Index

A

Abortion rights, 29

Achievement:

destructive male, 75 -76;

and expressiveness, 45 , 61 , 63 ;

father-daughter relationship and, 138 , 158 , 171 ;

gender similarities in, 20 ;

and wife role, 242

Activist homosexuals, 145 , 206 -7

Activity:

and female competitiveness, 66 -67;

and femininity, 9 , 67 , 188 -90;

as masculine, 9 , 189 -90, 220

Addams, Jane, 234

Adolescence, father protection of daughters in, 140

Adolescence, male peer groups in, 70 , 117 -18, 140

Adultomorphization, of infancy, 92 , 93

Affection, physical, 109 , 141 , 214

Affectional ties. See Bonding, human

African societies, 39 , 48 , 226 , 227 , 256 , 274 n.48, 293 n.12

Agency:

Bakan's concept of, 49 , 50 -52;

Finigan's analysis of, 51 -52, 112 ;

unmitigated, 51 -52, 112

Aggression:

vs. activity and competition, 66 -67;

definitions of, 65 ;

of dependent male infants, 73 ;

and dominance, 66 ;

fathers' concern with, 136 ;

gender differences in, 21 , 64 -68, 69 , 113 -14, 116 , 200 , 278 n.46;

hormonally based, 21 ;

of male homosexuals, 149 ;

and male sex-role strain, 84 ;

mothers' concern with, 136 ;

sexual, 120 , 142 (see also Rape);

verbal, 116 ;

women's political stance on, 268 .

See also Violence

Aging, 255 , 260

Agricultural societies, 222 -25, 228 -29, 255 -56, 292 n.1

AIDS, 206 -7

Allen, Jeffner, 37 , 38

Allocentric ego styles, 49 , 50

Ambivalence:

in mother-child relationship, 75 , 82 ;

in women's socialization, 61 -62

Androgyny, 45 , 52 , 57 -60, 96 , 204 , 240 , 277 n.29;

scales, 57 -59, 194 , 195 , 204 ;

vs. woman-centered emphasis, 16 -17

Antiwar movement, 264 , 268

Aphrodite, 217

Assimilation, 17 , 18 -22, 25 , 32 , 42 ;

and rape, 19 , 122 -23;

and rights, 18 , 48 -49;

sexual, 18 -19;

work world, 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 90 -91

Atkinson, Ti Grace, 19 , 36 , 273 n.11

Attachment. See Bonding, human; Emotional attachment

"Attentive love," 30 -31

Authority:

male dominance and, 7 , 75 , 87 , 105 , 123 , 223 ;

matriliny and, 222 -23, 224

Autocentric ego styles, 49 , 50

Autonomy/Independence:

and expressiveness/relationality, 54 -57, 59 , 69 , 104 ;

father-daughter relationship and, 8 , 104 , 138 , 139 , 157 , 171 , 172 , 173 ;

father-son relationship and, 8 , 104 , 138 ;

fear and envy hypothesis and, 83 ;

incest and, 171 , 172 , 173 ;

of infants, 92 -93;

mother-daughter relationship and, 83 , 103 -4, 106 , 138 , 173 ;

in mother's roles, 280 n.35;

"new love ethic" and divorce rate and, 247 ;

"rational violence" and, 89

B

Bacon, Margaret, 136

"Bad boy pattern," 79

"Badness," female, 210

Bakan, David, 49 , 50 -52, 230

Bardwick, Judith, 61 -62, 277 n.35

Barry, Kathleen, 35

Bart, Pauline, 77

Bell, Alan P., 145 -49, 150 -51, 152 , 153 , 286 n.34

Bem, Sandra Lipsitz, 59 -60

Bem's Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI), 58 , 59

Bene, Eva, 148 , 149 , 150 , 151 , 286 n.38

Benjamin, Jessica:

on desire, 218 -19;

on male dominance, 73 , 86 -87, 89 -91, 95 , 96 , 178 ;

on mothering, 96 , 178 , 280 n.35

Berdache, 295 n.12

Bernard, Jessie, 24

Bieber, Irving, 179 , 180

Bilateral kinship systems, 230

Biological determinism, 3 -4, 98 , 158 , 281 n.7

Biological essentialism, 24 , 98 , 281 n.7

Biology, 281 n.7;

vs. "civilization," 174 ;

and "different moral voice," 48 ;

and gender as term, 204 ;

gender differences in, 21 , 60 , 74 , 187 (see also Genital differences);

gender similarities in, 21 -22, 215 , 216 -17;

and homosexuality, 152 , 216 -17;

male dominance justified by, 21 , 72 , 190 ;

mothering influenced by, 97 , 98 -100, 104 -5;

and social structure, 3 -5, 98 , 204 .

See also Childbearing; Impregnation

Birth control, 207 -8

Bisexuality, 182 , 187 -88, 193 -94, 195 , 272 n.8

Blacks:

and compulsive masculinity, 78 ;

family and kin among, 41 , 226 -28, 242 ;

married time of, 275 n.49;

nonmarriage among, 257 ;

working women among, 232

Blake, Judith, 97

Bleier, Ruth, 281 n.7

Block, Jeanne, 51 , 134 , 137

Blood, Robert O., 246 , 249

Blumstein, Philip W., 213 -16, 217

Bonding, human, 69 . See also Female bonding; Friendships; Love; Male bonding

Boys:

aggressiveness of, 64 -65, 66 , 200 ;

conversations of, 68 , 115 -16;

and gender identity, 72 , 78 -84, 94 , 113 -15, 117 , 197 -98, 290 -91 n.29;

and gender segregation, 110 , 111 -12, 113 -14, 115 , 123 ;

in male peer groups, 70 , 111 -18, 136 , 140 , 155 ;

preoedipal, 289 -90 n.6.

See also Father-son relationship; Mother-son relationship

Breast-feeding, 108 -9

Brownmiller, Susan, 119 , 254 , 255

C

Capitalism, 86 , 232

Caretaking. See Child care; Nurturance

Carlson, Rae, 50 , 51

Castration complex, 194

Child abuse:

fathers and, 296 n.23;

sexual, 122 , 165 -68, 263 (see also Incest);

by women, 65 , 97

Childbearing:

dependent status, 26 , 269 ;

and gender equality, 9 , 10 , 19 , 98 , 99 , 269 ;

and relationality, 269 ;

reproductive consciousness and, 27 -28, 29 ;

sexuality for, 192 ;

of unmarried women, 41 -42, 265 , 275 n.50;

women's oppression blamed on, 99 ;

and women's vs. men's child care, 10 , 97 .

See also Mothers

Child care:

day care programs for, 266 , 268 , 269 ;

by men, 8 -9, 10 , 85 , 97 , 98 , 225 , 228 , 296 n.25

(see also Equal parenting/Male mothering; Fatherdaughter relationship; Father-son relationship);

social diffusion of, 85 -86, 247 , 262 ;

by women, 1 , 5 , 10 , 97 -107, 110 , 123 , 269

(see also Mother-daughter relationship; Mother-son relationship)

Child-free women, 100

Children:

gender segregation of, 4 , 5 , 110 -17, 123 ;

parents' sexuality disrupted by, 216 ;

play of (see Play).

See also Boys; Child care; Girls; Infants

Child support payments, 250

China, 256

Chodorow, Nancy, 84 ;

and equal parenting/male mothering, 8 -9, 82 , 85 , 106 , 110 ;

and gender identity, 80 -81, 197 , 198 , 199 ;

and heterosexuality, 103 , 104 , 106 , 193 , 282 n.18;

and male dominance, 1 , 4 , 8 -9, 96 , 105 , 106 , 157 , 278 n.2;

and misogyny, 1 , 8 -9, 105 , 279 n.20;

and penis envy, 191 ;

on relationality, 101 , 103 -4, 106 , 128 , 193 , 197 , 282 n.24;

and women's mothering, 1 , 4 , 96 -110 passim, 128 , 131 , 157 , 184 , 187 , 193 , 198 , 199 , 278 n.2, 279 n.10

Christianity, 222 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233

Cinderella Complex (Dowling), 60 -61

Class:

and compulsive masculinity, 78 -79, 80 , 241 ;

feminism and, 9 , 242 ;

and male dominance, 7 , 242 ;

and rape incidence, 120 ;

and relationality descriptions, 68 ;

and sexism, 242 -43;

wives',

40 -41, 226 -27, 233 , 240 -42, 245 , 264 -65.

See also Middle class; Working class

Class societies, matrifocal enclaves in, 225 -28

Clitoris, 208

"Coercive pronatalism," 97

Cognition:

in father-daughter relationship, 134 -35;

of gender, 111 , 113 , 114 -15;

of nuclear family relationships, 164 .

See also Learning

Cognitive development theory, 11 , 114 -15

Collins, Randall, 223

Colonialism, 228

Color Purple (Walker), 227

Coltrane, Scott, 225

Communion, Bakan's concept of, 49 , 50 -52

Competitiveness:

female, 20 , 66 -67;

homosexual, 149 ;

in male peer groups, 117

"Compulsive masculinity," 78 -80, 241

Compulsory heterosexuality, 34 -35, 155

Confidants, women as, 126

Conflict-avoidance, 254

Conformity:

in male peer groups, 113 -14.

See also Femininity; Gender nonconformity; Masculinity

Connectedness:

in knowing, 49 ;

in maternal orientation, 12 , 108 ;

vs. dependence, 64 .

See also Expressiveness/ Relationality; Humanity

"Constructivist" perspective, 198 -99. See also "Social constructivism"

Consumers, housewives as, 248

Contemporary Feminist Thought (Eisenstein), 17

Contratto, Susan, 138 , 279 n.10

Conversations, of girls and boys, 68 , 115 -16

Courtship, 154

Critical theory, 73 , 86 , 95

Cross-cultural perspective, 14 , 221 -32;

berdache and, 295 n.12;

and boys' gender identity, 79 ;

on envy of women, 74 , 79 ;

on father differentiation by gender, 135 -36, 139 ;

on gender segregation, 4 , 5 , 110 ;

on lesbian continuum, 35 -36;

on male peer groups, 123 ;

on moral development, 48 ;

on mothers, 5 , 26 , 105 , 110 , 123 , 221 , 226 -27;

on relationality descriptions, 68 ;

on status of women, 22 , 39 , 222 -30, 255 -56, 274 n.48, 292 n.1, 293 n.12;

on wife role, 39 -40, 222 -30 passim, 253 -54, 274 n.48, 293 n.12

D

Daddy's girls, 130 , 168 -79, 184 . See also Father-daughter relationship

Daly, Mary, 23 , 277 n.29

Dangerous Sex (Hays), 279 n.8

Daughters. See Father-daughter relationship; Girls; Mother-daughter relationship

Day care, 266 , 268 , 269

de Beauvoir, Simone, 23 , 76 , 273 n.16

Delinquency, and masculine identity, 78 , 79

Delphy, Christine, 248 , 295 n.2

Dependence:

childbearing and, 26 , 269 ;

economic, 26 , 46 , 231 , 232 -33, 239 , 247 -50, 257 , 263 , 265 ;

expressiveness/ relationality and, 45 -46, 53 , 54 , 57 , 60 -64, 68 , 69 , 104 ;

father-daughter relationship and, 8 , 104 , 138 , 139 , 157 , 159 , 171 , 172 , 173 , 178 ;

father-son relationship and, 8 , 104 , 138 ;

interdependence vs., 13 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 60 -62, 219 ;

of males, 46 , 63 -64, 69 , 75 , 83 -84, 89 , 262 ;

on marriage and men, 26 , 43 , 44 , 178 , 202 , 231 , 232 -33, 239 , 247 -50, 265 , 269 , 295 n.2;

motherdaughter relationship and, 83 , 103 -4, 106 , 138 , 173 ;

mother-son relationship and, 72 , 73 -74, 83 , 138 ;

psychological, 46 , 64 , 157 ;

rights and, 48 -49, 232 -33.

