Index
A
Abaig, Sabat, 102
Abdalla (enslaved Maghriban faqih[*] ), 267 -269
Abdolaziz Abedua, 19
Abuse of authority, by municipal governments, 36 , 37 -40
Acculturation, 227 -232;
bilingualism as index of, 227 -230;
Mudejar versus Morisco, 7 -8
Adelantats , 105 -107;
election of, 26 , 106 ;
functions, 106
Adultery, 223 , 249 -250
Africa, North. See Maghrib
Agnatic solidarity, 234 , 235 , 237 -238, 249 , 257 ;
feuds and, 239 -240
Agriculture, 114 -119, 122 -128;
crops, 118 ;
dry land farming, 117 -118;
irrigation and, 117 -118;
livestock-raising, 125 -128;
Mudejar labor and, 143
Al-Andalus, 2
Albarracín (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 37 , 178
Alçamba family, 108 -109
Alcarea Nova, 181
Alcira (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 34 , 91 , 109 , 116 , 135 ;
controversy with municipal government, 36 ;
fonduk , 155 -156;
land tenure in, 119 ;
Muslim population, 31 -32;
repopulation of, 20 ;
tax data, 145 , 147 -148
Alcocer, 108 , 118
Alcoy (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 26 , 28 , 122
Alfonso V 17 -18, 43 , 44 , 64 , 73
Algiers, 74 , 78 , 96
Al-Hakam II, 233
Alicante, 70
Ali Gehini, 111 , 113
Aljamas:
of Aragon, 14 ;
borrowing by, 169 , 170 , 172 ;
of Catalonia, 14 ;
class structure, 111 ;
controversies with municipal authorities, 36 ;
defined, 5 ;
as financial resources, 37 ;
government, 8 , 101 -107;
limitations of autonomy of, 99 , 101 ;
new, 18 , 26 -28;
officials, 101 -107;
royal (see Royal aljamas);
seigneurial (see Seigneurial aijamas/lands);
versus seigneurial, 14 ;
social positions in, 111 ;
versus universitas , 101 ;
of Valencia, 14 ;
wealth and power in, 107 -114.
See also names of specific aljamas
Aljamiado literature, 263
Almería, 28 -29, 30 , 69 ;
rebellion in, 90 ;
trade with, 141
Almugavers (raiders), Granadan, 70 -71, 82 , 88
Almunia, Bernat de, 95
Alpujarras, revolts in, 55 , 57 , 74 , 80 , 90 , 91 , 96
Amin[ *] :
election of, 26 ;
functions, 104 -105
Andalusia, 2 ;
Conversos of, 12
Annuities, 143 , 177 ;
licenses to sell, 173 , 174 -176;
sale of, 172 , 173
Antich patrimoni , defined, 181
Arabic documents, 184 , 262
Arabic language, 228 , 229 , 263
Arabic literature, 261 -263
Arabo-Berber attitudes/social structure, 233 -234, 235 ;
fragmentation and, 253 ;
solidarity and, 251 -252, 253 -254, 255 ;
women and, 248 -251
Arabs, 233 -234
Aragon: alliances, 68 ;
Castile and, 58 -59, 98 ;
Fernando II as sole ruler of, 57 ;
Granadan Muslims in, 28 -29;
Inquisitors in, 59 , 60 ;
Mudejar policy in, 272 -273;
royal aljamas of, 14 ;
royal taxation, 169 , 178 -179;
school of higher learning in, 262 ;
territorial acquisitions, 2 ;
tithes, 167 -168.
See also Mudejars of Aragon
Artana, 117
Artisans, Mudejar, 128 -134, 271 ;
armed defense against corsairs, 89 ;
economic condition, 112 ;
exclusion of Muslims from guild, 87 , 128 -129;
itinerant merchants and, 140 ;
lands held by, 119 ;
marketplace purchases of, 137
Assimilation, 100 -101;
Mudejar versus Morisco, 7 -8;
religious conversion and, 230
Aureum opus , 184
Autonomy, communal, 99
Ayora, mosque in, 42 -43
B
Bailiff, local:
functions, 15 -16, 19 , 26 , 37 -38;
of Játiva, 38 -40, 106 -107;
jurisdiction, 203 ;
jurisdictional conflicts, 203 -208
Bailiff general:
functions, 15 , 19 , 31 , 197 , 198 , 199 -200, 215 ;
governor and, 16 ;
jurisdiction, 189 , 203 ;
jurisdictional conflicts, 203 ;
official truces and, 241 -242;
protection by, 33 ;
of Valencia, 92 , 97
Baptism, forcible, 4 , 53 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 -92, 96 , 112 , 219 ;
by Germanías , 13 , 219 , 272 ;
of Jews, 5 ;
rumors of, 91 -92, 143 .
See also Religious conversion
Barcelona, royal control over, 15
Barceló Torres, María del Carme, 227 , 233 , 260
Bayezit II, 66 -68
Baza, 28 -29
Bechí, 24
Bee-keeping, 127
Beggars and begging licenses, 15 , 113 , 224 , 256
Belchite (Aragon) aljama, 14
Belenguer Cebrià, Ernest, 15
Bellvis family members, 102 -103, 185 , 237 ;
in commerce, 28 , 107 -108, 141 -142, 258
Benaguacil, 181
Benamir family, 110
Benicanena, 181
Benidorm, 79
Beniopa, 181
Benipeixcar, 181
Benxarnit family, 141
Berbers, 233 -234.
