Preferred Citation: Hedeman, Anne D. The Royal Image: Illustrations of the Grandes Chroniques de France, 1274-1422. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c1991 1991. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8k4008jd/

The Royal Image Illustrations of the Grandes Chroniques de France, 1274–1422 Anne D. Hedeman UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford © 1991 The Regents of the University of California

Preferred Citation: Hedeman, Anne D. The Royal Image: Illustrations of the Grandes Chroniques de France, 1274-1422. Berkeley:  University of California Press,  c1991 1991. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft8k4008jd/

To John

PREFACE

From its origins in the late thirteenth century through the mid-fifteenth century, the Grandes Chroniques de France was an important royal history. It is a French translation of the Latin histories written and updated by the monks of Saint-Denis, who were, from the thirteenth century, official historiographers to the French kings.^[1] The French text that these monks produced incorporated information from contemporary vernacular chronicles and was structured differently from its Latin model. As first written, the Grandes Chroniques traced the history of the French kings from their origins in Troy to the death of Philip Augustus in 1223. With subsequent additions drafted first at Saint-Denis and then at the court in Paris, the chronicle took its final form, describing a chain of royal lives from the fall of Troy to the reign of Charles VI in the 1380s. Copied and amended for a variety of royal and courtly patrons, it survives in approximately 130 manuscripts. Because the Grandes Chroniques de France originated at Saint-Denis, the center of royal historiography, it had a quasi-official status that distinguished it from other vernacular histories and accounted for its popularity.

The study of the Grandes Chroniques has traditionally fallen between two areas of inquiry. Until recently, those interested in the historiography of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries concentrated primarily on Latin texts. They paid little attention to the Grandes Chroniques , which they^[2] considered a "simple" translation of the Latin chronicles. Scholars interested in fifteenth-century historiography generally saw the Grandes Chroniques as outdated and passed over its continuations in favor of other fifteenth-century sources.^[3] Rarely was the chronicle viewed on its own terms as an original creation whose audience differed from that of the Latin chronicle and whose illustrated text was edited and restructured.

Historiographical researchers have begun to reexamine the importance of the vernacular in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and, as a result, propose a different understanding of the Grandes Chroniques . Gabrielle Spiegel's ongoing analysis of the origins of French vernacular historiography traces the political forces that gave rise to the vernacular tradition in France and describes the distinct literary form forged for vernacular history during the thirteenth century.^[4] Serge Lusignan and Nicole Pons have studied the selection of Latin or French (or Latin and French) as a literary language in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries,^[5] providing a context for the origins and development of the Grandes Chroniques and revealing the audience as a determiner of the textual form and of the language.

Indeed, as Bernard Guenée's analysis of the diffusion of the Grandes Chroniques shows, the study of audience provides one avenue for understanding the popularity of the chronicle in the Middle Ages. Guenée demonstrates that, for the first 150 years of the Grandes Chroniques's existence, its audience was carefully circumscribed.^[6] Its readership was centered in the royal court at Paris, and its owners included French kings, members of the royal family, members of the

court, and a few clerics in northern France. During this period, no copies of the work belonged to members of the Parlement or the university community.

One of the most important—and distinctive—features that the French chronicles of Saint-Denis provide their audience is a program of illustration; unlike the Latin compendia of the thirteenth century that the Grandes Chroniques translated, most copies of the Grandes Chroniques were decorated with miniatures. Scholars seeking to describe the creative rather than the derivative aspects of the Grandes Chroniques have overlooked its pictorial cycles,^[7] yet, from the earliest copy of the chronicle presented to King Philip III in 1274 to the copies produced by Parisian booksellers in the early fifteenth century, most manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques were illustrated with widely differing cycles that vary in number, subjects, and style.^[8] Of the approximately 130 surviving manuscripts, over 75 have pictorial cycles, ranging in size from 1 miniature to more than 400 miniatures. The illustrations of the Grandes Chroniques de France offer a rare insight into the creation and dissemination of the royal image in Paris during the tumultuous era in French history when the Valois kings succeeded the Capetians and the Hundred Years' War began. The changes in imagery in copies of the chronicle from the late thirteenth through the early fifteenth century make clear the importance of these political events and the questions about legitimacy that they raised.