See also Autonomy/Independence; Juvenilization

Depression, daughters', 171 , 287 n.55

Desire, 218 -19

Determinism, biological, 3 -4, 98 , 158 , 281 n.7

Deutsch, Helene, 138

Developmental theories, 11 -12, 78 , 92 -94, 101 , 107 -8, 114 -15

Deviance:

children's reactions to, 114 -15;

homosexuality as, 115 , 183 , 206 , 215 , 252 -53, 289 n.38

Differences, gender, 16 -25, 44 -70, 94 , 268 , 269 , 270 , 273 n.11, 275 n.3;

and agency/communion, 49 , 50 -52, 112 ;

in aggression, 21 , 64 -68, 69 , 113 -14, 116 , 200 , 278 n.46;

biological, 21 , 60 , 74 , 187 (see also Genital differences);

in children's interactions, 68 , 111 -14, 115 -17;

and dominance, 66 , 86 -94, 213 -14;

in earnings, 97 , 243 -44, 250 , 265 , 272 n.7, 294 n.1;

in expressiveness, 45 , 54 -69 passim;

fathers stressing, 27 , 73 , 86 , 109 , 128 -44, 155 , 175 , 285 n.11;

feminism and, 13 -33 passim, 38 , 42 -43, 47 , 50 , 94 , 270 ;

Freud and, 157 -58, 160 -61, 184 ,

187 -95, 196 -97, 202 , 203 , 208 , 290 n.18;

and gender blindness, 256 ;

and heterosexuality, 123 -24, 186 -87, 190 -95, 196 , 213 ;

in homosexual activity, 214 -16;

in identity problems, 81 , 155 , 186 -87, 195 -96;

in individuation, 103 -4;

matrifocality and, 240 , 241 -42, 245 , 264 ;

in moral thinking, 24 , 45 , 46 -50;

mothers not stressing, 101 -10, 128 -44;

in motive to mother, 98 -99, 101 -3, 104 , 106 -7;

psychoanalytic theory and, 72 , 104 , 195 -98, 208 , 212 , 219 -20 (see also Freud, Sigmund);

reconceptualizing, 57 ;

reproductive consciousness on, 27 -28;

Ruddick's maternal thinking and, 30 , 31 , 32 ;

and self-definition, 93 -94, 101 ;

and sexuality, 109 , 213 -17, 218 , 220 ;

and similarities, 13 -22 passim, 31 , 32 , 42 , 48 , 49 , 68 , 215 , 216 -17, 270 ;

social policy stressing, 17 -18;

in transsexualism, 81 -82.

See also Femininity; Masculinity

"Different voice," Gilligan's, 44 -45, 46 -50

Dinnerstein, Dorothy, 84 , 278 n.8;

and child care by males, 8 -9, 76 -77, 85 , 110 ;

and male dominance, 1 , 4 , 8 -9, 74 -77, 86 , 110 , 157 ;

and misogyny, 1 , 8 -9, 75 , 77 ;

and women's mothering, 1 , 4 , 74 -77, 86 , 110 , 157

Discrimination:

job, 22 (see also Earnings);

sex, 205 , 206 , 242 -43.

See also Sexism

Distancing, male, 88 , 110 , 125 , 141 , 148 , 262

Division of labor. See Labor, division of

Divorce:

fathering after, 132 , 250 ;

income after, 243 -44, 250 , 295 n.7;

no-fault laws, 243 , 250 , 294 n.37;

rates of, 243 -44, 247 ;

remarriage after, 244 -45, 275 n.49, 295 n.7;

and work world, 243 -44, 250 , 269

Doi, Takeo, 252

Doll play:

and femininity, 189 ;

and gender differences, 113 , 114 ;

and girl's gender identity, 198 -99;

and motive to mother, 101

Domestication:

of men, 230 ;

of women, 105 -6, 230 .

See also Privatization/Isolation, of family

Dominance:

and aggression, 66 ;

female, 130 , 150 -51, 161 , 214 , 241 ;

and gender differences, 66 , 86 -94, 213 -14;

social meaning of, 66 .

See also Male dominance; Power

Douvan, Elizabeth, 61 -62, 277 n.35

Dowling, Colette, 60 -61

E

Earnings:

after divorce, 243 -44, 250 , 295 n.7;

gender differences in, 97 , 243 -44, 250 , 265 , 272 n.7, 294 n.1;

women dependent on men's, 231

(see also Economics)

Echols, Alice, 57 , 277 n.24

Economics:

after divorce, 243 -44, 250 , 295 n.7;

of female-headed families, 265 ;

and individualism, 232 , 247 -48, 267 ;

and reconstructing marriage, 257 ;

sexism in, 247 -51, 294 -95 n.1;

of wife's work, 294 -95 n.1;

women's dependence in, 26 , 46 , 202 , 231 , 232 -33, 239 , 247 -50, 257 , 263 , 265 .

See also Class; Earnings; Industrialization; Work world

Education:

sex, 144 ;

of women, 18 , 63 , 233 , 240 -41

Egalitarianism:

in female peer groups, 112 -14, 117 .

See also Equality, gender; Equal parenting/Male mothering

Egos:

allocentric, 49 , 50 ;

autocentric, 49 , 50

"Ego strength," psychoanalytic concept of, 50

Ehrenreich, Barbara, 126

Ehrensaft, Diane, 142 -43, 144

Ehrhardt, Anke, 196

Eisenstein, Hester, 17 , 86 -87

Emotional attachment:

and female sexual involvements, 213 ;

girl to parents, 102 -3, 104 , 106 -7, 174 , 193 ;

and incest, 168 , 172 , 174 .

See also Bonding, human

Emotionality, and expressiveness, 45 , 53 -54, 59 , 67 -68

Emotion work, 54

Empiricism, feminism and, 2

Engels, Friedrich, 28 , 228

Envy:

penis, 73 , 74 , 189 , 191 , 192 ;

status, 79 ;

womb, 74 .

See also Fear and envy hypothesis

Epistemology, gender differences in, 49

Equality, gender, 221 -22, 243 , 251 , 261 -62, 269 , 270 , 271 n.7;

African societies and, 39 , 226 , 227 , 293 n.12;

and childbearing/mothering role, 9 , 10 , 19 , 98 , 99 , 105 , 221 , 269 ;

heterosexual relations and, 3 , 155 -56, 251 , 256 ;

and incest, 263 ;

and individualism, 10 , 232 , 238 -39, 245 , 247 , 256 , 264 ;

in marriage, 6 , 7 , 41 , 155 -56, 201 , 227 -28, 231 , 257 -61, 263 ;

matrifocality and, 226 , 227 -28, 245 ;

new love ethic and, 259 ;

Oedipus complex version based on, 159 ;

in parenting (see Equal parenting/Male mothering);

Protestantism and, 231 , 232 ;

and reconstructing marriage, 15 , 257 -61;

in sexuality, 209 , 211 , 219 , 220 ;

in work world, 18 , 232 , 238 -39, 243

Equal parenting/Male mothering, 85 -86, 262 -64;

Benjamin and, 87 , 95 ;

and bisexuality, 193 ;

in black culture, 228 ;

Chodorow and, 8 -9, 82 , 85 , 106 , 110 ;

Dinnerstein and, 8 -9, 76 -77, 85 , 110 ;

and father-daughter relationship, 144 , 177 , 262 -63;

Keller and, 87 , 95 ;

and male dominance, 8 -9, 85 , 87 , 106 , 110 , 271 -72 n.8;

and maternal thinking, 31 , 225 ;

and misogyny, 8 -9, 77 ;

and paternal identity, 197 -98

ERA (Equal Rights Amendment), 267 -68

Eroticism:

domination in, 89 -90;

and female sexuality, 216 , 217 ;

mother-infant, 108 , 109 .

See also Sexual activity; Sexuality

"Essentialism," 24 , 98 , 285 n.7

Ethnomethodologists, 20 , 112 -13, 115 -16, 204

Evolution of Human Sexuality (Symons), 215

Expressiveness/Relationality, 13 , 45 , 52 -69 passim, 254 -55, 269 ;

and achievement, 45 , 61 , 63 ;

and aggression, 65 -66, 68 , 69 ;

defining, 45 , 53 -54, 57 , 59 , 68 , 276 -77nn. 15, 17, 20;

and dependence, 45 -46, 53 -69 passim, 104 ;

and heterosexuality, 45 , 193 ;

vs. incompetence/inferiority, 45 , 53 , 59 , 68 , 282 n.24;

Parsons's distinction of instrumentality from, 44 , 45 , 49 , 52 -53, 57 , 275 -76 nn.8, 16, 17;

and power, 45 -46, 69 , 255 , 276 n.16;

romance novels and, 176 -77;

in sexual activity, 213 -15, 216 , 217 ;

and socio-emotional skills, 45 , 53 -54, 59 , 67 -68;

women's mothering and, 70 , 96 , 101 , 103 -4, 109 , 128 , 129 , 187 , 193 , 269

F

Fagot, Beverly, 111 , 113

Family:

difference-similarity stresses and, 25 -27, 38 ;

in Freud's time, 168 -69, 172 ;

"modern," 14 , 168 , 232 -33 (see also Nuclear family);

oedipal, 172 -73;

seductive, 171 .

See also Fathers; Marriage; Mothers; Privatization/Isolation, of family

Farnham, Marynia F., 235 -37

Father-daughter relationship, 102 -3, 156 , 165 -79;

daddy's girls in, 130 , 168 -79, 184 ;

and daughters dependence/independence, 8 , 104 , 138 , 139 , 157 , 159 , 171 , 172 , 173 ;

and depression, 171 , 287 n.55;

father as symbol of desire in, 218 ;

and father-son relationship, contrasted, 27 , 128 -44, 155 , 175 ;

and femininity, 136 -38, 139 , 151 -59 passim, 165 , 170 , 172 , 184 , 193 , 287 n.55;

girl blamed for incest in, 174 ;

heterosexuality in, 129 -31, 139 -44, 158 , 160 , 173 , 191 , 192

(see also Femininity; Incest);

incest in, 130 -31, 158 , 165 -78, 262 -63, 296 n.23;

of lesbians, 150 -51, 152 , 153 , 181 , 287 nn.43, 45;

male dominance/father power in, 8 , 138 , 143 -44, 164 , 165 , 168 , 170 -79 passim, 184 ;

in middle class, 139 , 175 ;

mother blamed for incest in, 173 -74;

and Oedipus complex, 153 , 159 , 160 , 164 , 165 -74, 176 , 191 ;

protective, 139 , 140 , 256 ;

romantic, 142 -43, 144 , 158 , 175 -77;

traditionalizing, 136 , 138 ;

wives trained in, 8 , 129 , 184

(see also Femininity; Romance, Fatherdaughter);

in working class, 139

Fathers, 5 , 9 , 127 , 262 -64, 294 n.33;

absence of, 78 -80, 240 ;

in African societies, 293 n.12;

child care by, 262 -64, 296 n.25;

(see also Equal parenting/ Male mothering; Father-daughter relationship; Father-son relationship);

gender differentiation by, 27 , 73 , 86 , 109 , 128 -44, 155 , 175 , 285 n.11;

and homosexuality, 14 , 141 , 148 -54 passim, 179 -80, 181 , 287 nn.43, 45;

industrialization affecting role of, 231 ;

and male dominance, 2 , 8 , 14 , 70 , 87 , 128 -65 passim, 170 -79 passim, 184 , 284 n.1;

male-provider role of, 247 -50;

maternal thinking by, 31 , 32 , 108 , 125 -26, 127 , 197 , 225 , 263 -64

(see also Equal parenting/Male mothering);

oedipal period and, 87 , 91 , 128 , 153 , 157 -79 passim, 188 , 191 , 192 , 284 n.1;

and patriarchy, 85 , 136 , 153 , 159 , 161 -62, 163 , 168 , 229 , 230 , 247 ;

privatization of mothers by, 28 , 104 , 138 ;

rescue of children from mothers by, 102 -3, 265 .