See also Arabo-Berber attitudes/social structure
Bernáldez, Andrés, 10 , 11
Besant/besant lists, 31 , 146 , 151 , 168
Bétera, 29
Bilingualism, 227 -230, 263
Bocayo family, 110 , 111
Borja (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 163 , 168 , 171
Boswell, John, 8 , 193 , 227 -228
Bougie, 74 , 96
Bramon, Dolors, 129
Burns, Robert I., 3 , 8 , 227
Butcher shops, 37 , 47 , 59 , 60 , 87 , 126 ;
rental fees, 152 -154
C
Calatayud (Aragon) aljama, 14 ;
Granadan Muslims in, 29
Call to prayer, Christian objection to, 43 , 44
Çalmedina , 107 , 157
Calpe, 79
Cardona, Duke de, 182
Carlet (seigneury), 16 -17
Carlos I, 7 , 97 , 228 , 272
Carters, 139 , 140
Castellón de Játiva (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 42 , 103 , 122 ;
butcher shop, 153 ;
establishment of, 26 -28;
jurates, 105 ;
mosque, 42
Castellón de la Plana (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 24 , 77 , 91 , 117 , 208 ;
feuding families of, 109 -110;
population, 31 -32;
tax data, 145 , 146 , 149
Castile, 4 , 5 ;
alliances, 68 ;
conversion or expulsion of Mudejars, 6 , 7 , 10 , 12 -13, 90 , 91 , 92 ;
cordoned off from Aragon, 58 -59;
defection of Valencian Mudejars to, 84 ;
Isabel I and, 12 -13, 57 ;
Mudejar policy in, 11 -13, 272 ;
tariff on goods imported from, 166
Castro, Américo, 1
Catalonia, royal aljamas of, 14 ;
taxation, 178 -179
Catholicism, establishment as norm, 8
Cena , 168
Centelles, Don Gerubin de, 42 -43
Children, Mudejar, 248 , 249 , 251 , 263
Chova (seigneury), 16
Christian courts. See Courts, Christian
Christian law, 3 , 8 , 212 , 189 ;
dhimmah contract borrowed by, 2 , 3 ;
economy and, 198 -199
Christians:
anti-Muslim violence, 85 -90;
conflict with Muslims, 61 , 62 , 63 -64;
Mozarabic, 2 , 3 ;
pirates, 76 -77, 88 ;
power of, 81 , 142 ;
resentment of Mudejars, 87 -88;
social relations with Muslims, 8 , 47 -50 (see also Coexistence);
taxation of, 168 .
See also Courts, Christian
Cisneros, Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de, 5 , 12 , 30 , 273 ;
aspirations, 75 -76;
conversion methods, 55 ;
Mudejar policy, 90
Civil litigation, 186 -188, 245 ;
Christian courts and, 197
Civil service positions, 101 -107;
wealth and, 107 -111
Class structure, 111
Clavari , 107
Clement V, Pope, 43
Coastal towns, Mudejars of, 79 -80
Cocentaina, 29
Cocentaina, Count of, 182
Coexistence (convivencia ), 225 -226;
bilingualism and, 229 ;
breakdown of, 4 , 271 -272;
economic basis for, 8 ;
Inquisition and, 60 ;
latent antagonism and, 4 , 98 ;
mingling of cultures and, 225 , 227 ;
resiliency of, 97 ;
stability of, 114 ;
use of term, 1
Cohesiveness, Mudejar, 251 -259;
Arabo-Berber social structure and, 251 -252, 254 , 255 ;
faqih s[*] and, 265 -269;
Mudejar feuding and, 232 -255;
pilgrimages and, 257 -258.
See also Agnatic solidarity; Group consciousness
Commerce, 134 -142, 180 ;
Bellvis family and, 28 , 107 -108, 141 -142, 258 ;
international, 141 ;
maritime, 141
Commercial law, 198 -199
Communications network, 256 ;
among jurists, 267
Community services, rental fees from, 151 -159
Construction industry, 133
Conversos, 4 , 11 , 265 ;
of Andalusia, 12 ;
decimation of, 41 ;
Jews' relations with, 11 -12;
judaizing, 12 ;
as problem to Fernando 11 , 52 ;
resumation of Judaic practices by, 52
Convivencia. See Coexistence
Corbera, 96
Cordmakers, 132
Corpus Christi Day, 50 , 227
Corsairs. See Piracy
Cortes of Zaragoza (1502), 57
Corts of Barcelona (1503), 57
Corts of 1488, 30 , 31
Councillors, 106
Courts, Christian, 226 ;
judicial procedure, 209 -216;
Mudejars in, 197 , 198 , 202 -216, 220 ;
oaths in, 210 ;
on sexual relations, Muslim-Christian, 220 -223;
trials, 210 -211;
witnesses, 211
Courts, Islamic, 185 , 189 , 193 -197, 198 -202, 245 ;
cases handled by, 201 -202;
faqih s[*] and, 264
Creditors, 172 , 173 ;
lawsuits against, 217 , 218
Credit transactions, 136 -137
Crevillente, 63
Criminal activity, Mudejar, 218 -220
Criminal cases, 194 -197
Crusade(s), 1 -2;
preaching of, 85 -88
Cullera, 77 , 96
Cultural identity, 254 , 255 .
