INDEX
A
Ahirs. See Yadavs[*]
Akharas[ *] , 32 , 70 , 96 –97, 121 ;
and Banarsipan[*] , 166 ;
and communalism, 120 ;
and competition, 32 ;
in 1809 riot, 211 ;
and mobilization, xiii ;
in Muharram, 159 ;
as patrons, 32 ;
and popular culture, 120 ;
in qasba[*] life, 121 ;
in shringars[*] , 143
Ansaris. See Weavers
Artisans, 169 . See also Weavers; Yadavs
Arya Samaj[*] , 47 , 90 , 136
Ascetics, 135 . See also Gosains
Audience, 29 –32;
judging in biraha[*] , 105 ;
participation in katha[*] , 35 , 37 ;
role in Svang[*] , 71
B
Banaras region:
disease ecology of, 248 –57;
ecology of, 231 –39
Banarsipan , 166 , 206
Bankers, 5 –8. See also Hindu merchant culture
Barawafat, 159 –61, 163
Bharat Milap[*] , 206 , 211
Bhojpuri, xvii , 1 , 3 , 93 , 111 , 186
Bhumihars, 7 , 8 n, 213
Bihari Lal Yadav, 95 –96
Biraha[ *] , 93 –113
Birs[*] , 130 –46
Braj Bhasha, 62 , 190 –92
C
Cholera, 251 –52, 254 , 257
Cities, movement of population, 18 . See also Urban centers
Collective action, 205 , 239 ;
of corporations, 19
Community:
constructions of, xii ;
invoked in biraha , 118 ;
varying for Muslims, 147
Competition:
and biraha , 97 , 105 –6;
and community, 33 ;
over disease, 261 ;
in 1809 riot, 213 ;
and language identity, 186 ;
in Muharram, 158 ;
and nationalism, 227 ;
among neighborhoods, 106 ;
in neighborhood, 161 ;
occupation, 123 ;
in popular culture, 32 –33;
in Svang, 70
Corporations, role of in cities, 19
D
Devotional cults, 26 , 37 , 38
Devotionalism, 156 –57
E
East India Company, 10
Ecology, 175 , 230 –33, 248 –57
Education, and language controversy, 195 ;
and caste, language, 196
Education Department, and language training, 197
Elites:
and medical practices, 265 ;
rejection of Parsi theatre, 77 ;
theatre societies, 83 ;
values inverted in Svang, 73 ;
withdrawal from popular culture activities, 163 ;
withdrawal from protests, 223 ;
withdrawal from shringars , 106 –7
Epidemics, 240 –41
F
Famine, 251 , 252
Festivals, 157 , 158 , 206 –10, 255
Folk deities, 130 –46, 260
G
Ganj , as urban center, 17 ;
and Hindu "corporations," 21 –22
Gosains:
and commerce, 6 ;
as cultural brokers, 6 ;
cultural collaboration with Maharaja of Banaras and merchant-bankers, 5 ;
in 1809 riot, 212 ;
Ramanandi[*] sect, 41 ;
and Sanskritization, 60
Government of India, relationship with Maharajas of Banaras, 10 –11
Guru-chela . See Akhara[*]
Gyan[*] Vapi[*] :
and katha[*] festival, 55 –56;
Gyan Vapi mosque and Muslims, 162 , 167 ;
mosque in 1809 riot, 212 ;
mosque in 1931 riot, 224
H
Harishchandra, Bharatendu, 44 –45, 62 , 78 –81, 183 , 190
Haweli[ *] , 18
Hindi language movement, 47 ;
controversy versus Urdu, 179 –80, 187 –88
Hindu merchant culture, 5 –7, 11 , 181 , 182 –83, 216
I
Identity formation, xii ;
and Muslims, 147 ;
and Yadavs[*] , 136
Illiteracy, 155 , 169 . See also Print technology
Indigenous medical systems, 258
Indo-Persian culture, 40 –41, 181 , 182 –83
Inoculation, 259 , 263
J
Julahas[*] . See Weavers
K
Karkhana[*] , 126 . See also Weavers
Katha[ *] , 34 –61
Khari[*] Boli[*] , 47 , 182 , 188 , 191