Because the illustrated cycles in the Grandes Chroniques vary from manuscript to manuscript, a monographic study of an exceptional version would do little to clarify the aggregate function of the illustrations. Yet a comprehensive analysis of all the illustrated exemplars of the text would be unwieldy. This book aims for the middle ground, covering 5 royal and 15 nonroyal manuscripts that exemplify different pictorial solutions to the problem of illustrating the Grandes Chroniques . I chose these books after examining 100 of the 131 manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques that I have located. In order to provide readers with background for my observations and a guide to sources for further research, I have included at the end of the book a Catalogue of Manuscripts dating from 1274 to c. 1420 (coordinated for easy comparison of individual illustrations to specific texts) and appendixes that provide a chronological list of copies of the Grandes Chroniques , as well as lists of the names of known owners of the manuscripts and of artists who decorated them.

To explore the role that pictures play in directing a reading of the chronicle, I examine their function in their text and their cycle of illustration. By comparing cycles of illustration in various copies of the chronicle, and by considering the manuscripts within the broader contexts of artistic production and contemporary literature and politics, I hope to place primary emphasis on the structure of cycles and the pictorial content of individual manuscripts and to dispel the notion of a standard pictorial or textual edition.^[9] My research suggests that such an approach can provide valuable insights into the uses of history and the perceptions of kingship in France during the late Middle Ages.

This book is arranged chronologically and structured to compare chronicles belonging to the king to those belonging to members of the royal circle. These two groups had differing relationships to the history recorded in the Grandes Chroniques . Contemporary events played a major role in determining the illustrations of the past in royal and princely books. Indeed, royal copies of the chronicle

often used pictures to reshape the past to reflect present interests and suggest a new reading of history. This sense of active participation in the interpretation of history is probably the most significant difference between the illustration of royal and noble versions of the Grandes Chroniques. Grandes Chroniques manuscripts produced for the nobility contain less historical interpretation in the illustration and more expression of a popular sentiment for the monarchy, the religion royale .

The Introduction describes the origin and development of the text of the Grandes Chroniques , which I interpret as a manifestation of Louis IX's political ideology. It then sketches the relationship of the text to contemporary vernacular historiography and to its Latin predecessors. The remainder of the book concentrates on the manuscripts themselves. Part One analyzes the cycle of the first royal Grandes Chroniques and contrasts its function as a Mirror of Princes with that of courtly chronicles from the first decades of the fourteenth century produced for the nobility and of a chronicle commissioned from a Parisian libraire in 1318. Part Two concentrates on manuscripts executed between 1330 and 1345 during the reigns of the early Valois kings; it contrasts the cycle in King John the Good's newly revised copy with a series of contemporary manuscripts decorated by the Master of the Roman de Fauvel for members of the nobility, manuscripts that show the strength of the religion royale in the early stages of the Hundred Years' War. The subject of Part Three is Charles V's manuscript, the first royal book to break from the tradition of a Mirror of Princes and forge an explicitly politicized vision of history. This section describes how Charles's book, the first to contain the account penned at court by Chancellor Pierre d'Orgement, was continued over a period of years and updated by illustrations and interpolated text specifically grounded in the political events of Charles's reign, additions that never reappeared in subsequent copies. Part Four concentrates on manuscripts produced during the reign of Charles VI, the last French king to reign in Paris before the English interregnum. Perhaps because there was little direct royal patronage for manuscripts while Charles VI was king, most illustrated copies of the Grandes Chroniques produced during his reign were conservative. One group made by Parisian booksellers for the nobility shared a concern for the celebration of the religion royale popular since the early fourteenth century, and a second group sought to guide Charles VI with a new kind of mirror for kingly behavior. Only a few books were innovative; in response to the absence of royal leadership, manuscripts painted for members of the court by the Master of the Cité des Dames offered creative representations of the past.