See also Cohesiveness, Mudejar
D
Daroca (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 17 , 154 , 163 , 177
Debtors, and Christian courts, 198
Dezpuig, Joan, 38 -40, 204
Dhimmah contract, 2 -3;
adaptation by Christian rulers, 3 ;
Koranic foundation of, 2
Dhimmis[ *] , 33 ;
defined, 2
Dress codes, 47 -48, 70 , 113
Dyeworks, 152 , 157
E
Economy:
anti-Muslim violence and, 88 -89, 90 , 98 ;
Christian control of, 142 , 198 -199, 227 ;
conversion of Mudejars and, 74 ;
feuding and, 245 -246;
guild system and, 129 -130;
importance of Mudejars to, 8 , 18 -19, 143 -146, 271 ;
of Moriscos, 112 -113;
of Mudejars, 5 , 8 , 14 , 100 , 112 -142;
of Valencia, 100 .
See also Taxes/taxation headings ; Wealth
Elche, 29 , 70
Elda, 63 , 64
Elite families, 107 -112
El Real, 181
Emigration licenses, 30 -31.
See also Travel licenses
Emigration of Mudejars, 235 , 258 ;
Castilian, 90 ;
economy and, 143 ;
to Maghrib, 30 , 31 , 80 ;
policy on, 30 -31, 80 , 92 -93
Endogamy, 234 , 236 -237, 248 , 254
Enfiteutic contract, 115 -116
Enrique IV of Castile, 12
Entertainers, 134
Epalza, Míkel de, 233 , 234
Exclusiveness of Mudejars:
communal autonomy and, 99 ;
limitations of, 100 -101;
tendency toward, 99
Exogamy, 237 , 248 -249, 256 , 257
Expulsion of Jews, 10 , 11 , 13 , 51
Expulsion of Mudejars:
of children from Castile, 53 ;
and economy, 143
F
Fadiga , 116
Family(ies), Mudejar, 236 -254;
elite, 107 -112;
feuding within, 245
Faqih s[*] (jurists), 104 , 200 , 202 , 261 , 262 -267, 273 ;
communication network among, 267 ;
functions, 104 , 263 -265;
juridical activity of, 201 ;
message of, 265 , 266 , 268 ;
possible stereotype, 269 ;
preaching of, 265 -268;
prestige of, 112 ;
role of, 7 , 264 -265, 266 , 267 -268, 269
Farming. See Agriculture
Felipe II, 257
Fernando II:
as absentee ruler, 14 -15, 16 ;
administration of aljamas and, 13 -18, 20 -21;
augmentation of royal morerías by, 18 -33;
conquest of sultanate of Granada, 28 ;
control of Inquisition, 60 ;
control of rival nobles and, 16 -17;
on conversion, 51 -60, 143 ;
on conversion of Jews, 51 ;
on conversion of Mudejars, 51 -60;
emigration policy, 92 -93;
establishment of Castellón de Játiva aljama by, 26 -28;
expulsion edict and, 5 -6;
fear of Mudejar-Ottoman Turk conspiracy, 65 -68;
foreign policy, 61 , 62 , 64 , 75 ;
Granadan Muslims and, 28 -30;
holy war atmosphere of reign, 88 ;
Inquisition and, 4 , 5 , 15 , 60 , 88 , 272 -273;
Jewish policy, 11 -13;
leadership style, 18 ;
Maghriban Muslims and, 75 -80;
Maghriban policy, 75 , 76 ;
marriage to Isabel I, 57 ;
minority policy of, 6 , 11 ;
moral concerns, 48 -49, 50 ;
Mudejar policy, 6 -7, 11 -19, 58 , 61 -62, 97 -98, 143 , 270 -271, 272 -273;
on Mudejar practice of Islam, 40 -49;
and Mudejar reaction to Ottoman successes, 65 -66;
Mudejars and, 6 -7, 10 -60;
Mudejars of Castile and Granada and, 11 -13, 272 ;
postwar policy, 74 ;
preaching of crusade and, 86 ;
religious policy, 5 ;
revoking of own enactments by, 17 -18;
on rumors of forced conversion, 91 -92, 134 -135, 143 ;
segregationist stance, 44 -50;
tax base widened by, 18 ;
on use of public baths, 156 ;
Valencia under reign of, 4 ;
view of Islam, 40 -50;
war against Granada and, 72 -73, 97 -98
Ferrando, Joan, 181
Ferrer i Mallol, Maria Teresa, 63 -64
Feudal servitude, 115 ;
land-rental rights under, 115 -116
Feuding, Mudejar, 109 -110, 111 -112, 239 -254, 255 , 273 ;
agnatic solidarity and, 239 -240;
economic interests and, 245 -246;
within families, 245 ;
jurists and, 267 -268;
passive role of women and, 251 ;
political power and, 246 -247;
social structure and, 232 -255;
truces, 241 -242
Feuding, of rival nobles, 16 -17
Fevollet, Luis de, 38 , 39 , 40
Fishing, 127 -128
Fishing boats, 79
Fishmongers, 137
Fonduks (inns), 154 -156;
coexistence in, 227 ;
function, 154 ;
as royal monopolies, 154 -155
Foreign policy, 61 , 62 , 64 , 75
Fragmentation, 253 ;
change of vassalage and, 257 ;
faqih s'[*] role in overcoming, 266
Furs , 21 , 92 , 184 , 189 , 198 , 210 , 211 , 212 , 226
Fuster, Joan, 227
G
Gandía, 91 , 118 , 153 , 181
Geldo, 207
Germanías:
anti-Muslim actions, 7 , 60 , 86 , 89 -90, 97 , 125 , 272 ;
antiseigneurial violence, 24 , 89 -90, 209 ;
forcible baptism by, 13 , 219 , 272 ;
legal foundation for actions, 89
Gilet, 34 -35, 135
Glick, Thomas F., 9 , 110
Gold, lure of, 75
Governors:
bailiff generals and, 16 ;
versus bailiffs, 203 ;
jurisdiction, 189 ;
role in Mudejar affairs, 16
Granada, 61 , 68 -74;
alliances, 68 ;
commerce with, 28 ;
conversion or expulsion of Mudejars from, 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 -13, 54 -55, 90 -91, 92 ;
education of jurists in, 266 ;
fall of, 82 , 268 , 269 ;
Muslims forbidden to enter, 56 ;
raiders from, 70 -71, 82 , 88 .
