E
Eagle Star (UK), and BAT, 5
Eclipse, 440
economic pressures, to keep companies from adopting anti-tobacco positions, 355
Economic Research Associates, production of economic cost report favorable to industry in Proposition 5 campaign, 422
economics
Shook, Hardy, and Bacon, 336
Proposition 5, 355
smoking and absenteeism, 335 -336
Wharton study on financial impact of tobacco (1980), 353
education, as threat to industry, 247
electroencephalogram, effects of nicotine, 86
emminent
physicians, 187
scientists, 173
emphysema
caused by smoking, 132
legal liability for, 268
noninhalable cigarette to protect against, 130
Surgeon General's 1964 report, 49
Entity, product placement in, 390
Enviro Control, Inc., contractor for National Cancer Institute "safe" cigarette project, 160
environmental issues
freon, 217 -218
passive smoking as air pollution, 393 -394
environmental tobacco smoke
additives to affect, 403 -404
air pollution, 22
American Cancer Society study misrepresented, 351 , 385
American Heart Association, 384
arguments, same as active smoking, 342
asthma, 318
Aviado, Domingo, 308 , 309
biological activity, 152 -153, 401 , 406
carbon monoxide, 353
children, 392
cigarette design impacts on, 403 -404
constituents, harmful effects of, 395
Council for Tobacco Research
—special account 4, 251
—special projects and consultancies, 328 -338
defensive research, 399 , 407 -408
early history, 391 -393
Environmental Protection Agency, 392 , 416
Garfinkle, Lawrence, study misrepresented, 351 , 385
glycoproteins, 396 -397
health effects of, 410 -411
heart disease, as caused by, 392
industry conferences, 351
industry denials of harmful effects of, 23
London underground, banning of smoking on, 412 -413
lung cancer
—as caused by, 351 , 353 , 392 , 400
—evidence accepted by some industry consultants, 415
lung function, effect on, 428 -429
marketing cigarettes, 375
misrepresentation of Lawrence Garfinkel/American Cancer Society study, 351 , 385
National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council report, 392 , 430
nitrosamines, 398 , 403 -404
Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 416
public places, smoking in, 407 -408
public relations aspects of, 352 -353
public versus private statements of industry, 22
pulmonary function, effect on, 352
refuting scientific evidence indicating dangers of, 391
research goals, 391 , 433
Response Analysis Corporation, 311 -312
Rylander symposium, 309
Salvaggio/Lehrer Project, 318
sick building syndrome, 410 -411
sidestream smoke, reduction of, 403 , 405
sidestream smoke versus mainstream smoke, 391 -392
smoking restrictions, support for, 423
social acceptability issue, 392
special account 4, 306 -307
Sterling, Theodor, 296 -301, 320
Surgeon General's 1986 report, 22 , 392
Tobacco Institute, selection of homes for study of, 411
ventilation, 333
Vienna Conference, 351
See also Nonsmokers' rights; Passive smoking; Sidestream smoke; Social acceptability
Environmental Protection Agency
attacks on, xiv , 188 , 416
Aviado, Domingo, member of EPA Clean Air Advisory Committee, 308
EPA Science Advisory Board contrasted with industry established committees, 325
freon, 217
indoor air pollution, 436
report on passive smoking, 392
Sterling, Theodor, criticized EPA, 298 -299
tobacco smoke as air pollution, 436
epidemiology
determining total deaths caused by smoking, 441 -442
relative safety of tobacco products, 139
esophageal cancer, Surgeon General's report, 19
ETS. See Environmental tobacco smoke
eugenol
additive, 219 -220, 227
anesthetic, 210 -211
clove cigarettes, 219
cloves, active ingredient in, 219
inhalability of smoke, 219
National Cancer Institute study of, 227
nicotine, interaction with, 220
numbing of the throat, 211
pharmacology, 220 , 233
Eve cigarettes, product placement in Supergirl,368
expanded tobacco
freon, 136 , 216 -218
G-13 process, 217 -218
sidestream smoke production, to reduce, 409
toxicity effects of, 136
See also Freon; G-13
experts, financed by special account 4 , 305
export subsidies, 257
extractable nicotine
additives, to control, 81
boosted with PEI, 83
determinants of, 78 -79
filter modifies, 153
high-nicotine content tobacco, 85
mouth, absorption in, 78
PEI, 81 , 83
pH effects, 80
See also Cigarette design; Nicotine; Nicotine delivery