The turbulent reign of Charles VI is a logical endpoint for this study because production of the Grandes Chroniques ceased for a time in Paris from Charles VI's death in 1422 through Charles VII's exile and the regency of the duke of Bedford for the English king, Henry VI. By the time Charles VII was restored to the throne and production resumed in the mid-fifteenth century, the Grandes Chroniques was no longer current because the last event it recorded had occurred in 1381. It therefore lost its position as official history.

By the late fifteenth century the audience for the history recorded in the Grandes Chroniques had changed, and Paris was no longer the sole center for its production. Copies produced after the reign of Charles VI were therefore perceived, illustrated, and used differently. The problems posed by these copies

are very different from those raised by books produced during the first 150 years of the text's existence and will thus be sketched only briefly in the concluding chapter.

From the late thirteenth to the early fifteenth century, the Parisian audience, to which the Grandes Chroniques appealed as a quasi-official history of France, commissioned illustrated copies that differed as much from one another as did their individual patrons. Although illustrations may not have played as vital a role as text in forming the political outlook of the Grandes Chroniques's owners, our perception of the political culture of late medieval France is enriched by analyzing these pictures in the contexts of artists' production, patronage, contemporary literature, and historical events. Because the pictorial cycles of the Grandes Chroniques frequently reflect the political attitudes of the manuscripts' owners, they document the different perceptions of kingship engendered by the chronicle. Moreover, in a few special cases, they provide commentary on contemporary events. The illustrations to the Grandes Chroniques de France thus provide additional insight into the impact of vernacular history on its readers.

I am pleased to acknowledge the generosity of many scholars during the time that I have worked on this topic: François Avril, Joan Diamond, Bernard Guenée, Gilette Labory, Gilbert Ouy, Nicole Roccati, Gabrielle Spiegel, and Patricia Danz Stirnemann. Elizabeth A. R. Brown and Walter Cahn read earlier versions of the book; their thoughtful criticism improved it. Sandra Hindman, the supervisor of the dissertation that forms the core of my study, deserves special thanks for the guidance she gave as I wrote my dissertation and the advice, encouragement, and friendship she has continued to provide in the years since I finished it.

Numerous grants and fellowships supported my work on The Royal Image . The Samuel H. Kress Foundation funded the research for my dissertation, the first stage of this book. Subsequent research, revision, and expansion of the text were made possible by a summer Grant-in-Aid (in 1985) and Fellowship for Recent Recipients of the Ph.D. (in 1987) from the American Council of Learned Societies, and by a J. Paul Getty Postdoctoral Fellowship in the History of Art and the Humanities (in 1987–88). The book is being published with the generous support of an Arnold O. Beckman Research Award from the Research Board of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Finally I would like to thank my husband, John, for his good will, generosity, and humor, and my daughter Jacquelin, for the joy she brought as I worked on this project.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I would like to thank the following people and institutions for providing photographs and permission to reproduce them: Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery: figure 97; Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek: color plate 8 and figures 102, 105, 110, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, and 118; Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier: color plate 2 and figures 51, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 109, 121, 122, and 123; Cambrai, Bibliothèque Municipale: figures 16 and 17; Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale: color plate 3 and figures 26, 27, 52, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, and 68; Mr. J. H. A. van Heek: figure 2; London, The British Library: the cover, color plates 1, 5, and 6, and figures 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 63, and 111; London, The Conway Library, Courtauld Institute of Art: figure 53; New York, Pierpont Morgan Library: color plate 7 and figures 101, 103, 104, and 107; Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine: figures 100, 106, 108, 117, 119, and 120; Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale: color plate 4 and figures 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, and 95; Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève: figures 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 69; Switzerland, Private Collection, figure 53; Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale: figures 94, 96, 98, and 99.