See also Granadan Muslims; Málaga
Granadan Muslims, 4 , 28 -30;
conversion or expulsion of, 6 , 7 , 10 , 11 , 12 -13, 54 -55;
Valencian communities settled in, 18 , 28 -30, 78
Group consciousness, 225 , 227 , 254 , 255 -258, 273 ;
forced baptism ineffective against, 273 ;
public worship of Islam and, 259 -261.
See also Cohesiveness, Mudejar
Gualbes, Juan Cristóbal de, 59
Gual Camarena, Miguel, 5
Guardamar, 77
Guichard, Pierre, 9 , 233
Guilds, 128 -130;
Jewish, 129 ;
Muslim, 129 ;
prohibition of non-Christian members, 87 , 128 -129
H
Hadd[ *] offenses, 194 , 201
Haliczer, Stephen, 5
Hermandad (Brotherhood), 70
Hides, 125 , 127
Hinojosa Montalvo, José, 72
Holy Child of La Guardia, 12
Holy war, Islamic (Jihád ), 2 , 3
Homicides, 196 -197, 219 -220, 238
Honor;
abduction of women and, 250 -251;
adultery and, 250 ;
defense of, 246 -247;
violence and, 247 -248;
wealth and, 247
Huesca (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 163 , 177 , 178
I
Identity, cultural. See Cohesiveness, Mudejar; Group consciousness
Industrial activities, 128 -134
Inheritances:
division of, 164 ;
religious conversion and, 231 ;
royal taxation of, 163 -165
Inns. See Fonduks
Inquisition, Spanish, 4 , 5 -6, 10 , 11 , 13 , 265 ;
analyses of, 5 -6;
Converso community decimated by, 41 ;
Fernando II and, 4 , 5 , 15 , 60 , 88 , 272 -273;
goal of, 12 ;
hostility toward Muslims and, 60 ;
methods of, 59 ;
Mudejarism and, 60 ;
Mudejars' fear of, 59
Inquisitors, 58 , 273 ;
in Aragon, 59 , 60 ;
law enforcement and, 224 ;
on Mallorca, 59 ;
preaching of, 87 , 227 ;
in Valencia, 43 -44, 87 , 94
Integration of Mudejars:
into economic life, 100 ;
limitations of, 100 -101;
tendency toward, 99 .
See also Assimilation; Coexistence
Intellectual tradition, Mudejar, 259 -264
Irrigated lands, 117 , 118 ;
misappropriation of water, 253
Isabel I of Castile, 4 , 272 ;
aspirations, 75 -76;
control of Inquisition, 60 ;
conversion policy, 54 , 55 , 62 -63;
foreign policy, 61 ;
Jewish policy, 11 -13;
marriage to Fernando II, 57 ;
minority policy, 11 ;
Mudejar policy, 11 -13, 90 , 272 ;
Mudejars of Murcia and, 70 ;
Muslims from Vera and, 29 ;
religious policy, 5 , 40 -41
Islam: adherence to, 254 ;
conflict with Christianity, 61 , 62 , 63 -64;
Fernando II and, 40 -50;
Mudejars' freedom to practice, 41 -42, 96 -97, 98 ;
restrictions on worshippers, 42 -49;
secularization of, 230 ;
Spain's aggression against, 61 -98;
war against, 61 -80
Islamic courts. See Courts, Islamic
Islamic law, 2 -3, 8 , 184 , 185 , 193 -196, 199 -201, 212 ;
on adultery, 249 -250;
qadi[ *] and, 194 -196
Islamic learning, centers of, 259 -262
Italy, 76
J
Jaime I of Aragon, 4 , 13 , 33 , 47 , 185
Jaime II of Aragon, 43 , 189 , 211 , 212
Játiva (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 17 , 25 , 63 ;
bailiff general, 203 ;
bailiffs, 38 -40, 203 -205;
exemption from besant , 146 ;
fonduk, 155 , 156 ;
governors, 203 -205;
jurates kept at distance in, 36 -37;
jurisdictional conflict, 203 -205;
mills, 20 -21;
Muslim population, 32 , 33 ;
public bath, 156 ;
public utilities, 157 -159;
qadi[ *] , 108 ;
taxation, 20 -21, 145 , 150 -151
Jérica (Valencia) aljama, 14
Jews, Spanish:
Almohad persecution of, 2 ;
bailiffs and, 206 ;
conversion of, 51 ;
dhimmah contract and, 2 ;
dress code, 47 , 70 ;
emigration policy and, 30 ;
expulsion of, 4 , 10 , 11 , 13 , 51 , 265 (See also Inquisition);
as followers of distinct laws, 185 ;
forced baptism of, 12 ;
public baths and, 156 ;
relations with Conversos, 11 -12.
