L

Lary, Diana, 80

Law of avoidance, 20 , 87 , 90 , 191 , 194

Leninism, 62

Li Hongzhang, 31 , 34 , 329 n44;

Huai Army created by, 22 , 23 , 28 , 33 ;

as provincial governor, 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 35 ;

Western military system advocated by, 32 , 35

Li Kuiyuan, 281 , 284 , 285

Li Pinxian, 53

Li Tiancai, 123 , 154 , 158 , 351 -52n17, 360 n53;

as leader of independent army, 260 -62, 282 , 287 -92, 303 , 381 n62;

and loyalty to central government, 179 , 182 , 183 , 187 , 216 , 251

Li Youwen, 222 , 231 , 232 , 233 -34, 236 , 255 , 257 , 369 n56, 371 n78

Li Yuanhong:

as military governor, 71 -72, 100 -116, 139 -43, 159 , 167 , 175 -76, 195 ;

and military organizational management, 128 -29, 132 -33, 135 , 138 , 139 -43, 151 -60, 179 ;

and 1911 Revolution, 67 , 71 -72, 167 ;

as president of Republic of China,

230 -31, 238 , 247 -53, 303 -4;

and relations with Duan Qirui, 247 -53;

and relations with revolutionary activists, 71 -72, 101 -9, 128 -29, 163 , 167 -68;

and relations with Wang Zhanyuan, 238 , 239 , 250 , 303 -4;

and relations with Yuan Shikai, 108 , 111 , 157 , 158 , 167 -68, 169 , 175 -76;

and Second Revolution, 157 -58, 166 -68, 171 , 172 ;

Tan Yankai defended by, 169 -70, 174 , 176 ;

as vice president of Republic of China, 104 , 110 , 175 , 176 ;

and Zhang Xun's attempted Qing restoration, 252 , 253 , 254 , 374 n16;

and Zhang Zhenwu's execution, 108 , 142 , 143 , 349 nn

Liang Qichao, 214 , 221 , 229

Lianjun :

in Qing dynasty, 31 , 34

Liao Xiangyun, 294 -95

Lijin taxes, 23 , 27 , 127 , 285

Lin Xiumei, 232 -35, 255 , 256 , 257 , 264 , 265 , 292

Literacy standards:

for military recruitment, 49 -50, 53 , 54 , 64 , 333 n13

Literature Society, 61 , 63 , 67 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 108 , 130 -31, 141 , 337 n59

Liu Cheng'en, 304 , 384 n117

Liu Gong, 102 , 103 , 154

Liu Jianfan, 256 , 257 , 263 , 265 , 292

Liu Kwang-ching, 26 -27, 28

Liu Renxi, 228 -29, 232 , 370 n70

Liu Wenjin, 65 -66, 97 , 342 n121, 361 n66

Liu Xinyuan, 112 -16, 189

Liu Ying, 288 , 289 , 380 -81n62

Liu Zhong, 217 , 223

Liu Zuolong, 131 , 155 , 261 , 278 , 279 , 281

Loans, foreign, 165 -66, 167 , 260

Local governments:

in post-revolutionary period, 81 , 84 -87, 129

Long Zhang, 225 , 229 , 346 n61

Loyalty. See Military units, loyalty of

Lü Diaoyuan, 188 , 189 , 190 , 192

Lü Jinshan, 187 , 220 , 241 , 279

Lu Rongting, 145 , 228 , 229 , 288 , 300 , 370 n70;

in Anti-Monarchical War, 221 , 222 , 226 -27;

in North-South War, 254 , 256 , 259 , 262 ;

and struggle against Sun Yat-sen, 293 , 295 , 309

Luo Ergang, 6 , 10 , 24 -30, 34 -37