See also Father-daughter relationship; Father-son relationship

Father-son relationship, 103 ;

boy's identification with father in, 138 , 155 , 192 , 197 -98;

and dependence/independence in, 8 , 104 , 138 ;

father as symbol of desire in, 218 ;

and father-daughter relationship, contrasted, 27 , 128 -44, 155 , 175 ;

and male dominance, 8 , 131 ,

Father-son relationship (continued )

133 -34, 153 , 157 , 163 , 165 ;

of male homosexuals, 141 , 148 , 149 , 153 , 154 , 180 , 188 ;

and male peer groups, 136 , 142 , 155 ;

and masculinity, 78 -80, 82 , 137 , 153 , 159 ;

and Oedipus complex, 153 , 159 , 160 -65, 188 , 192 ;

and patriarchy, 161 -62, 230

Fear:

of fathers, 162 -63;

of women, 72 , 73 -75, 83 , 279 n.8

Fear and envy hypothesis, 72 , 73 -77, 82 -83, 93 , 94 , 279 n.20

Female bonding, 32 ;

family constraints on, 23 -25, 85 , 123 , 125 , 237 ;

flapper era and, 235 ;

mother-daughter, 102 -3, 104 , 106 -7, 193

Female dominance, 130 , 150 -51, 161 , 214 , 241

Female/Feminist paradigm, 42 , 66

Female gender identity, 197 , 198 -202;

and father-daughter relationship, 154 -55, 287 n.55;

Freud and, 157 -58, 160 , 184 , 187 -203 passim, 208 , 290 n.18;

masculinity in, 151 , 182 , 193 ;

with mother, 83 , 184 , 189 , 192 -93, 196 , 198 -200, 290 -91 n.29.

See also Femininity

Female homosexuality. See Lesbians and lesbianism

Female peer groups, 110 , 111 -15, 117

Female resistance, to male-controlled sexuality, 209 -10

Females.

See preceding entries and Differences, gender; Girls; Sexuality; Similarities, gender; Women

"Feminine identification," boys', 78 -80, 82 , 87 , 94 , 155 , 196

Femininity, 6 , 38 , 193 ;

agency/communion and, 50 , 51 ;

Brownmiller on, 254 , 255 ;

cultural vs. biological, 67 ;

de Beauvoir and, 273 n.16;

definition, measurement, and needed redefinition of, 57 -59, 137 , 195 , 202 , 254 , 267 ;

father-daughter relationship and, 136 -38, 139 , 151 -59 passim, 165 , 170 , 172 , 184 , 193 , 287 n.55;

Freud and, 157 -58, 160 , 184 , 187 -203 passim, 208 , 290 n.18;

and heterosexuality, 186 , 193 , 196 -97, 202 , 205 , 251 -52, 290 n.18;

and individualism, 246 , 247 , 253 -56;

motherhood and concept of, 189 , 194 , 196 , 255 ;

and penis envy, 189 , 191 , 192 ;

Stoller on, 196 -97

Feminism, 1 , 42 , 206 , 239 -45, 267 , 269 , 272 n.10;

and androgyny, 57 -58;

and antisexuality, 207 ;

and assimilation, 18 -19, 20 , 22 ;

"cultural," 277 n.24;

and equal parenting, 8 -9, 31 , 76 -77, 82 , 85 , 87 , 95 , 106 , 110 , 262 ;

and expressiveness-instrumentality, 52 , 53 , 60 , 101 ;

and father differentiations by gender, 139 -40;

and gender differences, 13 -33 passim, 38 , 42 -43, 47 , 50 , 94 , 270 ;

and gender segregation, 4 ;

and gender similarities, 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 -21, 49 , 270 ;

and homosexuality, 106 , 154 , 182 , 183 ;

individualism and, 10 , 17 , 239 , 245 , 251 , 267 ;

Lundberg and Farnham on, 236 ;

and male dominance, 1 -9 passim, 37 -39, 69 -96 passim, 105 , 106 , 110 , 139 -40, 157 , 178 , 184 -85, 242 -43, 271 -72 n.8, 278 n.2;

and marriage, 8 , 9 -10, 126 , 156 ;

Marxist, 2 , 27 , 99 , 248 , 271 n.7;

and masculine gender identity, 81 ;

Masson as, 166 ;

and matrifocality, 228 ;

"maximalist," 16 ;

"minimalist," 16 , 269 ;

and mothers, 1 , 9 -10, 23 , 25 , 27 -37, 69 -70, 71 , 77 , 98 , 99 , 101 , 139 , 266 , 279 n.10;

and occupational equality, 18 , 238 , 243 ;

and patriarchy (term), 229 ;

personal influences on, 125 ;

Protestantism and, 231 ;

and psychoanalytic theory, 71 -72, 77 , 85 , 165 , 169 , 186 , 195 ;

radical, 1 , 3 , 5 , 19 , 23 , 125 , 239 , 242 -43;

role crossovers and, 240 , 264 ;

and science, 88 (see also Science);

and seduction, 210 , 211 ;

and sexuality, 207 , 208 , 212 , 217 ;

socialist, 19 , 23 ;

and social science, 2 -3;

and wife role, 9 -10, 37 -42

Fertility control, 207 -8

Fields, Suzanne, 140 , 175

Finigan, Michael, 51 -52, 66 , 112

Finkelhor, David, 118 , 141 -42, 167 -68

Firestone, Shulamith, 19 , 99

Fischer, Kurt, 164

Flacks, Richard, 241

Flappers, 234 -35

Fliess, Wilhelm, 166

Foucault, Michel, 211 -12, 252

Frankfurt School, 73 , 86 , 91

Freud, Sigmund, 9 , 11 , 14 , 101 , 208 , 212 , 233 , 235 ;

on autonomy emergence, 92 ;

family structure in his day, 168 -69;

and fathers, 157 -70 passim, 179 -80, 184 , 186 , 188 , 192 , 193 , 288 n.8;

and female gender identity, 157 -58, 160 , 184 , 187 -203 passim, 208 , 290 n.18;

and gender/sexuality distinction, 14 , 186 -96 passim, 202 , 281 n.15;

gynecentric opposition to, 8 , 73 -74, 190 -95, 220 ;

and homosexuality, 179 -80, 181 -82, 183 , 188 ;

and impregnation, 157 -58, 190 ;

and incest, 158 , 165 -67, 168 -69, 170 , 174 ;

and infant eroticism, 108 ;

and masculinity, 160 -61, 187 -95;

and mothers, 157 -58, 159 , 160 , 161 , 188 -92, 235 ;

and Oedipus complex, 102 -3, 153 , 157 -65, 174 , 188 , 190 -91, 192 , 195 , 196 ;

on preoedipal period, 192 -93, 289 -90 n.6;

and real sexual assault, 158 , 165 -67;

and wives, 158 , 161 , 185 , 186 , 189 , 202

Friedan, Betty, 19 , 23 , 293 n.23

Friedrich, Paul, 217

Friendships; marriage based on, 201 ;

maternal values and, 267 ;

preadolescent boys' and girls', 112 ;

women's, 23 -24, 125 , 259 -60

(see also Female bonding)

Frye, Marilyn, 219

Functionalism, 2 , 52 -53

G

Games, boys' and girls', 112 . See also Play

Gandhi, Indira, 256

Gay Children Grown Up (Harry), 147

Gays. See Homosexuality

Gender:

doing away with, 20 , 159 , 186 , 194 ;

"doing of," 112 ;

"neutered," 193 , 207 ;

reconstructing, 195 -202;

twentieth-century feminism and, 242 ;

vs. sexuality (concept), 9 -10, 14 , 102 , 103 , 147 , 186 -97 passim, 202 -20, 252 , 281 n.15, 290 n.18, 291 n.44.

See also Differences, gender; Equality, gender; Identity, gender; Similarities, gender

Gender blindness, 14 , 246 , 249 , 250 , 256

Gender nonconformity:

and homosexuality, 146 -48, 149 , 151 , 152

Gender role, 196 , 203 , 271 n.6, 290n-23, 291 n.38

"Gender schemas," 60

Gender segregation, 4 , 5 , 110 -17, 123

Generation of Viper (Wylie), 236

Generativity, 197

Genital differences, 60 , 74 . See also Penis

Genital focus, of sexuality, 208 , 216 , 217

Gillespie, Dair, 249 -50

Gilligan, Carol, 24 , 44 -45, 46 -50, 275 nn.3, 5

Girls:

and aggression, 64 -65, 66 , 113 -14, 200 ;

and conformity, 113 ;

conversations of, 68 , 115 -16;

and dependence, 83 ;

and gender identity (see Female gender identity); and gender segregation, 110 , 111 -15, 117 , 123 ;

male dominance resisted by, 116 -17, 201 ;

preoedipal, 106 , 192 -93, 289 -90 n.6.

See also Father-daughter relationship; Mother-daughter relationship

Goldberg, Steven, 21

Goode, William, 267

Goodwin, Charles, 68 , 116

Goodwin, Marjorie, 68 , 112 -13, 116

Gordon, Linda, 173 , 296 n.23

Gough, Kathleen, 35

Greenspan, Miriam, 61

Gutmann, David, 49 , 50

Gynecentric psychoanalytic theory, 8 , 82 -86, 190 -95, 265 ;

fear and envy hypothesis, 72 , 73 -74, 82 -83;

and gender-sexuality distinction, 190 -95, 220 ;

tenuous masculine identity hypothesis, 72 , 82 -84

H

Hammersmith, Sue Kiefer, 145 -49, 150 -51, 152 , 153

Harry, Joseph, 147 , 149 -50, 154 , 181

Hartley, Ruth, 80

Hartrnan, Heidi, 229

Hays, H. R., 279 n.8

Health, of married women, 64

Heilbrun, Alfred, 133 -34, 287 n.55

Helmreich, Robert L., 58 -59

Herman, Judith, 170 -71

Heterosexuality, 3 , 9 -10, 155 -56, 252 -53, 286 n.38;

centrality of couple relationships of, 40 -41, 45 , 85 , 124 , 125 , 160 , 184 , 185 , 202 , 234 -35, 237 , 251 -53, 259 -60, 296 n.20;

Chodorow and, 103 , 104 , 106 , 193 , 282 n.l8;

compulsory, 34 -35, 155 ;

equal parenting and, 85 ;

fathers and, 14 , 128 -31, 139 -44, 153 , 154 , 158 , 160 , 173 -77, 191 , 192 ;

Freud and, 158 , 160 , 179 , 190 , 192 , 195 ;

and gender difference, 123 -24, 186 -87, 190 -95, 196 , 213 ;

gender equality and, 3 , 155 -56, 251 , 256 ;

and gender identity, 89 , 117 , 118 -19, 124 -25, 155 , 160 -61, 186 , 193 , 196 -98, 202 , 205 , 251 -52, 290 n.18;

gender nonconformity and, 146 -48, 149 , 151 , 152 ;

male dominance in, 3 -9 passim, 34 -45 passim, 117 -31 passim, 144 -63 passim, 173 , 185 , 193 , 201 -2, 243 , 251 -52, 290 n.23;

male peer group and, 117 -26, 156 ;

as "normal," 144 , 158 , 173 , 179 , 180 , 192 ;

psychology of, 251 -52;

social structures of, 4 -5, 34 -37, 185 (see also Marriage);

unmarried women vs. imperative of, 234 -35;

U.S. emphasis on, 7 -8, 40 -42, 202 , 232 -33, 252 -53, 257 -58, 296 n.20;

and women's mothering, 4 -5, 102 -9 passim, 130 , 155 -56, 160 -61, 188 , 193 , 196

Hewlett, Sylvia, 266

Hierarchy:

gender differences expressed in terms of, 86 , 295 n.2;

in male peer groups, 112 , 117

Hispanics, 242

Hochschild, Arlie, 54

Hoffman, Lois Wladis, 282 n.17

Holter, Harriet, 29

Homosexuality, 144 -55, 286 n.34;

and berdache, 295 n.12;

children's attitudes toward, 115 ;

deviance label for, 115 , 183 , 215 , 252 -53, 289 n.38;

fathers and, 14 , 141 , 148 -54 passim, 179 -80, 181 , 287 nn.43, 45;

Freud and, 179 -80, 181 -82, 183 , 188 ;

and gender nonconformity, 146 -48, 149 , 151 , 152 ;

"loving partner" concept and, 261 ;

and male dominance, 14 , 36 , 145 , 151 , 153 -54, 179 -84, 216 ;

male peer group and, 124 , 147 , 154 ;

and masculinity, 124 , 149 -50, 180 -81;

physiological sexual responses in, 216 -17;

studies of, 144 -55.