See also Conversos
Jihad[ *] , Islamic (holy war), 2 , 3
Jijona River, 73
Jizyah (poll tax), 2 , 146
Juana, Queen of Naples, 95
Juan 11 , 17 , 20 , 36 , 47 , 144 , 173 ;
emigration policy, 30 -31;
repopulation of Alcoy and, 26
Judicial system, 184 -224;
appeals system, 213 -215;
jurisdictional conflicts, 202 -216;
punishments, 212 -213;
seigneurs and, 207 -208, 217 -218;
sexual relations, Muslim-Christian, and, 220 -223.
See also Christian law; Courts, Christian; Courts, Islamic; Islamic law
Jurates. See Adelantats
Jurists. See Faqih s[*]
K
Kamen, Henry, 5
Kidnapping, of Christians, 71 , 77 , 79
Kriegel, Maurice, 12
L
Labor, skilled, 159
Labor shortage, 112 , 128
Labor source, 34 , 35 -36
Ladero Quesada, Miguel Angel, 5
Landlords, 112 , 115 -116, 119
Land tenure, 115 , 119 , 123 ;
feuds and, 245 ;
outside place of residence, 119 , 120 -121, 122 ;
seigneurial dues in relation to, 123 ;
social classes and, 124 -125
Land use rights, 34 -35
Language, 228 -230
La Pobla, 181
Legal systems. See Christian law; Courts, Christian; Courts, Islamic; Islamic law; Judicial system
Lepanto, 61
Lérida (Catalonia) aljama, 13 , 14
Les Benexides, 118
Licenses, 148 , 151 , 223 -224, 259 ;
bailiff general and, 15 ;
to bear arms, 238 -239;
to beg, 1 , 15 , 127 , 224 , 256 ;
to sell annuities, 173 , 174 -176;
to travel, 15 , 71 , 73 , 80 , 113 , 140 , 148 , 151 , 223 -224
Lineage, 111 , 234 -237;
exogamy and, 237
Liria (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 31
Livestock:
ownership of, 126 , 127 ;
raising, 125 -128;
royal supervision, 153
Lleuda , 116
Llombay, 135
Lluisme , 116 , 159
Lords. See Seigneurs; Seigneurial aljamas/lands
Loyalty of Mudejars, 81 -84
Luna, Count de, 181
M
Macho y Ortega, Francisco, 5
Maghrib, 62 , 74 -80;
alliances, 68 ;
commerce with, 28 ;
corsairs of, 75 , 77 -79, 88 ;
crusade against, 74 -80, 85 ;
education of jurists in, 266 ;
Fernando II and, 75 , 76 , 84 ;
military weakness of, 75 , 76 , 81 ;
Mudejar emigration to, 30 , 31 ;
trade with Valencia, 76
Málaga, 55
Males, poll tax, 146
Malferit, Francesch de, 204
Maliki[*] law, 235
Mallorca, Inquisitors on, 59
Mamluk Egypt, 66 , 75 , 97 -98
Mangay family, 108 -109, 111
Manises, 29
Manufacturers:
of brass buckles, 131 ;
Christian, 131 ;
Mudejar, 114 , 131 , 132 , 132 -134
Maridatge , 169 -170, 172
Moriscos:
defined, 7 ;
versus Mudejars, 7 -8
Marital taboos, 100
Maritime commerce, 141
Marketplace, 135 -140;
coexistence in, 225 ;
congregation in, 257 ;
integration in, 99 , 100 ;
Muslim-Christian interaction in, 271 ;
rental fees, 157 ;
of Valencia, 136 -137
Marriage, 217 ;
agnatic solidarity and, 257 ;
Arabo-Berber, 234 ;
endogamous, 234 , 236 -237, 248 , 254 ;
exogamous, 237 , 248 -249, 256 , 257 ;
unhappy, 249
Martin I, King, 30 , 43 , 203
Mascor family, 108 , 111
Mehmet the Conqueror, 64
Melilla, 74 , 75 , 87
Medicants, 113 ;
itinerant, 256 ;
licenses, 11 , 15 , 127 , 224 , 256
Mercader, Berenguer, 59
Mercader, Honorat, 15
Mercantile families, 141
Merchants, 28 , 112 , 114 ;
itinerant, 139 -140, 256
Mers-el-Kebir, 74
Metalworking industries, 134
Military service, 19
Mills, royal, 157 ;
rental fees, 179
Mislata, 17 -18
Monforte (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 31 -32, 107
Monopolies, royal, 151 -157, 159 -168;
fonduks as, 154 -155;
mills as, 157 ;
ovens as, 157 ;
on salt production/sale, 166
"Moorish process," 200
Morabatí , 163
Morerías, defined, 15
Moriscos, 11 , 13 , 56 ;
acculturation of, 7 -8;
Carlos I and, 228 ;
contact with Muslims, 55 -56;
defined, 7 ;
economic conditions, 112 -113;
expulsion of, 3 , 273 ;
insincere conversion of, 228 ;
as marginal society, 8 ;
Old Christians and, 8 ;
prevention of contamination of, 56 ;
on seigneurial lands, 180
Mosques, 50 , 99 ;
faqih s[*] in, 265 -266
Moya, Marquesa de, 53
Mozarabic Christians:
Almohad persecution of, 2 ;
expulsion of, 3
Mudejarism:
benefits of, 30 ;
defined, 13 ;
Fernando II and, 58 ;
Inquisition in relation to, 60 ;
survival of, in Valencia, 97 -98;
treaty guarantees and, 13 -14
Mudejar policy, 10 ;
versus Jewish policy, 12 .
