1. This analysis has been inspired by the stimulating assessment of U.S. foreign policy in the post–cold war period by Michael Clough (1992); we thank him for generously providing us with a copy of his manuscript.

2. See Commonwealth Expert Group, Human Resource Development for a Post-Apartheid South Africa (London: Commonwealth Office, 1991) and International Development Research Council (IDRC), Economic Analysis and Policy Formulation for Post-Apartheid South Africa (Ottawa: IDRC, August 1991).

3. IDRC, Economic Analysis, p. 35.

4. It is overstated to assert, as the IDRC report does, that “under the Apartheid system of separate education, access to training in economics for blacks was confined to so-called ethnic universities” (p. 33). These exclusionary practices have been defied by all English-language universities since the early 1980s.

5. The Graduate School of Business at the University of the Witwatersrand introduced a public administration speciality only in 1991, and the University of Cape Town has yet to decide where to locate the training of top civil servants. The Graduate School of Business at the University of Cape Town, however, has introduced an innovative Associate in Management program, largely financed by future employers. The enrollment reflects approximately the racial composition of the general population and creates a genuinely integrated interracial learning experience, particularly for Afrikaner and white students not accustomed to being in the minority in a classroom. Because the training of the civil service in South Africa traditionally took place at Afrikaans institutions, not at English universities, the latter were unprepared for the task of training a new, predominantly black civil service.

6. The confidential “Report of the Office of the Treasurer General,” ANC National Congress, Durban, July 1991, gives the first detailed accounting of all ANC assets and liabilities at home and abroad. Membership fees cover 5.3 percent of ANC income, donations 3.7 percent, and grants 86.6 percent. The total ANC budget in 1990 amounted to 79,731,300 rand (approximately $27 million).

The South African Council of Churches (SACC) also relies on foreign grants, which finance almost 90 percent of its annual budget (SouthScan, November 1, 1991). The free-spending council was forced to cut its staff from 120 to 80 after a deficit of 26 million rand in 1990–91. Observers expect further cutbacks once foreign interest in South Africa declines.

7. Commonwealth Foreign Ministers Meeting, New Delhi, September 13–14, 1991.

8. Southern African Research and Documentation Centre, Harare, September, 30, 1991.

9. ANC, For the Start of Our Lives: Guidelines for the Creation of People’s Self-Defence Units, 1991.

10. Yet political demonstrations remain one of the few tools to educate and to inculcate legitimate behavior among a heterogeneous constituency. Here is a concrete example, observed by Sindile Dikene, a poet who participated in the march on Cape Town on August 3, 1992: “A blonde policewoman turns colour, from pink to red and then to white at the whistles and finger salutes of the obscene and disgusting variety directed at her. And again I hear a voice from the 1980s, pleading, nearly on the verge of breaking down: "Comrades, sexism is a vulgarity that belongs to the apartheid regime, not to us’ ” (“The Streets Are Alive with the Codesa Shuffle,” Die Suid-Afrikaan, October–November 1992, p. 29).

11. Valerie Moeller, “Lost Generation Found,” Indicator South Africa, May 1991.

12. It is probably for this reason that Mamphela Ramphela and Francis Wilson’s comprehensive study Uprooting Poverty (Cape Town: David Philip, 1989) does not discuss birth control in South Africa. Yet while there is a slow decline in the African birthrate due to delayed urbanization and slow material improvements in South Africa, birthrates remain high in the rest of the continent.

13. Cited in R. W. Johnson, “AIDS in South Africa,” London Review of Books, September 12, 1991. See also Mary Crewe, AIDS in South Africa: Myth and Reality (Johannesburg: Penguin 1992).

14. M. V. Gumede, Traditional Healers (Johannesburg: Skotaville, 1990).