See also Lesbians and lesbianism; Male homosexuals

Hooks, Bell, 272 n.10

Hopis, 224

Horkheimer, Max, 100

Hormones, 98 ;

gender similarities in, 22 ;

male aggression based on, 21 ;

and mothering motivation, 97 , 104

Horney, Karen, 73 , 74 , 83 , 191 , 192

Horticultural societies, 222 -25, 228

Hostility, fathers', 148 , 162 , 262

Housewives, 19 , 53 , 232 , 248 , 268

Housework, 7 , 19 , 248 , 271 n.7, 295 n.1

Hrdy, Sarah, 66 -67

Humanistic enterprises, women's, 18 , 234

Humanistic values, 266 , 268 . See also Maternal thinking

Humanity, 12 -13, 64 ;

expressiveness and, 69 , 109 ;

maternal thinking and, 12 , 46 , 225 ;

mothers teaching, 8 , 12 , 33 , 69 , 107 -10, 114 , 155 ;

sex objectification and, 13 , 108 , 117 , 155

Husbands, 17 , 18 , 126 ;

in African societies, 39 , 227 -28, 274 n.48, 293 n.12;

and divorce, 244 , 250 ;

dominance over wives of, 5 -9 passim, 36 -37, 40 , 43 , 69 , 130 , 155 -56, 157 , 159 , 163 , 173 , 201 -2, 237 ;

female, 274 n.48;

individualism affecting role of, 232 , 247 -48;

industrialization affecting role of, 17 , 231 , 232 ;

instrumental role of, 53 ;

matrifocality and, 227 -28, 240 -41, 264 ;

and morality, 233 ;

in patriarchies, 163 , 229 -30, 247 , 274 n.48;

as term, 229 , 271 n.7

Hypergamy, 233 , 240 , 241

Hypersexuality, 209 , 215

Hyposexuality, 209 , 215

Hysteria, 166 , 170

I

Identification:

boys with fathers, 138 , 155 , 192 , 197 -98;

boys with mothers, 78 -80, 82 , 87 , 94 , 155 , 196 ;

females with men, 138 , 151 , 154 -155, 178 -79, 287 n.55;

girls with mothers, 83 , 184 , 189 , 192 -93, 196 , 198 -200, 290 -91n.29;

heterosexuality and, 154 -55;

infant-mother, 4 , 78 -80, 82 , 87 , 94 , 107 , 108 , 155 , 189 , 196 ;

Parsons's definition of, 107 ;

women with women, 154 , 155 , 234

Identity, gender, 14 , 195 -202;

"core," 81 , 196 -97;

defined, 81 , 196 ;

and gender role, 196 , 203 , 290 n.23;

and heterosexuality, 89 , 117 , 118 -19, 124 -25, 155 , 160 -61, 186 , 193 , 196 -98, 202 , 205 , 251 -52, 290 n.18;

male homosexuals and, 147 ;

mothering and, 188 -89, 192 -93, 196 , 197 , 198 -200;

paternal, 197 -98;

peer groups and, 4 , 113 -15, 117 , 118 , 155 ;

vs. sexual orientation, 103 , 147 , 205 , 208 .

See also Female gender identity; Male gender identity

Igbo, 226

Illich, Ivan, 294 n.1

Impregnation:

fathering defined as, 5 ;

femininity in terms of, 157 -58, 190 ;

secondary role of, 27 -28

In a Different Voice (Gilligan), 46 -50

Incest, 158 ;

father-daughter, 130 -31, 158 , 165 -78, 262 -63, 296 n.23;

motherson taboo greater than father-daughter, 130 , 160 , 165 , 169 , 170 , 174 ;

prostitutes and, 210 ;

sibling, 118

Incest continuum, 158 , 168 -74

Inclusion, 18 -22, 25 , 42 , 49 , 208 . See also Assimilation

Income. See Earnings

Independence. See Autonomy/Independence

India, 255 , 256

Individualism, 10 , 14 , 17 , 91 , 232 , 246 -70;

and equality, 10 , 232 , 238 -39, 245 , 247 , 256 , 264 ;

feminism and, 10 , 17 , 239 , 245 , 251 , 267 ;

and gender blindness, 246 , 249 , 250 , 256 ;

vs. maternal values, 14 , 247 , 266 , 267 ;

and matrifocality, 245 , 266 ;

and new love ethic, 247 , 258 -59;

nuclear family and, 222 , 232 , 247 -50, 257 -69;

and Protestantism, 222 , 232 ;

and reconstructing marriage, 14 , 258 -61;

and sexism, 247 -57;

and wife role, 239 , 242 , 246 ,

247 , 258 -60, 268

Individuation: gender differences in, 103 -4.

See also Autonomy/Independence; Separation

Indonesian societies, 226

Industrialization (1800s), 17 , 160 , 168 , 231 -32

Infants:

autonomy developing in, 92 -93;

erotic domination and, 89 ;

fathering of, 133 , 285 n.11;

and fear and envy hypothesis, 72 , 73 -74, 76 -77, 82 -83;

ideation of, 76 , 87 , 91 -94;

interactions of, 12 , 107 -8, 133 , 196 ;

learning by, 12 , 107 -8;

primary process thinking of, 72 , 76 ;

symbiosis/merging with mother by, 82 , 87 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 102 , 196 ;

women's mothering and, 12 , 72 -77 passim, 82 -83, 87 , 92 , 96 , 97 , 101 -2, 107 -8, 133

Instrumentality, 45 , 54 , 69 , 276 -77 n.20;

in Adjective Check List, 54 -56, 57 , 68 ;

defining, 45 , 52 , 59 , 276 n.17;

fathers encouraging in sons, 129 ;

Parsons's distinction of expressiveness from, 44 , 45 , 49 , 52 -53, 57 , 59 , 275 -76 nn.8, 16, 17

Interactions:

children's informal, 68 , 112 -17;

father-child, 132 -33, 139 -44;

infant, 12 , 107 -8, 133 , 196 ;

male domination in, 112 , 115 -17, 124 , 133 , 139 -40, 143 -44;

mother-child, 12 , 107 -8, 109 , 132 -33, 136 , 141 , 196 (see also Symbiosis/Merging);

and self-development, 11 -12, 93 -94, 95 , 107 -8;

sexual, 124 , 139 -44, 214 (see also Sexual activity)

Intercourse, sexual:

activity vs. passivity in, 9 , 190 , 220 ;

marriage symbolized by, 36 ;

masculinity confirmed by, 118 -19;

relational context for, 213 ;

sex role vs. gender role and, 291 n.38;

sexuality reducible to, 194 ;

Victorian fertility control and, 207 -8

Interdependence, 69 , 92 , 95 , 266 ;

vs. dependence, 13 , 44 , 46 , 48 , 60 -62, 219 ;

and sexuality, 218 -19;

in women's moral thinking, 24 , 46 , 48 -49.

See also Expressiveness/Relationality

"Interpersonal sensitivity," 68

Intersubjectivity, 93 , 218 -19

Iroquois, 223 , 224

Isolation. See Privatization/Isolation, of family

J

Jacklin, Carol Nagy, 20 , 64 -65, 66 , 69 , 109 , 110 -11, 284 n.2

Jobs. See Work world

Johnson, Virginia, 208 -9, 216 -17

Johnston, Jill, 36

Jones, Ernest, 73 , 192

Juvenilization:

of females, 230 , 235 , 248 , 255 , 269 , 293 n.12;

of males, 230 , 235

K

Kamerman, Sheila, 266

Kanin, Eugene, 120 -21, 142

Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 20

Keller, Evelyn Fox, 72 -73, 86 -88, 90 -91, 95 , 96

Kelly, Joan B., 244

Keniston, Kenneth, 241

Kessler, Suzanne, 20 , 204

Kibbutz movement, 97

Kinsey, Alfred C., 117 -18, 208

Kinship, 259 , 267 ;

African, 39 , 226 , 227 , 293 n.12;

in agrarian patriarchies, 222 , 229 , 256 ;

bilateral systems of, 230 ;

matrilineal, 222 -25, 228 ;

patrilineal, 223 , 225 , 229 -30;

private-public distinctions and, 11 , 28 -29, 229 .

See also Family

Kissing, 141 , 214

Klein, Melanie, 73 -74, 75 , 83 , 192

Knowing:

connected vs. separate, 49 ;

gender awareness as, 111

Kohlberg, Lawrence, 199

Kohlberg's scale, 47 , 49 -50

Kung, 39

L

Labor, division of:

marriage arising from, 253 ;

in marriages, 7 , 17 , 19 , 53 , 271 n.7, 294 -95 n.1.

See also Child care; Work world

Lady in Lavender, 235

Language usage:

and denning gender differences, 52 -59, 64 -68, 69 ;

erotic vs. sexual,216 ;

gender vs. sexuality,9 , 187 , 202 -7, 209 -10, 220 ;

husband, 271 n.7;

lesbian, 36 , 183 -84, 217 , 235 ;

momism, 236 ;

patriarchy,229 , 271 n.7;

queen, 39 -40;

wife,36 -37, 39 -40, 253 -54, 271 n.7;

woman, 36 , 40

Laws:

human welfare, 233 ;

no-fault divorce, 243 , 250 , 294 -37;

rape, 121 -22;

women's rights, 232 , 267 -68

Learning:

in father-daughter relationship, 134 -35;

infant, 12 , 107 -8;

of nuclear family relationships, 164 ;

role, 107 -8, 129 -30, 291 n.38;

and sex roles, 291 n.38;

social learning theory, 11 , 12 , 78 , 101 .

See also Socialization

Leinbach, Mary D., 113

Lesbian continuum, Rich's concept of, 27 , 33 -37, 289 n.38

Lesbian Nation (Johnston), 36

Lesbians and lesbianism, 150 -52, 154 -55, 206 , 217 ;

and AIDS, 206 -7;

as "bad," 210 ;

as "deviance," 115 , 183 , 206 , 215 , 289 n.38;

and equal parenting, 85 ;

father-daughter relationship of, 150 -51, 152 , 153 , 181 , 278 nn.43, 45;

gay males supported by, 206 -7;

gender-sexuality distinction and, 103 , 193 , 206 -7;

history of, 217 , 235 ;

and male dominance, 36 , 153 , 154 , 179 , 181 -84, 216 ;

as mothers, 103 ;

and mothers' attitude toward men, 151 -52;

and mothers of, 150 -52, 153 , 181 , 182 , 184 -85, 287 n.43;

as protest, 181 -84;

and separatism, 227 ;

sexual activity of, 214 -16;

as term, 36 , 183 -84, 217 , 235 .

See also Lesbian continuum

Lever, Janet, 112

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 28 , 159 , 223 , 253

Lewin, Miriam, 276 n.17

Lewis, Diane K., 227 -28

Like Father, Like Daughter (Fields), 140 , 175

Lipman-Blumen, Jean, 21

Lorde, Audre, 2

Love:

"attentive," 30 -31;

and domination, 89 -90, 126 ;

in egalitarian marriages, 201 , 231 , 258 -59, 261 ;

and male peer group, 126 ;

mother-child, 82 -83, 129 , 160 ;

new love ethic and, 247 , 258 -59;

"preservative," 31 ;

and sexuality, 213 , 215 , 219 .

