M

MacKinnon, Stephen, 36 -37, 329 n44

Manchu dynasty. See Qing dynasty

Manchu people:

conquest of China by, 19 ;

as members of Qing military, 19 , 38 , 68

Mao Zedong, 1 , 7 -9, 313

Martial law, 195 , 199

May Fourth Movement, 8 , 297 -98, 303

Mei Xing, 76 -77, 95 , 97 , 134 , 149 , 342 nn

Merchant organizations, 72 , 171 , 201 , 275 -76, 285

Michael, Franz, 6 , 10 , 25 -30, 34 -37

Militarism:

as descriptive term, 3 , 324 n7

Militarization of politics, 266 , 267 , 308 , 312 , 313 ;

in Anti-

Monarchical War, 206 , 244 ;

and crisis of political authority, 245 , 310 ;

in Second Revolution, 162 . See also Military, political role of

Military, financial support of:

in postrevolutionary provincial governments, 124 -27, 128 , 140 , 143 -44, 147 , 352 n28;

in Qing dynasty, 18 , 20 , 23 , 27 -28, 36 , 37 , 329 n44;

in Republican government, 165 -66;

in warlord period, 267 , 268 , 272 -77, 285 -87, 290 , 292

Military, modernization of:

in postrevolutionary period, 136 , 150 ;

in Qing dynasty, 18 , 31 -33, 38 , 40

Military, organizational structure of, 6 -7, 9 -10;

and Beiyang Army, 36 -37, 38 , 206 -8, 246 ;

and central government forces, 177 -86, 207 -8;

and Hubei army, 39 -43, 49 , 57 , 60 -64, 66 -72, 78 , 79 , 101 , 121 , 154 -55, 179 , 278 -79, 281 -82;

and Hunan army, 120 , 123 -24, 132 , 133 , 150 , 222 , 228 , 231 -37, 280 -81, 282 -85, 301 ;

and New Armies, 34 , 36 -37, 40 , 317 -18;

and Qing traditional military, 17 -22, 31 ;

and yongying , 22 -37. See also Command structure

Military, personal command of, 6 , 132 , 159 , 188 ;

and Beiyang Army, 36 -37, 178 , 207 -8;

in Qing dynasty, 19 , 22 -23, 25 , 26 , 35 , 36 -38

Military, political role of, 3 -5, 11 , 119 -20, 138 -43, 245 -46;

in Anti-Monarchical War, 206 -7, 211 , 213 , 244 , 248 ;

and autonomy of military commanders, 247 , 261 , 264 -66, 267 -68, 271 , 277 -78, 284 -87, 292 , 308 , 309 , 310 -11;

and demands on central government, 248 -50;

and domination of central government, 246 , 252 , 267 ;

in 1911 Revolution, 46 -48, 59 , 67 -79, 138 -39;

in North-South War, 261 , 264 -66;

in Qing dynasty, 18 -19, 24 -30, 35 -36, 45 ;

in Second Revolution, 162 , 163 , 172 . See also Civil authority, military relations with

Military, social composition of:

as factor in military coups, 47 ;

and New Armies, 11 , 46 -55, 56 , 64 , 78 , 79 ;

and 1911 Revolution, 46 -48, 56 , 64 , 78 , 79 ;

and postrevolutionary provincial armies, 135 , 138 ;

and Qing traditional forces, 19 , 49

Military units, loyalty of:

and Beiyang Army, 36 -37, 178 , 208 ;

and reorganized Hunan army, 237 ;

and yongying , 22 -23, 26 , 237

Militia, 22

Ming dynasty, 14 , 19

Minshe (People's Society), 104 -5

Modernization. See Military, modernization of

Monarchist movement, 199 -202, 204 , 206 , 210 -13

Morale, of soldiers:

in postrevolutionary provincial armies, 135 ;

in Qing armies, 21 , 23