1. For example, D. F. Green (ed.), Arab Theologians on Jews and Israel (Geneva: Editions de l'Avenir, 1971); Yehoshafat Harkabi, “On Arab Antisemitism Once More,” in Shmuel Almog (ed.), Antisemitism through the Ages (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1988), pp. 227–39.

2. Rivka Yadlin, An Arrogant and Oppressive Spirit: Anti-Zionism as Anti-Judaism in Egypt (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1989), pp. 96, 100.

3. For example, Qasim ‘Abduh Qasim, al-Yahud fi misr (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1993); Ahmad ‘Uthman, Ta’rikh al-yahud, vol. 1 (Cairo: Maktabat al-Shuruq, 1994).

4. Ahmad Muhammad Ghunaym and Ahmad Abu Kaff, al-Yahud wa’l-haraka al-siyasiyya fi misr, 1897–1948 (Cairo: Dar al-Hilal [1969]).

5. Siham Nassar, al-Yahud al-misriyyun bayna al-misriyya wa’l-sahyuniyya (Beirut: Dar al-Wahda, 1979), pp. 8, 31. Egyptian reprint edition: al-Yahud al-misriyyun: suhufuhum wa-majallatuhum, 1877–1950 (Cairo: al-‘Arabi li’l-Nashr wa’l-Tawzi [1980]). This work is based on the author's M.A. thesis granted by Cairo University's College of Communications in 1974. Nassar expanded her research into a doctoral thesis published as al-Sahafa al-isra’iliyya wa’l-da‘aya al-sahyuniyya fi misr (Cairo: al-Zahra’ li’l-I‘lam al-‘Arabi, 1991), which has a more Islamist tone than her earlier work.

6. ‘Awatif ‘Abd al-Rahman, al-Sahafa al-sahyuniyya fi misr, 1897–1954: dirasa tahliliyya (Cairo: Dar al-Thaqafa al-Jadida [1979]), pp. 11–12, 58–59, 120.

7. Nassar, al-Yahud al-misriyyun bayna al-misriyya wa’l-sahyuniyya, pp. 103–105.

8. See Victor Nahmias, “al-Shams: ‘iton yehudi be-mitzrayim, 1934–1948,” Pe‘amim 16 (1983):128–41, especially pp. 140–41, for a critique of ‘Awatif ‘Abd al-Rahman's treatment of al-Shams.

9. Nassar, al-Yahud al-misriyyun bayna al-misriyya wa’l-sahyuniyya, p. 75. The reference is to a letter from Lieto Ibrahim Nunu, al-Kalim, July 1, 1945, p. 11. See Chapter 2, note 47, for further details.

10. Nassar, al-Yahud al-misriyyun bayna al-misriyya wa’l-sahyuniyya, p. 139.

11. Ibid., p. 82; ‘Abd al-Rahman, al-Sahafa al-sahyuniyya fi misr, pp. 47–48.

12. ‘Abd al-Rahman, al-Sahafa al-sahyuniyya fi misr, p. 116.

13. ‘Arfa ‘Abduh ‘Ali, Malaff al-yahud fi misr al-haditha (Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli, 1993); Sa‘ida Muhammad Husni, al-Yahud fi misr, 1882–1948 (Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-‘Amma li’l-Kitab, 1993).

14. Nabil ‘Abd al-Hamid Sayyid Ahmad, al-Yahud fi misr: bayna qiyam isra’il wa’l-‘udwan al-thulathi, 1948–1956 (Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-‘Amma li’l-Kitab, 1991), pp. 42–43.

15. Ibid., p. 51.

16. Shihata Harun, Yahudi fi al-qahira (Cairo: Dar al-Thaqafa al-Haditha, 1987), p. 39.

17. Anis Mustafa Kamil, “al-Ra’smaliyya al-yahudiyya fi misr,” al-Ahram al-iqtisadi nos. 636–42 (Mar. 23-May 4, 1981).

18. Ibid., no. 636 (Mar. 23, 1981), p. 18.

19. Ibid., p. 19.

20. Ibid., no. 642 (May 4, 1981), p. 23.

21. Nabil ‘Abd al-Hamid Sayyid Ahmad, al-Nashat al-iqtisadi li’l-ajanib wa-atharuhu fi al-mujtama’ al-misri min sanat 1922 ila sanat 1952 (Cairo: al-Hay’a al-Misriyya al-‘Amma li’l-Kitab, 1982); Nabil ‘Abd al-Hamid Sayyid Ahmad, al-Hayat al-iqtisadiyya wa’l-ijtima‘iyya li’l-yahud fi misr, 1947–1956 (Cairo: Maktabat Madbuli, 1991); Ahmad, al-Yahud fi misr.