See also Emotional attachment

Love Between Women (Wolff), 182

Loving eye, 219

"Loving partners," 261

Lower class, and compulsive masculinity, 78

Lundberg, Ferdinand, 235 -37

Luria, Zella, 275 n.3

Luttrell, Wendy, 42

M

McClintock, Barbara, 88

Maccoby, Eleanor, 20 , 51 , 275 n.3;

on aggression, 64 -65, 66 , 69 , 278 n.3;

on gender segregation, 110 -11;

and girls' nurturance, 199 ;

on mother-child attachment, 109 ;

on mother-son relationship, 109 , 284 n.2

McKenna, Wendy, 20 , 204

MacKinnon, Catharine, 35 , 121 -22, 205 , 206 , 291 n.44

Male bonding, 27 , 123 ;

male dominance justified by, 4 ;

in marriage contract, 28 ;

mother separation and, 107 ;

and rape, 119 ;

sexism and classism and, 243 .

See also Male peer groups

Male dominance, 1 -2, 5 , 13 -14, 60 , 86 -94;

in agricultural societies, 229 ;

autonomous qualities justifying, 57 ;

biology justifying, 21 , 72 , 190 ;

and child care by males, 8 -9, 85 , 87 , 106 , 110 , 271 -72 n.8;

defined, 6 -7;

and dependency needs of males, 63 , 83 , 89 ;

fathers and, 2 , 8 , 14 , 70 , 87 , 128 -65 passim, 170 -79 passim, 184 , 284 n.1;

feminists analyzing, 1 -9 passim, 37 -39, 69 -96 passim, 105 , 106 , 110 , 139 -40, 157 , 178 , 184 -85, 242 -43, 271 -72 n.8, 278 n.2;

and gender identity, 83 , 89 , 117 , 155 , 186 -87, 196 , 201 -2;

girls' attitudes toward, 116 -17. 201 ;

in heterosexual relations, 3 -9 passim, 34 -45 passim, 69 , 117 -31 Passim, 130 , 144 -63 passim, 173 , 185 , 193 , 201 -2, 237 , 243 , 251 -52, 290 n.23;

and homosexuality, 14 , 36 , 145 , 151 , 153 , 154 , 179 -84, 216 ;

and incest, 165 , 169 , 172 -73, 174 , 177 -78;

in interactions, 112 , 115 -17, 124 , 133 , 139 -40, 143 -44;

and love, 89 -90, 126 ;

male peer groups and, 2 , 4 , 14 , 111 , 112 , 115 , 117 , 118 -19, 229 ;

and masculinity, 72 , 83 , 124 -25, 161 , 188 , 194 ;

matriliny and, 223 ;

mothers and, 1 -13 passim, 37 -39, 69 -96 passim, 105 -6, 110 , 157 , 165 , 169 , 184 ;

Oedipus complex and, 87 , 128 , 153 , 157 , 158 -60, 165 , 179 , 284 n.1;

seduction and, 138 , 211 ;

over sexuality, 9 , 67 , 89 -90, 220 (see also Heterosexuality).

See also Patriarchy

Male gender identity, 198 , 290 -91 n.29;

erotic domination and, 89 ;

father-son relationship and, 78 -80, 82 , 192 , 197 ;

heterosexuality important to, 117 , 118 -19, 124 -25, 160 -61, 198 ;

male peer groups and, 4 , 113 -15, 117 , 118 , 155 ;

mother-son relationship and, 72 -73, 78 -83, 87 -88, 94 , 108 , 155 , 188 , 196 ;

paternal, 197 -98;

tenuous, 72 , 78 -84, 93 , 94 , 279 n.20.

See also Masculinity

Male homosexuals, 148 -50;

and AIDS, 206 -7;

father-son relationship of, 141 , 148 , 149 , 153 , 154 , 179 -80, 188 ;

and gender nonconformity in childhood, 146 -48, 149 ;

and male dominance, 154 , 179 -81;

mother-son relationship of, 148 -49, 153 , 180 ;

sexual activity of, 214 -16

Male misogyny. See Misogyny

Male mothering. See Child care; Equal parenting/Male mothering

Male paradigm:

and ambivalence in women, 61 -62;

difference and, 22 -25, 220 ;

individualism and, 17 ;

meaning of dominance with, 66 ;

and sex role, 84 -85;

on women's mothering, 27 , 29 .

See also Male dominance

Male peer groups, 2 , 4 , 14 , 110 -27;

of boys, 70 , 110 , 111 -18, 136 , 140 , 155 ;

conformity in, 113 -14;

father-son relationship and, 136 , 142 , 155 ;

and gender identity, 4 , 113 -15, 117 , 118 , 155 ;

and heterosexuality, 117 -26, 156 ;

and homosexuality, 124 , 147 , 154 ;

misogyny by, 77 , 96 ;

and patriarchy, 229 ;

and protection of women, 140 ;

and rape, 118 , 119 -23;

and sex objectification of women, 117 -19, 121 , 122 , 123 , 155 , 156

Male provider role, 7 , 17 , 53 , 202 , 247 -50, 257 , 265 . See also Economics

Males.

See preceding entries and Boys ; Differences, gender; Men; Similarities, gender

Mama's boy, 130 , 170

Marriage, 40 , 269 , 286 n.38;

age at, 247 , 260 ;

division of labor as cause, 253 ;

division of labor in, 7 , 17 , 19 , 53 , 271 n.7, 294 -95 n.1;

egalitarian, 6 , 7 , 41 , 155 -56, 201 , 227 -28, 231 , 257 -61, 263 ;

with father, 175 -77;

father giving daughter in, 169 -70;

and female bonding, 123 , 125 ;

gender blindness and, 246 , 249 , 250 , 256 ;

and girls' psychological dependence, 157 ;

of homosexuals' parents, 150 -52;

housework in, 7 , 19 , 248 , 271 n.7, 294 -95 n 1;

hypergamous, 233 , 240 , 241 ;

individualism and, 14 , 247 , 256 -57, 258 -61;

and male bonding, 28 , 123 ;

male dominance in, 5 -9 passim, 36 -37, 40 , 43 , 69 , 130 , 155 -56, 157 , 159 , 163 , 173 , 201 -2, 237 ;

and male peer groups, 123 , 126 , 127 ;

matriliny and, 223 ;

mothering without, 41 -42, 85 , 265 , 275 n.50;

Parsons's functionalism and, 53 ;

in patriarchies, 229 , 230 , 274 n.48;

in patrilineal societies, 230 ;

and politics, 267 ;

rape in, 122 ;

reconstructing, 14 -15, 245 , 257 -61;

reproductive consciousness and, 28 ;

satisfaction in, 244 -45, 294 n.37;

separatists and, 19 ;

stability of, 238 -39, 244 , 261 (see also Divorce);

women's dependence on, 26 , 43 , 44 , 202 , 231 , 232 -33, 239 , 247 -50, 265 , 269 , 295 n.2;

and women's jobs, 7 , 19 , 236 -39, 244 , 249 -50, 254 , 272 n.7, 293 n.27;

and women's secondary status, 6 , 13 , 39 -42, 43 , 156 , 248 -49.

See also Husbands; Remarriage; Wives

Marriage gradient, 233 , 241

Marxism, 2 , 23 , 27 , 99 , 248 , 271 n.7;

Frankfurt School, 73 , 86 , 91

Masculine Sex Role Identity (MSRI), 84

Masculinism. See Male paradigm

Masculinity, 194 , 204 ;

agency/communion and, 50 , 51 ;

and androgyny, 57 -59, 204 ;

compulsive, 78 -80, 241 ;

defined, 125 , 254 ;

father-son relationship and, 78 -80, 82 , 137 , 153 , 159 ;

female, 151 , 182 , 193 ;

Freud and, 160 -61, 187 -95;

heterosexuality and, 117 , 118 -19, 124 -25, 160 -61, 186 , 198 ;

homosexual males and, 124 , 149 -50, 180 -81;

and individualism, 246 ;

male dominance and, 72 , 83 , 124 -25, 161 , 188 , 194 ;

and "mama's boys," 170 ;

tenuous identity with, 72 , 78 -84, 93 , 94 , 279 n.20.

See also Male dominance

Masson, Jeffrey, 165 -66

Masters, William, 208 -9, 216 -17

Masturbation, 117 -18, 141

Maternal thinking, 10 , 27 , 30 -32, 42 , 43 ;

and humanity, 12 , 46 , 225 ;

by men, 31 , 32 , 108 , 125 -26, 127 , 197 , 225 , 263 -64

(see also Equal parenting/Male mothering);

in public sphere, 18 , 31 , 32 , 225 , 233 -34, 235 , 266 -69;

Ruddick's concept of, 27 , 30 -32;

vs. individualistic values, 14 , 247 , 266 , 267

Matrifocality, 264 -65, 266 ;

among blacks, 226 -28;

in Caribbean, 226 ;

class society enclaves of, 225 -28;

defined, 226 ;

white middle-class, 222 , 228 , 240 -42, 245 , 264 -65

Matrilineal horticultural societies, 222 -25, 228

Matrilocal societies, 222 -25, 228

Maximalists, feminist, 16

Mead, George Herbert, 11 , 12 , 93 , 107

Mead, Margaret, 74

Meir, Golda, 120 , 256

Men, 1 ;

child care by, 8 -9, 10 , 85 , 97 , 98 , 225 , 228 , 296 n.25

(see also Equal parenting/Male mothering; Father-daughter relationship; Father-son relationship);

dependence of, 46 , 63 -64, 69 , 75 , 83 -84, 89 , 262 ;

maternal thinking by, 31 , 32 , 108 , 125 -26, 127 , 197 , 225 , 263 -64

(see also Equal parenting/ Male mothering);

moral thinking of, 24 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 -50;

and pro-women politics, 267 -68;

ratio of "suitable," to women, 239 -40;

remarriage by, 275 n.49;

women's dependence on, 26 , 43 , 44 , 178 , 202 , 231 , 232 -33, 239 , 247 -50, 265 , 269 , 295 n.2.

See also Differences, gender; Fathers; Husbands; entries preceding Males; Similarities, gender

Merging/Symbiosis, with mother, 82 , 87 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 102 , 196

Mermaid and the Minotaur (Dinnerstein), 74 -76

Middle class:

and aggression, 136 ;

and compulsive masculinity, 78 -79, 80 , 241 ;

feminists of, 9 , 228 , 242 ;

gender differentiation toward children in, 132 , 136 , 175 ;

heterosexual couple emphasized in, 40 -41, 125 , 160 , 234 -35, 236 ;

marriage losing importance in, 14 -15, 259 -60;

and matrifocality, 222 , 226 -27, 228 , 240 -42, 245 , 264 -65;

nuclear family in, 232 -33, 237 , 238 , 264 -65;

public sphere participation of women of, 14 , 234 , 235 , 236 -37;

and rape threat, 120 ;

and relationality descriptions, 68 ;

wives in, 17 , 40 -41, 53 , 127 , 226 -27, 232 -34, 235 -39, 240 -42, 245 , 259 -60, 264 -65;

working women in, 235 , 237 -40, 259 -60

Miller, Jean Baker, 63

"Minimalists," feminist, 16 , 269

Minoans, 192 -93

Misogyny:

Chodorow on, 1 , 8 -9, 105 , 279 n.20;

and child care by males, 8 -9, 77 ;

homosexuality and, 179 ;

in male peer group, 77 , 96 ;

and women's mothering, 1 , 8 , 71 -95, 96 , 105

Mitchell, Juliet, 194 , 271 -72 n.8, 289 n.1;

and gender-sexuality distinction, 186 , 187 , 192 ;

on hysteria, 170 ;

and oedipal period, 158 -59, 163 , 165 , 191

Modern Women, The Lost Sex (Lundberg and Farnham), 235 -37

Money, John, 196 , 203 , 207 , 290 n.23

Morality:

compulsive masculinity and, 79 ;

gender differences in thinking re, 24 , 45 , 46 -50;

women in charge of, 18 , 79 , 233 .

