1. For a background to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and its wider implications for the region and the world, see Bradsher, Afghanistan.

2. Andrew and Gordiesky, KGB, 574.

3. Deac, “Sky Train Invasion,” 22.

4. Ibid., 23

5. Andrew and Gordiesky, KGB, 574.

6. Quoted in Reshtia, Price of Liberty, 54.

7. Zurmulwal, Russia’s Armed Aggression, 27.

8. Andrew and Gordiesky, KGB, 575.

9. Anwar, Tragedy of Afghanistan, 190.

10. Dobbs, “Secret Memos.”

11. Ibid.

12. Deac, “Sky Train Invasion,” 24.

13. Arnold, Afghanistan’s Two-Party Communism, 186.