22. Ahmad, al-Yahud fi misr, pp. 5–6.

23. Ibid., pp. 7–8.

24. Ahmad, al-Hayat al-iqtisadiyya wa’l-ijtima‘iyya li’l-yahud fi misr, p. 21, n. 1.

25. Shimon Shamir, “The Evolution of Egyptian Nationality Laws and Their Application to the Jews in the Monarchy Period,” in Shimon Shamir (ed.), The Jews of Egypt: A Mediterranean Society in Modern Times (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987), pp. 55 ff.

26. Ahmad, al-Hayat al-iqtisadiyya wa’l-ijtima‘iyya li’l-yahud fi misr, p. 44.

27. Ibid., pp. 48, 49.

28. Ibid., p. 11.

29. ‘Asim Disuqi, Nahwa fahm ta’rikh misr al-iqtisadi al-ijtima‘I (Cairo: Dar al-Kitab al-Jami‘i, 1981); Eric Davis, Challenging Colonialism: Bank Misr and Egyptian Industrialization, 1920–1941 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1983). The following three paragraphs are based on my essay, “Economy and Society, 1923–1952,” in M. W. Daly and Carl Petry (eds.), Cambridge History of Egypt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).

30. Anouar Abdel-Malek, Idéologie et renaissance nationale (Paris: Editions Anthropos, 1969), p. 112; Roger Owen, “The Development of Agricultural Production in Nineteenth Century Egypt: Capitalism of What Type?” in A. L. Udovitch (ed.), The Islamic Middle East, 700–1900: Studies in Economic and Social History (Princeton: Darwin Press, 1981), pp. 521–46.

31. Davis, Challenging Colonialism, p. 199; Robert Vitalis, When Capitalists Collide: Business Conflict and the End of Empire in Egypt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 10; Robert Vitalis, “On the Theory and Practice of Compradors: The Role of ‘Abbud Pasha in the Egyptian Political Economy,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (no. 3, 1990):291–315, especially n. 73, pp. 314–15.

32. Robert L. Tignor, “Bank Misr and Foreign Capitalism,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 8 (no. 2, 1977):170–74, 177–78.

33. Robert L. Tignor, Egyptian Textiles and British Capital, 1930–1956 (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1989), pp. 23–42.

34. Ibid.; Robert L. Tignor, State, Private Enterprise, and Economic Change in Egypt, 1918–1952 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).

35. Vitalis, When Capitalists Collide, pp. 12–15.

36. Maurice Zeitlin and Richard Earl Ratcliff, Landlords & Capitalists: The Dominant Class of Chile (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988); Peter Evans, Dependent Development: The Alliance of Multinational, State, and Local Capital in Brazil (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979).

37. Gavin Kitching, “The Role of the National Bourgeoisie in the Current Phase of Capitalist Development: Some Reflections,” in Paul M. Lubeck (ed.), The African Bourgeoisie: Capitalist Development in Nigeria, Kenya, and the Ivory Coast (Boulder: Westview Press, 1987), p. 50.

38. Immanuel Wallerstein, “The Bourgeois(ie) as Concept and Reality,” New Left Review no. 167 (Jan.–Feb. 1988):91–106. See also Robert Vitalis, “Ra’smaliyyun fi al-khayal: iydiyulujiyat al-tabaqa wa’l-zabun fi al-iqtisad al-siyasi al-misri,” Jadal 1 (Aug. 1991):54–83.

39. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1991), p. 47.

40. On the Suarès family, see Gudrun Krämer, The Jews in Modern Egypt, 1914–1952 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1989), pp. 39–41.

41. On the Suarès family and the sugar industry, see Floresca Karanasou, “Egyptianisation: The 1947 Company Law and the Foreign Communities in Egypt” (D. Phil., St. Antony's College, Oxford University, 1992), pp. 161 ff; Tignor, Egyptian Textiles and British Capital, pp. 87–89.