See also Religion

Morgan, Marabel, 211

Morrison, Toni, 227

Moscovici, Serge, 130

Mother-daughter relationship, 8 , 33 , 184 , 282 n.17;

and daughter's autonomy-dependence, 83 , 103 -4, 106 , 138 , 173 ;

daughter's identification with mother in, 83 , 184 , 189 , 192 -93, 196 , 198 -200, 290 -91 n.29;

female bonding of, 102 -3, 104 , 106 -7, 193 ;

and father daughter incest, 168 , 173 -74, 177 -78, 263 ;

of lesbians, 103 , 150 -52, 153 , 181 , 182 , 184 -85, 287 n.43;

and mother-son relationship contrasted, 101 -10, 128 -44;

and Oedipus complex, 159 , 160 , 176 , 188 ;

preoedipal, 106 , 192 -93, 290 n.6

Mothers, 4 , 10 , 13 , 14 , 24 , 27 -37, 96 , 97 -107, 155 -56, 269 ;

autonomy in roles of, 280 n.35;

cross-cultural perspective on, 5 , 26 , 105 , 110 , 123 , 221 , 226 -27, 280 n.1

dependent status of, 26 , 44 , 173 , 269 ;

and expressiveness/ relationality, 70 , 96 , 101 , 103 -4, 109 , 128 , 129 , 187 , 193 , 269 ;

femininity concept and, 189 , 194 , 196 , 255 ;

feminists and, 9 -10, 23 , 27 -37, 69 -70, 71 , 77 , 98 , 99 , 101 , 139 , 266 , 279 n.10;

Freud and, 157 -58, 159 , 160 , 161 , 188 -92, 235 ;

gender equality and role of, 9 , 10 , 19 , 98 , 99 , 105 , 221 , 269 ;

gender identity and, 188 -89, 197 , 198 -200, 201 ;

and heterosexuality, 4 -5, 102 -9 passim, 130 , 155 -56, 160 -61, 188 , 193 , 196 ;

humanity taught by, 8 , 12 , 33 , 69 , 107 -10, 114 , 155 ;

incest victims as, 171 -72;

infants' learning and, 12 , 107 -8;

lesbian, 103 ;

male (see Equal parenting/Male mothering);

and male dominance, 1 -13 passim, 37 -39, 69 -96 passim, 105 -6, 110 , 157 , 169 , 184 ;

and male peer groups, 96 , 110 -17, 123 , 125 -26;

matrifocality and, 226 , 240 -42, 264 -65;

merging/symbiosis with, 82 , 87 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 102 , 196 ;

misogyny, 1 , 8 , 71 -95, 96 , 105 ;

momism and, 236 ;

motives to be, 97 , 98 -107;

in nuclear family, 26 , 43 , 232 , 233 -34, 235 -37, 240 , 264 -65;

in patriarchies, 33 , 37 , 229 , 256 ;

and power, 4 , 5 , 33 , 72 , 75 , 110 , 184 , 256 , 263 ;

primary process thinking and, 72 , 76 , 77 , 279 n.10;

privatization of, 26 , 28 -29, 32 , 105 -6, 235 -37, 280 n.35, 295 n.1;

as role and cultural idea, 5 -6, 25 -26 (see also Nuclear family);

romance novels and, 176 -77;

sexuality of, 26 , 192 , 217 -19;

transsexuals and, 150 ;

unmarried, 41 -42, 85 , 265 , 275 n.50;

as wives, 5 , 37 -38, 40 -41, 43 , 178 , 245 -70, 295 n.1;

in work world, 265 -66, 269 .

See also Mother-daughter relationship; Mother-son relationship

Mother-son relationship, 8 , 101 -2, 154 , 284 n.2;

boy's separation from, 72 -73, 83 , 87 -88, 94 , 102 -3, 107 ;

and depen-

dency, 72 , 73 -74, 83 , 138 ;

and fear and envy hypothesis, 72 , 73 -75, 82 -83, 94 ;

and female dominance, 130 , 161 ;

and heterosexuality, 102 , 130 , 160 -61, 188 , 196 ;

humanity in, 8 , 33 , 108 -10, 155 ;

and incest, 130 , 160 , 165 , 169 , 170 , 174 ;

and male dominance, 8 , 72 , 83 , 88 , 94 , 110 , 130 , 165 , 169 , 284 n.2;

of male homosexuals, 148 -49, 153 , 180 ;

and mother-daughter relationship, contrasted, 101 -10, 128 -44;

and Oedipus complex, 153 , 159 , 160 -61, 162 , 165 , 174 , 188 ;

and tenuous masculine identity hypothesis, 72 , 78 -83, 93 , 94

Motivations:

for mothering, 97 , 98 -107;

sexist, 71 -72

Muslims, 126

Mutuality, in sexuality, 209 , 211 , 219

Myceneans, 192 -93

Myth of Masculinity (Pleck), 84 -85

N

Navahos, 224

New Approach to Women and Therapy (Greenspan), 61

New Guinea, 74

"New love ethic," 247 , 258 -59

Newton, Niles, 67

Nuclear family, 14 , 60 , 155 , 160 , 222 , 231 -33, 257 -69;

and economic sexism, 247 -51, 294 -95 n.1;

father-daughter relationship in, 8 , 155 , 165 , 168 , 171 , 172 -73, 263 , 287 n.55;

husband-dominant, 8 , 164 , 201 -2, 237 ;

as ideal, 153 , 222 , 231 , 260 ;

mother role in, 26 , 43 , 232 , 233 -34, 235 -37, 264 -65;

Oedipus complex in, 163 -73 passim;

Parsons on, 11 , 53 , 100 , 163 -64, 237 -39;

and Protestantism, 222 , 231 , 232 ;

and sexual preference, 14 , 153 ;

wife role in, 13 , 26 , 43 , 232 -34, 235 -39, 258 , 259 -60, 261 , 265 .

See also Marriage; Privatization/Isolation, of family

Nurturance:

homosexual, 149 ;

maternal, 32 , 97 , 108 -9, 141 , 198 -99;

men dependent on, 262 ;

paternal, 133 -34, 139 , 175 , 197 , 225 , 262 ;

women's, 32 , 97 , 108 -9, 141 , 199 , 235 .

See also Child care; Equal parenting/Male mothering

O

Obedience, wifely, 231

Objectification, sex, 9 , 13 , 35 , 108 , 186 , 206 , 207 ;

father-daughter relationship and, 139 , 140 , 142 , 155 , 156 ;

and humanity of women, 13 , 108 , 117 , 155 ;

male peer group and, 117 -19, 121 , 122 , 123 , 155 , 156 ;

mother-son relationship and, 139 ;

and seductiveness, 211

Objectivity, and masculinity, 87 -88

Object relations theory, 11 -12, 100

O'Brien, Mary, 27 -29, 30 , 32 , 37 , 38 , 39

Occupations. See Roles; Work world

Oedipal families, 172 -73

Oedipal period/Oedipus complex, 91 , 157 -74, 194 ;

father-daughter relationship and, 153 , 159 , 160 , 164 , 165 -74, 176 , 191 ;

and father dominance, 87 , 128 , 153 , 157 , 158 -60, 163 , 165 , 173 , 174 , 179 , 284 n.1;

father-son relationship and, 153 , 159 , 160 -65, 188 , 192 ;

Freud and, 102 -3, 153 , 157 -65, 174 , 188 , 190 -91, 192 , 195 , 196 ;

mother-daughter relationship and, 159 , 160 , 176 , 188 ;

mother-son relationship and, 153 , 159 , 160 -61, 162 , 165 , 174 , 188

Oedipus, 162

Of Woman Born (Rich), 33

O'Keefe, Paul, 173 , 296 n.23

Oppression:

racial, 242 ;

sexual vs. gender, 207 ;

of women, 19 -20, 25 , 35 , 37 , 42 , 99 , 165 , 206 , 222 , 242 -43.

See also Sexism

Orgasms, 208

Ortner, Sherry, 230

P

Paige, Jeffery, 28 , 29

Paige, Karen, 28 , 29

Parents. See Equal parenting/Male mothering; Fathers; Mothers

Parker, Hilda, 296 n.23

Parker, Seymour, 296 n.23

Parsons, Talcott, 11 -12, 277 n.35, 282 n.27;

and compulsive masculinity, 78 -79;

on family structure, 11 , 53 , 100 , 163 -64, 237 -39;

and infant development, 12 , 93 , 107 -8;

instrumental-expressive distinction of, 44 , 45 , 49 , 52 -53, 57 , 59 , 275 -76nn.8, 16, 17;

and working women, 53 , 238 -39, 244

Passivity:

and aggressiveness, 65 , 66 -67;

expressiveness and, 54 , 59 , 63 ;

father-daughter relationship and, 139 , 165 , 170 , 184 ;

femininity and, 59 , 67 , 165 , 170 , 184 , 188 , 189 -90, 220 ;

gynecentric theorists and, 192 , 220

Paternity. See Fathers

Patriarchy, 228 -31;

agrarian, 222 , 228 -29, 255 -56;

Blood and Wolfe on, 249 ;

cross-cultural similarities in, 136 , 222 , 229 -30, 255 -56;

father-daughter in-

cest in, 168 ;

fathering reproducing, 85 ;

female husbands in, 274 n.48;

Freud and, 153 , 158 -59, 161 -62, 163 ;

individualism and, 222 , 247 ;

Mitchell on, 158 -59, 163 ;

mothering reproducing, 37 ;

and power of mothering, 33 , 256

Patrilineal societies, 223 , 225 , 229 -30

Peace movements, 31

Peer groups:

female, 110 , 111 -15, 117 .

See also Male peer groups

Penis:

boys' fascination with, 117 -18;

fear and envy hypothesis and, 73 -74;

Freud and, 60 , 73 , 74 , 189 , 191 , 192 ;

women's view of, 208

Penis envy, 73 , 74 , 189 , 191 , 192

Permissiveness/Lenience, of fathers, 139

Person, Ethel, 208

Personality:

and androgyny, 58 ;

gender differences in, 44 ;

mothering, 105 ;

and social structure, 10 -13.

See also Psychology

Personality Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ), 58 , 59

"Personal resource theory," 249 -50

Peterfreund, Emanuel, 92

Phallocentric psychoanalytic theory:

and child care by males, 8 , 85 , 271 -72 n.8;

gynecentric opposition to, 8 , 73 -74, 190 -95, 220 ;

on male dominance, 271 -72 n.8.

See also Freud, Sigmund

Philipson, Ilene, 280 n.35

Physical affection, 109 , 141 , 214

Physical attractiveness, girls', 137 , 139

Physical punishment, 133

Play, 271 n.6;

fathers engaging in, 132 , 133 , 141 ;

gender differences in, 112 , 113 , 114 .

See also Doll play

Pleck, Joseph, 84 -85, 124 , 294 n.33

Pogrebin, Letty, 37 -38

Politics:

defense of sexual freedom, 206 -7;

gender differences in, 268 ;

pro-women, movement); 206 , 267 -68 (see also Women's movement)

on violence, 31 , 264 , 268 .