See also Mudejarism
Mudejars:
abuse of, 36 ;
bilingualism, 228 -230;
change of vassalage by, 18 -25;
in Christian courts, 202 -216;
of coastal towns, 79 ;
communities (See Aljamas);
conversion of, 51 -60;
defined, 4 ;
dress code, 70 ;
economic life, 112 -142;
economy of kingdom and, 143 -146;
emigration to Maghrib, 80 ;
Fernando II and, 10 -60, 61 -62;
as followers of distinct laws, 185 ;
group consciousness, 225 , 227 , 255 -261, 273 ;
Maghriban relatives of, 78 ;
versus Moriscos, 7 -8;
precarious position of, 34 ;
relations with Christians, 81 ;
in royal aljamas, 14 -18;
royal policy toward, 5 ;
royal protection of, 92 ;
on seigneurial lands, 14 , 16 -17, 19 ;
self-identity, 225 , 227 ;
social allegiance, 111 ;
as spies for Granadan raiders, 70 ;
as vassals (See Vassals, Mudejar; Royal vassals; Seigneurial vassals)
Mudejars of Aragon:
Carlos I and, 7 ;
economic role of, 14 ;
Fernando II and, 6 -7;
sanctioning presence of, 6 , 11
Mudejars of Castile. See Castile
Mudejars of Granada. See Granadan Muslims
Mudejars of Teruel, conversion of, 53 -54
Mudejars of Valencia, 4 , 81 -84;
absence of large group of converts among, 56 ;
civil cases, 186 -188;
coexistence with Christians, 225 -226;
contacts with Maghriban corsairs, 95 -96;
crisis years (1500-1503), 90 -98;
defection of, 63 , 84 ;
dress code, 47 -48;
economic importance of, 14 , 30 , 142 , 143 -146;
economic life, 100 ;
fall of Granada and, 82 ;
fear of conversion or emigration, 91 -92, 93 , 94 -95, 134 -135;
fear of Inquisitors, 59 , 93 -97;
Fernando's exaction of loans from, 18 ;
final conversion of (1525), 63 ;
Granadan, 84 ;
importance of religious freedom to, 96 -97;
increasing tolerance of conditions, 81 ;
loyalties and interests of, 81 , 82 -84;
Maghriban, 78 ;
merchants and, 136 ;
Nasrid sultan and, 72 ;
Ottoman Turks and, 82 ;
population proportion, 7 , 14 , 63 , 81 ;
privileges and immunities of, 17 ;
prosperity of, 28 ;
rebellions of, 81 -82;
restrictions on movement, 95 ;
royal authority over, 13 -18;
sense of impotence, 96 ;
surrender treaties and, 33 -34;
tendency toward exclusiveness, 99 ;
tendency toward integration, 99 ;
treaty guarantees and, 13 .
See also Valencia headings
Muftís , 201
Muleteers, 139 , 140
Murcia, 2 , 62 , 69 , 70
Murviedro (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 22 , 34 ,-35, 77 , 91 ;
Muslim population, 31 -32;
sales tax on meat, 153 ;
tax data, 145 , 150
Musicians, 134
Muslims. See Mudejars
N
Nasrids[*] , 66 -67, 69 , 71 , 72 , 81 , 82 , 271
New Christians. See Conversos
North Africa. See Maghrib
Notaries, 211
Novelda, 29
O
Officials, Mudejar, 101 -107
Old Christians, 8
Oliva, Count of, 191
Onda (Valencia) aljama, 14
Ondara, 181
One, 78
Oran, 78 , 141
Order of Mercedarians, 77
Orihuela, 70 , 71 , 107 , 135
Oropesa, 77
Ottoman Turks, 9 , 61 , 62 , 64 -68, 81 -82, 95 , 255 , 270
Ovens, rental fees, 152 , 179
P
Pages, Joan, 207
Paper mills, 157
Paterna, 181
Paziar family, 109 , 111
Peatge , 166
Pedro III, 21
Pedro IV, 30 , 43 , 63 , 165 , 185 , 189 , 196
Peñón de Vélez, 74
Pensions de censals, See Annuities
Pere Caldes, 26 , 27
Peris Albentosa, Tomas, 119
Peyta , 168 , 172 , 173 -174, 177
Physicians, Mudejar, 134 , 262
Piles, Leopoldo, 5 , 96
Pilgrimages, 257 -258
Piracy:
arming against, 89 ;
Christian, 76 -77, 88 ;
Maghriban, 75 , 77 -79, 95 -96, 271 ;
Turkish, 95 -96
Plague epidemics, 14 , 22 , 25 , 33 , 85 , 89 , 155
Political power, and feuding, 246 -247
Poll tax, 2 , 146
Polop, 79 , 95
Population size, besant lists as indication of, 31 .