Portions of Chapters 5–7 appeared in earlier publications: "Valois Legitimacy: Editorial Changes in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques de France ," reprinted with revision from Art Bulletin , vol. 66, no. 1 (March 1984), by permission of the College Art Association, Inc.; "Restructuring the Narrative: The Function of Ceremonial in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques de France ," reprinted with revisions from Studies in the History of Art , vol. 16 (1985), by permission of the National Gallery of Art; and "Copies in Context: The Coronation of Charles V in his Grandes Chroniques de France ," reprinted from Jànos M. Bak, ed., Coronations: Studies on Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual , copyright © 1990 The Regents of the University of California, by permission of the University of California Press.

ABBREVIATIONS

INTRODUCTION—
VERNACULAR HISTORY, LATIN HISTORIOGRAPHY, ROYAL PATRONAGE, AND THE GRANDES CHRONIQUES

The Grandes Chroniques de France was a vernacular history produced from the 1270s through the early fourteenth century at the abbey of Saint-Denis, a center of French historiography. Because of its place of origin, the chronicle has been interpreted as an attempt to make the facts of French history accessible to those who could not read Latin.^[1] Although this was certainly one motivation, the literary structure and content of the chronicle clearly shows that Primat, the monastic author-translator, deliberately wrote a new history, based on a Latin Dionysian (from Saint-Denis) compilation but supplemented by information drawn from the newly emerging tradition of vernacular prose history. To understand how the Grandes Chroniques helped shape the royal image in France, it is therefore essential to examine the historiographic tradition of Saint-Denis and the tradition of regional vernacular historiography. Further, because the Grandes Chroniques was commissioned during the reign of Louis IX, the chronicle must be considered in the light of Louis's political ideology.

Louis IX's Political Ideology

Recent studies of French political thought suggest that Capetian ideology, of which the Grandes Chroniques is an important manifestation, was firmly established by the mid-thirteenth century.^[2] During Louis IX's reign, members of the court and of the abbey of Saint-Denis blended ideas first formulated among a handful of chroniclers and poets in the circle of Louis's grandfather, King Philip Augustus, into a coherent theory of kingship. Louis's saintly personality and dedication to the Crusades earned him a reputation in Europe as a preeminent Christian king.^[3] Those close to Louis IX built upon his saintly reputation by promoting the concept of Christian kingship through expressions of royal power such as ceremonials, artistic commissions, and the text of the Grandes Chroniques . Although few of these expressions can be connected directly to Louis's patronage, they embody ideas about the special nature of French kingship that were important to his government.

The French king was presented as the rex christianissimus in the ceremony of coronation, three versions of which were elaborated during the reign of

Louis IX: the Ordo of Reims, c. 1230; the Ordo of 1250; and the Last Capetian Ordo (the Ordo of Sens), c. 1250–70.^[4] As early as the Ordo of Reims, the ceremony contributed to the development of the mythology of kingship by stressing the origin of the holy oil with which the French king was anointed, oil thought to have been miraculously delivered by God at the baptism of Clovis, the first Christian king of France. Among the prerogatives given the king to reinforce his special status was the right to take communion of both bread and wine, a privilege normally restricted to the priesthood. Ideas about sacred monarchy expressed in the Ordo of Reims were developed further in the Last Capetian Ordo , which stressed that the French king was the "only one among all kings to be consecrated with heaven-sent oil." This ordo , probably used from Philip III through Philip of Valois, helped define the special nature of French kingship.^[5]

The ordination of the French kings at their coronation gave them the miraculous power to cure scrofula, the "king's evil," in a second ceremony celebrating France's Christian kingship. Cures of illness by the king's touch are recorded as early as the reigns of Philip I and Louis VI, but after its first mention in a monastic treatise of the early twelfth century the royal practice of touching for the "king's evil" was not clearly discussed in chronicles or accounts until descriptions of the reign of Louis IX were written.^[6] These descriptions indicate that Louis IX's reign marked, if not the revival of the practice, at least its increased visibility in midthirteenth-century France, and they clearly demonstrate that Louis possessed the power to heal because he was king of France, not because he was saintly.^[7]