42. Information in this paragraph is based on Karanasou, “Egyptianisation,” pp. 165–66; Tignor, Egyptian Textiles and British Capital, pp. 87–89; annual volumes of Clément Levy (comp.), The Stock Exchange Year-Book of Egypt (Cairo: Stock Exchange Year-Book of Egypt, 1937–59) from 1947–48 to 1954–55.

43. Karanasou, “Egyptianisation,” pp. 171–86.

44. Tignor, Egyptian Textiles and British Capital, p. 89.

45. Kamil, “al-Ra’smaliyya al-yahudiyya fi misr,” al-Ahram al-iqtisadi no. 641 (Apr. 27, 1981):30; Ahmad, al-Nashat al-iqtisadi li’l-ajanib, pp. 196–98; ‘Ali, Malaff al-yahud fi misr al-haditha, p. 98.

46. Kamil, “al-Ra’smaliyya al-yahudiyya fi misr,” al-Ahram al-iqtisadi no. 641 (Apr. 27, 1981):30.

47. Ethel Carasso, “La Communauté Juive d'Egypte de 1948 à 1957” (Maîtrise d'Histoire Contemporaine, Université de Paris X, 1982), p. 34.

48. Tignor, Egyptian Textiles and British Capital, pp. 84 ff.

49. Ibid., pp. 91 ff. The chairman of the board of Anglo-Egyptian Oilfields from 1947 to February 1950 was a Jew, Sir Robert Waley Cohen, but he had no other connection to Egypt.

50. The following argument is based on Vitalis, When Capitalists Collide.

51. Kamil, “al-Ra’smaliyya al-yahudiyya fi misr,” al-Ahram al-iqtisadi no. 640 (Apr. 20, 1981):11.

52. E. I. Politi, L'Egypte de 1914 à Suez (Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1965), p. 122.

53. Robert L. Tignor, “The Economic Activities of Foreigners in Egypt, 1920–1980: From Millet to Haute Bourgeoisie,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 22 (1980):437–39.

54. Politi, L'Egypte de 1914 à Suez, pp. 117–18.

55. Ibid., p. 99.

56. Lutfi ‘Abd al-‘Azim, “Ta’rikh al-yahud fi misr…li-madha,” al-Ahram al-iqtisadi no. 636 (Mar. 23, 1981):16.

57. Yoram Meital, Atarim yehudiyim be-mitzrayim (Jerusalem: Makhon Ben-Tzvi le-Heker Kehilot Yisra’el ba-Mizrah, 1995); Tawhid Magdi, “Amlak al-yahud fi misr,” Ruz al-yusuf, Dec. 18, 1995, pp. 39–45.

58. Magdi, “Amlak al-yahud fi misr,” p. 40.

59. Ibid., pp. 41, 46.

60. Ibid., p. 40.

61. Anis Mansur, “Hadiyya li’l-sadat: Ikhtaraha yusuf wa-katabaha yusuf ‘an hayat yusuf,” Uktubir, Feb. 2, 1992, p. 13. Wahba was responsible for calligraphic production of the headlines of the newspaper because headliners were not then used in Egypt.

62. Yusuf Wahba, interview, Bat Yam, Mar. 3, 1993.

63. Samir W. Raafat, Maadi, 1904–1962: Society and History in a Cairo Suburb (Cairo: Palm Press, 1994).

64. Samir W. Raafat, “Dynasty: The House of Yacoub Cattaui,” Egyptian Mail, Apr. 2, 1994, p. 3; “Mr. Rabin, Where's Our Tree?” Egyptian Mail, Feb. 18, 1995; “The House Suares Built and How it Became the Mohamed Mahmoud Khalil Museum,” Egyptian Mail, May 6, 1995; “The Hassan Sabri Street Murders Revisited,” Egyptian Mail, Dec. 9, 1995, p. 3; “The National Bank of Egypt, 1898–1956,” Egyptian Mail, May 11 and 25, 1996; “The House of Cicurel”, Al Ahram Weekly, Dec. 15, 1994.

65. Raafat, “Mr. Rabin, Where's Our Tree?”; “Mar rabin, ayfo ha-etz shelanu,” Musaf ha-aretz, Nov. 3, 1995, pp. 14–16.