See also Repopulation
Presidios , 76
Procurators, Christian, 211
Property taxes, 122
Proselytizing:
seigneurs' opposition to, 230 ;
Talavera's approach to, 273
Prostitutes:
fonduks as center for, 154 ;
licensing of, 15
Protection of Mudejars, 33 -40
Public baths, 156
Public utilities:
royal taxation of, 151 -159;
seigneurial taxation of, 179
Q
Qadi[*] general, 101 -104, 185 , 261 ;
appointment of, 102 ;
as dispenser of Shariah justice, 195 ;
functions, 164 , 210 , 228 ;
Islamic law and, 194 -196;
judicial functions, 101 -102, 103 ;
jurisdiction, 189 ;
notarial functions, 103 ;
prestige of, 112 ;
salary, 102 , 107 ;
scribal functions, 102
Qa'it[*] Bay[*] , 66 , 97
Quema , 166
Qur'an[*] , 185 , 261 , 263
R
Ransoming, of Muslim captives, 83
Razbayda family, 141
Rebellions: in Almería, 90 ;
in Alpujarras, 55 , 57 , 80 , 90 , 96 ;
in Castile, 92 ;
in Granada, 90 , 92 ;
Ottoman Turks in relation to, 82 ;
in Sierra Bermeja, 90
Reis, Kemal, 67 , 68
Religious conversion, 51 -60, 74 , 230 -232;
Christians and, 231 ;
Fernando II on, 51 -56, 60 ;
forced, 90 , 91 , 225 , 255 ;
Isabel I and, 54 , 55 ;
of Jews, 51 ;
voluntary, 53 -54, 230 , 231 -232.
See also Baptism, forcible
Religious elite, 112
Religious freedom, importance to Mudejars, 96 -97
Rentier class, 142
Rents, 116 , 152 , 179
Repopulation:
of Alcira, 20 ;
of Alcoy, 26 , 28 ;
of Castellón de Játiva, 26 , 28
Retail trade, 133
Revenue. See Economy; Taxes/taxation headings
Riots, anti-Muslim (1275-1276), 63
Ripoll family, 141
Romance language, 228 -230, 263
Ronda, Mudejars of, 55
Royal aljamas, 14 -18;
of Aragon, 14 ;
augmentation of, 18 -33;
of Catalonia, 14 ;
conditions of life in, 19 -20;
elite families, 107 -110;
Granadan Muslims in, 29 ;
irrigated lands, 117 ;
lack of independent political status, 19 ;
officials, 15 -16, 99 -107;
quality of life in, 20 ;
seigneurial resistance to, 21 -25;
of Valencia, 14 .
See also Royal vassals
Royal vassals:
inheritances and, 164 , 165 ;
taxation of (See Taxes/taxation)
Rural towns, and commerce, 135 -136
S
Saddleworks, 134 , 152 , 157 , 159 ;
rental fees, 152 , 179
Sales tax, 35 , 47 , 159 ;
illicit collection of, 37 ;
on meat, 153
Salt, monopoly on sale and production, 166
Salvador, Emilia, 30
Sánchez, Claudio, Albornoz, 233
Santa Clara, convent of, 116
Schools, 261 -262
Secularization, 230
Segorbe, 207
Seigneurial aljamas/lands, 16 -17;
annuity payments, 143 ;
dry land farming, 117 ;
emigration of Mudejars and, 143 ;
financial difficulties of, 180 -184;
Granadan Muslims and, 29 ;
irrigation of land, 118 ;
livestock raising, 125 -126;
majority of Mudejars on, 14 , 259 ;
officials, 110 ;
versus royal aljamas, 19 -20.
See also Seigneurial vassals; Seigneurs; Taxes/taxation, seigneurial
Seigneurialization, 226 -227
Seigneurial justices, 196
Seigneurial vassals:
artisans, 128 ;
change of vassalage and, 18 -33, 123 , 124 , 145 -146, 257 , 271 ;
conflicts of interest, 252 -253;
dues/taxes of, 14 , 122 , 123 , 142 , 145 -146, 179 ;
elite Mudejar families, 110 ;
hostility faced by, 253 ;
inducing to move to royal towns, 19 -28;
inheritances and, 165 ;
land rental or purchase by, 122 ;
marriage, 217 ;
merchants, 141 ;
quality of life, 19 -20;
religious freedom, 259 ;
seigneurs and, 217 -218, 251 -252;
services required of, 179 -180;
solidarity of, 251 -252
Seigneurs, 116 ;
debts of, 181 ;
versus Germanías , 89 -90;
jurisdictional conflicts and, 207 -208;
proselytizing opposed by, 230 ;
relationship with vassals, 217 -218, 251 -252;
resistance to change of vassalage, 19 -26;
signs of crisis of, 183 .
See also Seigneurial aljamas/lands
Servants, Mudejar, 113
Servicios , 168 -172, 173 , 177
Sexual relationships, Muslim-Christian, 100 , 220 -223, 249 -250
Sexual taboos, 100
Sharecropping arrangements, 116 -117
Shariah, 185 , 189 , 194 , 195 -196, 226
Sheep-raising, 125
Shoemakers, 130 -132, 134
Sierra Bermeja, rebellion in, 90
Sierra de Eslida, 144
Sisa. See Sales tax
Sisa del carn (sales tax on meat), 153
Skilled labor, 159
Slaves, Muslim, 79 , 113 -114, 129 ;
Mudejar assistance to, 83 , 224 , 255 -256;
Mudejar purchase of, 83 ;
sale of, 15
Social classes, and land tenure, 124 -125
Social position:
of civil service officials, 111 ;
economic status and, 111
Social relations, Mudejar, 238 -254
Social stress, and violence, 88 -89, 90 , 98
Social structure, Mudejar, 263 ;
Arabo-Berber, 233 -234, 235 , 254 ;
Mudejar feuding and, 232 -255
Sofras , 179 -180
Solidarity. See Agnatic solidarity; Cohesiveness, Mudejar
Sorrell, Bernat, 207
Spanish Inquisition. See Inquisition, Spanish
Sumacárcel, 103
Sunnah , 185 , 189
Surgeons, Mudejar, 262
T
Talavera, Hernando de, 5 , 74 , 90 , 273 ;
conversion policy, 54 -55
Tanners/tanneries, 131 , 157
Tarazona (Aragon) aljama, 14
Tariffs, 166
Taverns, 50
Tax collection/tax collectors, 104 -105, 106 , 171
Taxes/taxation, royal, 14 , 143 -183, 271 ;
augmentation of royal morerías in relation to, 18 -33, 36 ;
besant , 146 -151;
as factor in changing vassalage, 20 -21, 145 -146;
of Granadan Muslims, 28 -30;
illegal, in Alcira, 36 ;
importance in lives of Mudejars, 145 -146;
on public utilities, 151 -159;
structure of Mudejar authority relationship and, 145 -146;
various types, 159 -173, 177 -178.