Kotwal, 18 –19, 214
L
Language:
controversy and the state, 201 ;
identity, 192
Lat Bhairava (pillar and near-by mosque), 162 , 167 , 206 , 211
Lower class, culture in neighborhoods, 121 ;
power and elite, 121 –22, 144 ;
worship, 142
M
Maharajas of Banaras:
and architecture, 42 ;
and Bharat Milap[*] , 208 ;
and community self-rule, 176 ;
creation of princely state, 11 ;
and disease, 267 ;
establishment of estate and dynasty, 5 , 8 , 10 –11;
in house tax protest, 219 ;
patronage, 8 –9, 11 ;
patronage of medical practitioners, 258 ;
patronage of Ramlila[*] , 209 ;
patronage of sanitation schemes, 265 ;
patronage of theatre, 84 –85;
and Ram[*] tradition, 41 ;
role in Ramlila, 209 ;
relationship with Government of India, 10 –11;
Ishvariprasad Narayan Singh, 44 , 84 ;
Odita Narayan Singh, 42 ;
Vibhuti Narayan Singh, 45
Malaria, 249
Malaviya, Madanmohan, 48
Manas[ *] . See Ramcharitmanas[ *]
Marathas, 4 ;
architectural patronage, 5 ;
military power, 5 ;
participation in 1809 riot, 212 –13;
theatre with armies, 71
Martial traditions, and Birs[*] , Dihs[*] , 140 . See also Gosains; Marathas; Rajputs
Merchants:
as middlemen, 168 , 225 –26;
as patrons, 53 –54, 57 –58;
as powerholders, 6 –7
Mobilization, 216 . See also Akharas[*] ; Neighborhood
Monetary rewards:
for acting, 67 ;
for artisans, especially weavers, 148 –52;
for biraha[*] , 100 –102, 107 –10;
for katha , 50 , 53 , 56 , 57
Mortality, 175 , 248 , 250
Mughalizing characteristics, 9 , 167
Muhalla[ *] , 18 –19, 122 –23. See also Neighborhood
Muharram:
as civic ceremony, 13 ;
elements of, 158 ;
and neighborhood identity, 158 , 161 ;
symbolism in 1809 riot, 211
N
Nagari[*] Pracharini[*] Sabha[*] , 47 , 183
Nakkatayya festival, 31
Naupatti, 5 –6, 7
Nautanki. See Svang[*]
Neighborhood:
and biraha , 106 , 107 ;
clashes over disease, 261 ;
and house tax protest, 216 ;
as identity, 169 ;
and local worship, 121 , 132 ;
and lower class identity, 144 –45;
and Muharram, 158 ;
and policing, taxation, 218 ;
as form of social organization, 121 ;
and urbanization, 143 .
See also Muhalla
P
Parody, in success of biraha[*] , 99
Parsi theatre, 74 –76
Patronage, 173 , 200 , 209 –10, 217 ;
from elite to popular, 30 –31;
by Hindu "corporations," 30 ;
in royal legitimation, 40 –41;
from royal to mercantile, 29 –30.
See also Gosains; Hindu merchant culture; Lower class; Maharajas; Weavers; Yadavs[*]
Performance:
audience participation in, 34 –35, 71 ;
as battle, 32 –33;
biraha characteristics, 93 –94;
and illiterate audiences, 37 ;
katha[ *] characteristics, 50 –53, 56 –57, 58 ;
in public spaces, 25 , 27 , 70 , 106
Pilgrimage:
centers and ecological history, 231 –40;
routes and disease, 254 –55
Plague, 252 –53;
resistance to anti-plague measures, 247
Pollution, Western versus indigenous concepts, 239
Popular culture, xi ;
changes in, xiii , 60 –61;
and linguistic usage, 186 ;
and lower-class "Banarsipan[*] ," 166 –67;
and Muslims, 161 ;
and print technology, 30 ;
relations to elites, 29 –30;
scholarly debates regarding, xii ;
as work and leisure, xiii , 147 –70.
