoted in Alain Gresh, The PLO: The Struggle Within: Towards an Independent Palestine (London: Zed Books, 1985), p. 168. Gresh does a fine job of recounting the debates leading to this formulation in this book dedicated “To Issam Sartawi and Henri Curiel who died that the Palestinian and Israeli peoples might live in peace.” Yusuf Hazan is also mentioned in the acknowledgments.

65. Avnery, My Friend, the Enemy, pp. 53–55.

66. Ibid., pp. 40–55, 71–73, 92–96, 119.

67. Ibid., p. 119–21; Perrault, Un homme à part, pp. 542–44.

68. Gresh, The PLO: The Struggle Within, p. 197.

69. Ma‘ariv, Dec. 5, 1976.

70. Gresh, The PLO: The Struggle Within, p. 197; Perrault, Un homme à part, p.567. Perrrault's dates are Sept. 1976 to Mar. 1977. Because Gresh was much closer to the participants and his political analysis is superior to Perrault's, I have chosen his version.

71. Perrault, Un homme à part, p. 568; Avnery, My Friend, the Enemy, pp. 153–56.

72. Avnery, My Friend, the Enemy. p. 160.

73. Quoted in Gresh, The PLO: The Struggle Within, p. 199.

74. Ibid.

75. Didar Rossano-Fawzy, interview.