See also Property taxes; Sales tax; Taxes/taxation, seigneurial
Taxes/taxation, seigneurial, 122 , 123 , 142 , 145 -146, 179
Tendilla, Count of, 55
Terçes de delme , 167 , 179
Terrateig, 122 -123
Teruel (Aragon) aljama, 14 , 53 -54, 178
Textile production, 133 , 180
Tithes, 167 , 179
Tolerance, institutionalized, 2 -4
Tolls, 166
Torres, Diego de, 15
Torres Torres, 22 , 118
Tortosa (Catalonia) aljama, 13 , 14 , 31 , 45 , 163 , 178
Trade. See Commerce
Transporting of goods, 139
Travel licenses, 15 , 71 , 73 , 80 , 113 , 140 , 148 , 151 , 223 -224
Travel restrictions, 71 , 73 , 80 , 95 , 113 , 151
Treaties:
Mudejarism and, 13 -14;
Muslim survival and, 33 -34
Tribalism, 234 .
See also Arabo-Berber attitudes/social structure
Trivento, Count of, 181
Truces, official, 241 -242, 243
Tudela, 13
Tunis, 74 , 77 -78;
trade with, 141
Turkey, 65 .
See also Ottoman Turks
U
Umayyads, 255
Ummah , 255
Urban areas:
marketing of produce in, 135 ;
travel to, 256 -257
Urbanization, 226 -227
V
Valencia (aljama):
attack on (1455), 89 ;
attraction for Mudejars, 32 ;
bailiff general, 92 , 97 ;
butcher shop, 154 ;
commercial activity of, 28 , 32 ;
exemption from besant , 146 ;
fonduk, 154 -155;
Granadan Muslims in, 28 -30;
new vassals in, 257
Valencia (city):
marketplace, 136 -137;
as "melting-pot," 257 ;
population, 145
Valencia (kingdom), 2 ;
anti-Muslim riots in, 3 ;
chronology of Muslim settlement of, 233 -234;
civil cases between Muslims of, 186 -188;
coexistence of Muslims and Christians in, 57 ;
conquest of, 63 ;
economy of, 100 ;
under Fernando II, 4 ;
geographic position, 7 ;
Germanías in, 7 ;
Granadan Muslims in, 69 , 70 , 74 , 78 ;
Inquisitors in, 43 -44;
Jaime I and, 13 ;
Maghriban corsairs and, 77 ;
Muslim-Christian litigation as reflection of relations in, 216 -220;
Muslim population, 7 , 14 , 63 , 81 ;
plural social structure of, 225 ;
royal aljamas of, 14 ;
royal vassals in, 22 -23;
scarcity of labor in, 22 ;
trade with Maghrib, 76 ;
underpopulation of, 25 ;
violence in, 63 .
See also Mudejars of Valencia
Vall de Uxó, 87 , 91 , 117 , 132 , 144
Valldigna, Tabernes de, 19 , 29 , 35 , 96 , 116 , 207
Vallterra, Don Joan de, 21
Vassals, Mudejar:
change of vassalage, 18 -33, 112 , 123 , 124 , 145 -146, 208 , 257 , 271 ;
dependency of, 227 ;
disputes, 22 -25, 34 ;
inheritances and, 165 ;
in Maghrib, 79 -80;
Moriscos, 112 -113;
Mudejars valued as, 35 ;
preconditions to change of, 19 ;
rental of lands by, 115 , 122 ;
royal-seigneurial competition for, 14 , 18 -28, 122 .
See also Royal vassals; Seigneurial vassals
Vera, 29
Viceroys, 15
Villajoyosa, 205 -206
Villarreal (Valencia) aljama, 14 , 117
Violence:
anti-Muslim, 85 -90;
Corpus Christi Day incident (1491), 88 ;
of Germanías (See Germanías );
honor and, 247 -248;
intracommunal, 232 ;
readiness to resort to, 238 ;
social and economic
Violence (continued )
stress and, 88 -89, 90 , 98 , 218 -220, 232 -233.
See also Feuding, Mudejar
W
Wagf endowments, 13
Wartime policy, 72 -73
Water rights, 34 , 35
Wealth:
civil service positions and, 107 -111;
honor and, 247 ;
social class and, 111 -112
Weights-and-measures services, 157
Women, Mudejar:
abduction of, 250 -251;
Arabo-Berber attitudes and, 248 -251;
passive role of, 251 ;
relation to agnatic group, 249 , 250 ;
widows, 249
Wool production, 125 , 126 -127
Workplace, coexistence in, 99 , 100 , 225 , 271
Z
Zaragoza (Aragon) aljama, 13 , 14 , 170 , 177 ;
archbishop of, 39 -40;
command to crusade preacher in, 86 ;
fonduk, 155 ;
royal control over, 15 ;
school of higher learning in, 262 ;
zealous Christian in, 52
Zignell family, 137 -138, 142
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