See also Laws; Rights, Voting

Pornography, 206 , 215

Positivism, in social science, 2

Postindustrial society, 235 -45

Potency, male, 209

Poverty, 257 , 265 , 295 n.7

Power, 69 , 128 , 253 , 259 ;

vs. authority, 75 ;

of confidants, 126 ;

and expressiveness/relationality, 45 -46, 69 , 255 , 276 n.16;

in family, 159 , 164 , 249 ;

of fathers, 138 , 164 , 168 , 172 -73, 174 ;

femininity abdicating, 254 ;

gender blindness and, 249 , 256 ;

of husbands, 5 , 39 , 126 , 164 , 173 ;

and men's dependency, 64 ;

and moral thinking, 46 ;

mutual, 219 ;

and Oedipus complex, 159 , 164 , 172 -73;

in patriarchies, 174 , 255 ;

science emphasizing, 88 ;

and sexuality, 208 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 217 , 219 ;

of wives, 39 , 173 ;

in women's mothering, 4 , 5 , 33 , 72 , 75 , 110 , 184 , 256 , 263 ;

women working and, 244 , 249 .

See also Authority; Dominance; Public sphere; Rights

Preoedipal period, 73 , 106 , 128 , 191 -93, 289 -90 n.6

Primary process thinking, 72 , 76 , 77 , 279 n.10

Privatization/Isolation, of family, 11 , 28 -29, 265 ;

and father-daughter incest, 168 , 172 , 174 ;

female bonding constrained by, 23 -25, 125 , 237 ;

mothering orientations and, 26 , 28 -29, 32 , 105 -6, 235 -37, 280 n.35, 295 n.1;

wife role and, 13 , 26 , 45 , 106 , 185 , 235 -37

Production, women and, 18 , 97 , 99

Prostitution:

fathers and, 140 ;

power in, 210

Protection, of females, 139 , 140 , 243 , 256

Protestantism, 222 , 231 , 232

Psychoanalytic theory, 91 , 128 , 202 , 208 ;

"ego strength" concept in, 50 ;

and child care by males, 8 , 85 , 271 -72 n.8

and "feminine identification," 78 -80, 82 , 196 ;

and gender differences, 72 , 104 , 190 -98, 208 , 212 , 219 -20;

gender-sexuality confusion in, 103 , 186 , 187 , 190 -97, 205 , 220 , 252 , 281 n.15, 290 n.18;

gynecentric vs. phallocentric, 8 , 73 -74, 190 -95, 220 ;

and infant ideation, 91 -94;

and male dominance, 71 -72, 77 , 80 -82, 94 -95, 165 , 187 , 194 , 271 -72 n.8, 284 n.1;

nuclear family assumed by, 168 -69, 265 ;

object relations theory in, 11 -12, 100 ;

Parsons and, 11 -12;

vs. role theory, 71 -72;

and sexual preference, 102 , 145 -46, 148 , 150 , 153 ;

and women's mothering, 71 -72, 100 -101, 104 , 157 -58, 161 , 189 -91, 192 , 235 .

See also Freud, Sigmund; Gynecentric psychoanalytic theory; Oedipal period/Oedipus complex

Psychodynamic theories, 84 -85. See also Psychoanalytic theory

Psychology, 11 ;

and dependence, 46 , 64 , 157 ;

and father-daughter incest, 167 -68, 173 , 177 ;

and gender differences

and similarities, 22 , 24 , 44 -70;

and gender inequality, 8 -9;

and heterosexual couple, 251 -52;

and male-identified daughters adjustment, 137 , 154 , 287 n.55.

See also Psychoanalytic theory

Public sphere, 11 , 105 -6, 266 -69;

difference emphasized in, 18 , 22 , 24 -25;

heterosexual hegemony and, 235 ;

maternal thinking and, 31 , 32 , 225 , 233 -34, 235 , 266 -69;

matrifocal societies and, 228 ;

miatrilineal-matrilocal societies and, 228 ;

patrilineal societies and, 225 ;

reproductive consciousness and, 28 -29.

See also Politics; Social policy; Status of women; Women's movement; Work world

Punishment, of children, 133 , 139

R

Race:

and male dominance, 7 ;

sexism and classism and, 242 -43.

See also Blacks; Whites

Radway, Janice, 176

Rape, 119 -24, 283 n.54;

assimilation and, 19 , 122 -23;

"date," 120 -21;

gang, 118 , 119 ;

incidence of, 122 ;

laws concerning, 121 -22;

of males, 118 ;

in marriage, 122 ;

seduction and, 211 ;

and sex objectification of women, 118 , 121 , 122 , 123 ;

in war, 119 .

See also Incest

Rapists:

fathers of, 142 ;

male-peer-group mentality of, 118 , 119 -24

Rationality, and dominance, 87 -91

"Rational violence," 89 -90

Reciprocal role relationship, 11 -12, 107 -8

Reflexive self, 93

Reiss, Ira, 223

Relationality. See Expessiveness/ Relationality

Religion:

Christian, 222 , 230 , 231 , 232 , 233 ;

female origin symbolism in, 224 , 225 ;

Greek, 217 ;

Muslim, 126 ;

Navaho, 224

Remarriage, 245 , 260 , 275 n.49, 295 n.7

Reproduction. See Childbearing

Reproduction of Mothering (Chodorow), 96 , 100 -107, 187 , 278 n.2

Reproductive consciousness, O'Brien's concept of, 27 -29

Rescue:

of Daddy's girls, 177 -79;

of daughters by mothers, 173 , 178 ;

by fathers from mothers, 102 -3, 104 , 138 , 265 ;

in romance novels, 175 -76

Resistance:

female, to male-controlled sexuality, 34 , 209 -10;

men, of women, 123

Responsibilities:

fathers taking, 143 , 230 ;

mothers taking, 143 ;

in women's moral thinking, 24 , 46

Responsiveness, female, 209 -10

Rich, Adrienne, 27 , 33 -37, 38 , 39 , 40 , 289 n.38

Rights:

assimilation and, 18 , 48 -49;

ERA, 267 -68;

individualism and, 232 , 268 ;

in men's moral thinking, 24 , 46 , 48 ;

voting, 18 , 41 , 232 ;

and women's moral thinking, 48 -49;

in work world, 18 , 232 .

See also Equality, gender

Ringelheim, Joan, 273 n.11

Rituals:

and feminine identification, 79 ;

marriage claims and, 28

Role crossovers, 240 , 241 -42, 264

Roles, 84 , 271 n.6;

defined, 5 -6, 107 ;

gender, 196 , 203 , 271 n.6, 290 n.23, 291 n.38;

glamour, 238 ;

good companion, 238 ;

learning of, 107 -8, 129 -30, 291 n.38;

male-provider, 7 , 17 , 53 , 202 , 247 -50, 257 , 265 ;

mothering as, 5 -6, 25 -26 (see also Nuclear family);

reciprocal, 11 -12, 107 -8; 11 -12, 107 -8;

sex vs. gender, 203 , 291 n.38;

strain of, 84 -85;

wives as, 5 -10 passim, 25 -27, 37 -42, 43 , 202 , 221 -45, 253 -54, 258 -60, 267

"Role theory," 71 -72

Romance, father-daughter, 142 -43, 144 , 158 , 175 -77

Romance novels, 158 , 175 -77

Ross, John Munder, 197

Rossi, Alice, 19 , 23 , 98 , 104 , 105

Roy, Manisha, 255 , 256

Rubin, Gayle, 271 -72 n.8, 289 n.1;

and gender-sexuality distinction, 186 , 187 , 194 , 206 , 207 , 291 n.44;

and male mothering, 193 , 272 n.8

Rubin, Lillian, 62 -63, 213

Ruddick, Sara, 27 , 30 -31, 37 , 38 , 39

Rush, Florence, 165 , 166 , 177

Russell, Diana, 122 , 167

Ryan, Mary, 38 , 234

S

Sacks, Karen, 26

Sappho, 217

Sayers, Janet, 104 , 281 n.7

Scales:

androgyny, 57 -59, 194 , 195 , 204 ;

for expressiveness/instrumentality, 54 -57, 59 , 68 ;

Kohlberg's, 47 , 49 -50;

masculinity/femininity, 57 -59, 137 , 195 ;

of traditionalizing effects of father-daughter relationship, 136

Schafer, Roy, 190

Schlafly, Phyllis, 250

Schneider, Beth, 207

School achievement:

of women, 63 .

See also Education

Schreber case, 196

Schwartz, Pepper, 213 -16, 217

Science:

and domination, 87 -88;

and study of sexual preference, 144 -55.

See also Social science

Secondary status, 6 ;

and expressive/instrumental distinction, 57 ;

and stress on gender differences, 20 -21;

of wives, 6 , 13 , 39 -42, 43 , 156 , 248 -49.

See also Dependence; Male dominance

Second Stage (Friedan), 23

Seduction:

by children, 172 -73, 174 , 197 ;

by fathers, 137 -38, 197 ;

by mothers, 148 , 149 , 197 ;

in romance novels, 176 ;

by women, 197 , 210 -11.

See also Incest

Seductive families, 171

Segregation:

gender, 4 , 5 , 110 -17, 123 ;

separate spheres doctrine and, 17 -18

Self-attitudes, of incest victims, 171 -72

Self-definitions, 93 -94, 95 , 101 , 177

Self-development, 11 -12, 92 -94, 95 , 107 -8

Selfhood, love and domination and, 89

Self-sacrifice:

maternal thinking and, 32 ;

rights thinking and, 48 -49

Separate knowing, 49

Separate spheres doctrine, 17 -18, 48

Separation, 94 ;

and love and male domination, 89 ;

mother-son, 72 -73, 87 -88, 94 , 102 -3, 107 .

See also Autonomy/ Independence

Separatism, 19 -20, 227

Sex education, 142

Sexism, 60 ;

in economy, 247 -51, 294 -95 n.1;

first named 239 , 242 -43;

and gender-sexuality confusion, 205 , 206 , 252 ;

individualism and, 247 -57;

and psychology of heterosexual couple, 251 -52;

and racism and classism, 242 -43.

See also Discrimination, sex; Objectification, sex

"Sex Role Learning in the Nuclear Family" (Johnson), 129

Sex roles. See Bem's Sex-Role Inventory; Roles

Sex Role Strain (SRS) paradigm, 84 -85

Sex typing, 8

Sexual abuse:

child, 122 , 165 -68, 263 (see also Incest);

harassment, 124 , 206 ,

See also Rape

Sexual activity, 220 ;

of homosexuals, 214 -16;

incestuous, 118 , 158 , 165 -74;

masturbation, 117 -18, 141 ;

premarital, 140 ;

relationality in, 213 -15, 216 , 217 .

See also Intercourse, sexual; Sexual abuse

Sexual exhibition, in male peer group, 117 -18

Sexuality, 202 -20;

and compulsory heterosexuality, 34 -35;

father-child relationship and, 139 , 140 -44, 168 -74, 176 , 284 n.1 (see also Heterosexuality);

feminists and, 207 , 208 , 212 , 217 ;

vs. gender (concept), 9 -10, 14 , 102 , 103 , 147 , 186 -97 passim, 202 -20, 252 , 281 n.15, 290 n.18, 291 n.44;

gender differences in, 109 , 213 -17, 218 , 220 ;

gender similarities in, 18 -19, 215 , 216 -17;

hypersexuality vs. hyposexuality, 209 , 215 ;

and individualism, 246 ;

language usage and, 9 , 202 -7, 209 -10, 216 , 220 ;

lesbians' vs. gay males', 214 -16;

male dominance over, 9 , 67 , 89 -90, 220 (see also Heterosexuality);

and male power anxiety, 209 ;

matrifocality and, 227 , 228 ;

matriliny and, 223 ;

of mothers, 26 , 192 , 217 -19;

mother-son relationship and, 141 -42, 143 -44 (see also Incest);

mothers stifling, 33 ;

in patriarchy, 37 , 168 ;

and rape, 119 , 122 ;

reconstructing, 207 -11;

for reproduction, 192 ;

in romances, 176 ;

sexual revolution and, 18 -19, 26 , 207 -9, 220 .

See also Sexual activity; Sexual orientation

Sexual orientation, 246 ;

and male-dominated heterosexuality, 36 , 144 -55;

oedipal period establishment of, 102 , 153 ;

social meaning of, 152 -55;

vs. gender identity, 103 , 147 , 205 , 208 .