Louis's artistic commissions also promoted the holiness of French kingship. The Sainte-Chapelle, built to house newly acquired relics of Christ's passion, was dedicated in 1248, just before Louis set out on his first crusade. Its stained glass program places an unusual emphasis on Old Testament kingship, including Louis as the only king from the Christian era.^[8] Commissions such as the Old Testament Picture Book (Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 638) merge Old Testament history and French kingship in an even more sophisticated way. Through secularized representations of royal actions in Old Testament stories, they infuse biblical action with contemporary resonance; in the process, biblical history becomes more secular and French royal history more sacred.^[9]

Later in Louis IX's reign, royal commissions centered more frequently on French kingship without the mediation of Old Testament models. Thus coins struck during Louis's monetary reforms in the 1260s associated the king's shield with the cross and the legend "Christus vincit, Christus regnat, Christus imperat," an assertion of Louis's sovereignty that presented him implicitly as Christ's representative on earth.^[10] Since the barons were forbidden to copy Louis's écu d'or , these coins became a powerful symbol of his monarchy.

Similar attitudes toward the French monarchy are evident in commissions undertaken by the monks at Saint-Denis. In a move Louis surely approved in the 1260s, the abbey translated the bodies of several kings and queens of France to elaborately sculpted tombs arranged around the crossing of the abbey church.^[11] This arrangement celebrated the genealogical continuity of the French ruling house, the descent of French kings from Merovingians to Carolingians and, through Louis VIII and Philip Augustus, from Carolingians to Capetians. The proximity of the royal tombs in the church to those of Saint Denis and his companions also attested to the special relationship between the French house and

France's patron saint. French kings therefore appeared in a privileged position suited to their status as "most Christian," a status that would be impressed upon all the pilgrims who came to the abbey church to visit the graves of the martyrs.^[12]

The Tradition of Regional Vernacular History

The Grandes Chroniques was only one of many vernacular prose histories that appeared in France in the early thirteenth century.^[13] Precursors of the Grandes Chroniques , such as the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle (c. 1200–30), the chronicle of the Anonymous of Chantilly (c. 1210—30), the Chronique des rois de France by the Anonymous of Béthune (before 1223), and the Abrégé de l'histoire de France of the Ménestrel of Alphonse of Poitiers (before 1260), were regional or national histories written specifically for a lay audience ignorant of Latin.^[14] They served purposes different from those of the Latin universal chronicles favored by monastic audiences or the chansons de geste of the nobility.

Authors of the earliest vernacular histories emulated existing genres of French literature such as the epic.^[15] In the thirteenth century, however, they consciously changed the narrative structure of vernacular history, distancing it from that of the epic, to give more credibility to the stories recounted in the chronicle.^[16] In the process, historiographers forged a new French literary language to convey a "literature of fact."^[17]

Among the early French histories, the Grandes Chroniques de France is the preeminent example of this "literature of fact." Adapting the language and form of vernacular history, Primat translated the Latin chronicles preserved at the abbey of Saint-Denis in the 1270s and drew upon contemporary French histories such as the Anonymous of Chantilly's Chronique des rois de France and the Ménestrel of Alphonse of Poitiers's Abrégé de l'histoire de France to write a royal history that displaced earlier examples of the genre by the early fourteenth century.^[18]

The Grandes Chroniques was written near Paris, the seat of French government, for a Parisian audience consisting of the king and those who worked closely with him. Unlike such vernacular histories as the French Pseudo-Turpin chronicle, whose origins in northern France and Flanders were noble and perhaps antiroyal,^[19] the Grandes Chroniques is a quintessentially royalist text. It is therefore a good vehicle for studying the creation and development of the royal image in court circles between the late thirteenth and the early fifteenth centuries.