See also Elites, withdrawal from
Popular unrest, 203 –28
Prasad, Raja Shiv, 79 , 183 , 188 , 223
Print technology, 30 , 45 –47, 64 , 66 –67, 194 –95. See also Illiteracy
Public ceremonials, 27 –29, 158 –64, 204 –9
Public spaces, xiv ;
and collective activities, 204 ;
and environment, 239 ;
not used for festivals, 158 ;
and lower class culture, 121 ;
of muhallas[*] , 123 ;
in Muharram, 158 ;
and reformism, 178 ;
in riots, 222 ;
and weaving, 152 ;
and women, 119
Q
Qadi, 18 –19, 214
Qasba[ *] , 3 , 17 , 21 –22
R
Railway construction, 242
Rajas of Banaras. See Maharajas (title awarded after 1857)
Rajputs, 7 , 211 , 212
Ramanandis[*] . See Gosains
Ramayana:
women's version, 118 –19. See also Ramcharitmanas[*] ; Ramlila[*]
Ramcharitmanas :
as cultural epic, 45 ;
and katha , 34 –35;
and patronage, 36 , 45 ;
and performance, 36 (see also Ramlila);
as text, 30 ;
text and didactic instruction, 25 –27
Ramlila:
in neighborhoods, 12 , 25 ;
Ramnagar version, 11 –12, 209 ;
and women, 119 –20
Ramnagar, 11 , 42 –44
Ramraj[*] , 26 , 41
Reformism:
and artisans, 153 ;
and language movement, 201 ;
and Muslims, 162 –63;
and nationalist agitation, 178 , 224 –26;
of popular theatre, 86 , 89 ;
and public ceremonies, 29 , 31 ;
and weavers, 157
Riots, 168 , 211 –12, 216 –19, 220 –23
Road construction, 241 –42
S
Sanatan[*] Dharm movement, 47 –48, 54
Sangit[*] , 66
Sanskritization, 31 , 59 , 201 , 226
Sari, Banarsi, 126 –28, 147 –48
Script, 188 , 192
Shrines, 164 –65. See also Shringars[ *]
Shringars :
and biraha , 96 , 103 ;
and neighborhood, 143 ;
and reformism, 29 ;
and c urs, 165
Smallpox, 249 –50, 260 , 264
Street theatre, 63 –64. See also Svang[*]
Svang, 64 –73; 179
T
Tanzim , 226
Tulsidas, 13 , 25 –26, 36 , 38
Temple committees, 105 . See also Shringars
U
Urban centers, 16 –17, 18 , 21 –22
Urbanism, 176
Urbanization, 143
V
Vernacular languages, 184 , 187
Village deities, 138
Vishveshvar (Vishvanath[*] ) temple, 111 –13, 211
Voluntary associations, and language, 183 , 198 –99. See also Akharas[*] ; Neighborhood
Vyas, differing styles of, 50 –51. See also Katha[*] ; Ramlila
W
Water technology:
and environment, 240 ;
and riots, 220 –23
Weavers:
and use of Ansari, Julaha[*] , 153 ;
civic participation, 13 ;
degree of independence, 152 ;
and depression or other market slumps, 149 –50, 225 ;
environment and other material processes, 126 , 154 –55;
handloom industry, 126 –28;
and house tax riot, 211 –12;
and multiple identities, 147 ;
political economy of, 13 –15;
relationship to Rajputs, 212 .
See also Artisans; Lower class
Western science, 241 , 247
Women:
and biraha[*] , 105 ;
gender as community, 118 ;
and katha[*] , 56 ;
and neighborhood shrines, 142 ;
and Parsi theatre, 76 ;
in popular culture, 119 ;
and Svang[*] , 71
Worship:
images, 133 ;
petitions, 142 –43.
See also Akharas[*] ; Shrines; Shringars[*]
Wrestling, Yadavs[*] participating in, 136 . See also Akharas
Y
Yadavs:
and bir[*] worship, 136 ;
biraha as folk music genre of, 102 ;
early biraha among, 94 ;
political economy of, 15 .
See also Artisans
Compositor: Interactive Composition Corporation
Text: 10/13 Sabon
Display: Sabon
Printer: Braun-Brumfield, Inc.
Binder: Braun-Brumfield, Inc.