See also Bisexuality; Homosexuality; Heterosexuality; Transsexualism

Sexual preference. See Sexual orientation

Sexual revolution, 18 -19, 26 , 207 -9, 211 , 220

Signs (journal), 16 , 23 -24, 47 -58, 275 n.2, 289 n.38

Similarities, gender, 16 , 17 , 23 , 25 , 270 ;

biological, 21 -22, 215 , 216 -17;

in children's interaction, 68 ;

feminism and, 13 , 16 , 17 , 18 -21, 49 , 270 ;

and inclusion and assimilation, 17 , 18 -22, 42 , 49 ;

maternal thinking and, 31 , 32 ;

moral thinking and, 48 ;

sexual revolution and, 18 -19

Single women. See Unmarried women

Smith, Dorothy, 24

Smith, Raymond, 226

Smith-Rosenberg, Carroll, 23

Social action, Parsons's theory of, 11

Social class. See Class

"Social constructivism," 24 , 198 -99, 281 n.7

Socialist feminists, 19 , 23

Socialization:

and aggression, 66 ;

gender differences in, 20 , 26 -27, 66 , 135 , 137 -38, 215 -16.

See also Child care

Social learning theory, 11 , 12 , 78 , 101

Social policy:

of assimilation, 17 , 18 -20, 22 , 25 , 32 ;

of differentiation, 17 -18.

See also Politics

Social psychology, symbolic interactionism in, 11

Social science:

feminism and, 2 -3.

See also Ethnomethodologists; Psychology; Sociology

Social structures, 3 -5, 11 , 72 , 95 ;

and biology, 3 -5, 98 , 204 ;

male-dominated heterosexuality in, 4 -5, 34 -37, 185 , 290 n.23 (see also Marriage);

and Oedipus complex, 163 -64;

and personality, 10 -13;

regularities of, 3 -5, 10 -11;

universals of, 5 , 105 , 110 , 123 (see also Cross-cultural perspective).

See also Class; Family; Status of women

Sociobiology, 66 -67, 98 , 215

Sociology:

feminism and, 2 -3;

and gender differences vs. similarities, 20 , 24 ;

symbolic interactionism in, 11

Sons. See Boys; Father-son relationship; Mother-son relationship

South America, 256

Speech patterns:

in girls' and boys' peer groups, 112 -13.

See also Verbal interaction

Spence, Janet T., 58 -59

Spender, Dale, 209 -10

Stacey, Judith, 2

Stack, Carol, 48 , 275 n.4

"Status envy" hypothesis, 79

Status of women, 292 n.1;

in African societies, 39 , 226 , 227 , 256 , 274 n.48, 293 n.12;

in marriage gradient, 233 ;

in matrilineal societies, 222 -25;

in patriarchies, 228 -30, 255 -56, 274 n.48, 293 n.12;

in patrilineal societies, 223 , 225 , 230 ;

separate spheres doctrine and, 17 -18.

See also Matrifocality; Roles; Secondary status

Stepfathers, sexual abuse by, 167 , 263

Stereotypes, 58 -59, 72

Stern, Daniel, 92 -94

Stimpson, Catherine, 16

Stockard, Jean, 81

Stoller, Robert, 81 -83, 84 , 92 , 150 , 188 , 196 -97, 203 ;

on "core gender identity," 81 , 196 -97;

and homosexuality, 286 n.34;

on mother-infant relationship, 82 -83, 92 , 188 , 196 ;

on transsexuals, 81 -82, 84 , 150

Story of O (Reage), 89

Strain, sex role, 84 -85

Structures. See Social structures

Supportiveness:

in female-dominated groups, 52 ;

to men's dependency, 63 -64

Symbiosis/Merging, with mother, 82 , 87 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 102 , 196

Symbolic interactionism, 11 , 12

Symbolism:

cultural, 191 ;

female origin, 224 , 225

Symmetry. See Equality, gender

Symons, Donald, 215

T

Tanner, Nancy, 226 , 240

Teachers, 113 , 114

"Tenderness taboo," 79

Tenuous masculine identity hypothesis, 72 , 78 -84, 93 , 94 , 279 n.20

Terms. See Language usage

Thorne, Barrie, 2 , 115 , 271 n.6

Tiger, Lionel, 4

Tomboyishness, 199

Total Woman Movement, 211

Totem and Taboo (Freud), 161 -62, 197

Touching, 141

Toys: fathers and, 133 . See also Play

Transsexualism, 81 -82, 84 , 149 -50, 195 , 200

Trebilcot, Joyce, 37

Tripp, C. A., 180 -81

Trobriands, 224

U

Ullian, Dora, 198 -99, 200 -201

United States:

aging in, 255 ;

black matrifocality in, 226 -28;

day care in, 266 ;

gender differentiation of children in, 132 , 140 ;

gender equality in, 257 ;

homosexuality in, 252 -53;

male peer attitudes toward marriage in, 126 ;

marriage and centrality of heterosexual couple in, 7 -8, 40 -42, 202 , 232 -33, 252 -53, 257 -58, 296 n.20;

and moral development, 48 ;

mothering in, 41 -42, 233 -34;

patriarchy in, 222 ;

rape in, 119 , 122 ;

working class fathers in, 139

Universals, 5 , 105 , 110 , 123 . See also Cross-cultural perspective

Unmarried women, 234 -35, 257 , 260 ;

Unmarried women (continued )

mothers, 41 -42, 85 , 265 , 275 n.50.

See also Lesbians and lesbianism

Uterus, 60

V

Verbal interaction:

girls' and boys', 68 , 112 -13, 115 -16;

parent-child, 133

Verbal self, 93

Victorians, 207 -8

Vietnam War, 268

Violence:

and father absence, 79 ;

with incest, 118 ;

political stance on, 31 , 264 , 268 ;

and rape, 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 ;

"rational," 89 -90.

See also Rape

Virginity, 229 , 230

Volunteer work, 236

Von der Lippe, Anna, 137

Voting:

patterns of, 267 -68;

rights of, 18 , 41 , 232

W

Wages. See Earnings

Walker, Alice, 227

Wallerstein, Judith S., 244

Wars:

maternal thinking and, 31 ;

movement against, 264 , 268 ;

rapes in, 119

Watson, Malcolm, 164

Weber, Max, 7 , 231

Weinberg, Martin S., 145 -49, 150 -51, 152 , 153

Weisstein, Naomi, 20 -21

Weitzman, Lenore, 250

Wet nurses, 280 n.1

Whalen, Jack, 115 -16

Whalen, Marilyn, 115 -16

White, Jacquelyn W., 278 n.46

Whitehead, Harriet, 295 n.12

Whites:

black women's attitude toward, 227 ;

compulsive masculinity of, 80 ;

feminist, 9 , 228 , 242 -43;

matrifocality and, 222 , 226 -27, 228 , 240 -42, 245 , 264 -65;

nonmarriage among, 257 ;

and relationality descriptions, 68 ;

wives, 40 -41, 226 -27, 232 -34, 235 -39, 240 -42, 245 , 264 -65

Whiting, Beatrice, 79

Whyte, Martin K., 292 n.1

Winch, Robert, 154

Winnicott, D. W, 87 , 91 , 92

Wittig, Monique, 36

Wives, 37 -42, 221 -45;

in African societies, 39 , 293 n.12;

boys' view of, 80 ;

class of, 40 -41, 226 -27, 233 , 240 -42, 245 , 264 -65;

cross-cultural perspective on, 39 -40, 222 -30 passim, 253 -54, 274 n.48, 293 n.12;

dependence of, 26 , 43 , 178 , 202 , 231 , 232 -33, 239 , 247 -48, 265 , 269 , 295 n.2;

dependence of men on, 63 -64;

divorces sought by, 244 ;

earnings of, 244 ;

economic assessment of work of, 294 -95n.1;

education of, 18 , 233 , 240 -41;

father-daughter relationship of, 8 , 129 , 171 -72, 173 , 184 ;

Freud and, 158 , 161 , 185 , 186 , 189 , 202 ;

and housework, 7 , 19 , 248 , 271 n.7, 294 -95n.1;

and individualism, 239 , 242 , 246 , 247 , 258 -60, 268 ;

industrialization and role of, 17 , 231 -32;

isolation in private sphere of, 13 , 26 , 45 , 106 , 185 , 235 -37;

juvenilization of, 230 , 235 , 248 , 269 ;

lesbian reaction to role of, 152 , 182 ;

male dominance over, 5 -9 passim, 36 -37, 40 , 43 , 69 , 130 , 155 -56, 157 , 159 , 163 , 173 , 201 -2, 237 ;

matrifocality and, 222 , 226 -27, 228 , 240 -42, 245 , 264 -65;

and "megamachine," 76 ;

middle class, 17 , 40 -41, 53 , 127 , 226 -27, 232 -34, 235 -39, 240 -42, 245 , 259 -60, 264 -65;

mothers as, 5 , 37 -38, 40 -41, 43 , 178 , 245 -70, 295 n.1;

in nuclear family, 13 , 26 , 43 , 232 -34, 235 -39. 258 , 259 -60, 261 , 265 ;

in patriarchies, 229 -30, 274 n.48;

power of, 39 , 173 ;

protection of, 243 ;

in public sphere, 18 , 233 -34, 259 -60, 267 (see also Work world);

redefining role and cultural idea of, 231 , 258 -60;

as role and cultural idea, 5 -10 passim, 17 , 25 -27, 37 -42, 43 , 202 , 221 -45, 253 -54, 258 -60, 267 ;

secondary status of, 6 , 13 , 39 -42, 43 , 156 , 248 -49;

stay-at-home (housewives), 53 , 232 , 248 , 268 ;

as term, 36 -37, 39 -40, 253 -54, 271 n.7;

in work world, 7 , 19 , 63 , 236 -39, 243 -44, 248 -50, 254 , 259 -60, 268 , 272 n.7, 293 n.27

Wolff, Charlotte, 150 , 151 -52, 182

Woman-centered emphasis, 16 -17, 94 , 106 , 184

Womb envy, 74

Women:

emphasis centered on, 16 -17, 94 , 106 , 184 ;

remarriage by, 244 -45, 275 n.49, 295 n.7;

solidarity of, 13 , 27 , 266 , 267

(see also Female bonding; Maternal thinking; Women's movement; as term, 36 , 40 ;

women-identified, 154 , 155 , 234 .

See also Differences, gender; entries preceding Females; Mothers; Sexuality; Similarities, gender; Status of women; Wives; Women's movement

Women's movement, 1 , 90 -91, 239 -45,

Women's movement,

(continued)

293 n.23.

See also Feminism

Women's Ways of Knowing,49

Working class:

divorce rate in, 244 ;

fathering in, 139 ;

mothering in, 41 , 42 ;

wives in, 41

Work world, 243 -44, 267 , 269 ;

assimilation in, 18 , 19 , 20 , 22 , 90 -91;

and day care, 266 , 269 ;

divorced women and, 243 -44, 250 , 269 ;

expressiveness in, 62 -63;

friendships in, 259 -60;

gender differences in earnings in, 97 , 243 -44, 250 , 265 , 272 n.7, 294 n.1;

gender equality in, 18 , 232 , 238 -39, 243 ;

heterosexuality in, 123 -24, 267 ;

husbands' primacy in, 237 , 238 ;

men's dependency in, 64 ;

middle class women in, 235 , 237 -40, 259 -60;

mothers in, 265 -66, 269 ;

in patriarchies, 255 -56;

sexual harassment in, 124 ;

wives in, 7 , 19 , 63 , 236 -39, 243 -44, 248 -50, 254 , 268 , 272 n.7, 293 n.27;

women's movement and, 90 -91, 239 -40, 243

Wylie, Philip, 236

Y

Yoruba, 39

Z

Zilboorg, Gregory, 162

Zita, Jacquelyn N., 289 n.38