The Latin Chronicle Tradition at Saint-Denis

The Grandes Chroniques took its present shape over a period of 100 years, during which the monks of Saint-Denis translated into French the Latin chronicles that they had compiled.^[20] From the time of the first copy, dated around 1274, until the mid-fourteenth century, the task of continuing the Grandes Chroniques was entrusted to the abbey. Drawing on rich Latin and vernacular traditions, Primat, the original monastic author-translator, produced a French text that traced the history of the French kings from the fall of Troy through the reign of Philip Augustus. He added elements from contemporary vernacular histories to a translation of writings that had been assembled in Latin anthologies by Dionysian compilers as

early as the first quarter of the thirteenth century: the Latin histories of Aimoin of Fleury, Sigebert of Gembloux, Einhard, Pseudo-Turpin, Hugh of Fleury, the continuator of Aimoin, and Guillaume of Jumièges.^[21] Primat interwove these Latin and vernacular sources in a genealogical frame, producing a sequence of royal biographies that for the most part began with the king's coronation and ended with his death.

As his primary Latin source, Primat used an anthology (B.N. lat. 5925) made at Saint-Denis in the 1250s. He placed the French texts in the same order as many of the Latin ones and incorporated marginal notes from that manuscript, which he may have written himself to comment on and correct its text.^[22] Like the earliest translator of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle, Primat modified and supplemented this source.^[23] He edited it; added translations of texts such as the Latin Descriptio qualiter (designed to authenticate relics owned by the abbey) and the life of Louis VII, neither of which was present in B.N. lat. 5925; clarified portions of his translation from Latin by comparing it to contemporary vernacular chronicles; and smoothed over transitions between the disparate elements that made up the Latin manuscript.^[24]

Primat also structured his Grandes Chroniques differently from the Latin anthology. As the arrangement of decorated initials, rubrics, and chapter lists in these manuscripts makes clear, the Latin compendium was designed to present a collection of histories with their individuality preserved, whereas the first Grandes Chroniques (Ste.-Gen. 782) was conceived as a unified whole. In the Latin manuscript large decorated initials reinforce the originality and autonomy of component parts, marking Aimoin's Epistula in librum de gestis Francorum ad Abbonem abbatem (fol. 1), Aimoin's preface to the Historia Francorum (fol. IV), the four books of Aimoin's Historia Francorum and the Gesta Dagoberti (fols. 6, 19, 34V, 69V, and 73), the Vita Caroli Magni by Einhard (fol. 123), the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle (fol. 132), the Gesta Ludovici Pii imperatoris (fol. 149V – followed by shortened lives of his successors), the prologue to the Vita Ludovici VI Grossi regis and the Vita (fol. 199V), and the prologue to the Gesta Philippi Augusti and the Gesta (fols. 248V–249V). Primat chose to omit the two longer passages that preceded Aimoin's history and the prologues that set apart the lives of Louis VI and Philip Augustus. Further, he prefaced each book (except that describing the life of Louis VII, which came from another source) with chapter lists. Primat also added a prologue and subdivided the text of B.N. lat. 5925. Thus the life of Charlemagne was divided into five books and that of Philip Augustus into three; the life of Charles the Bald was made into a single book.^[25] As we shall see, many of Primat's new subdivisions were reinforced by illustrations, perhaps to draw special attention to those portions of the text.

Because B.N. lat. 5925 was a recueil , it contained no prologue to the work as a whole. Primat integrated part of the proem of Aimoin's Latin chronicle with which B.N. lat. 5925 began (fol. 6), with an edited version of the prologue of a contemporary vernacular history commissioned by Louis IX's brother, the Abrégé de l'histoire de France by the Ménestrel of Alphonse of Poitiers. To these he added material of his own to shape a royalist reading of the Grandes Chroniques .^[26]

Primat's prologue is most telling when it departs from its models. Certain additions and omissions reveal the bias of the Dionysian historiographer. Whereas

the Ménestrel of Alphonse of Poitiers enumerated diverse sources for his text—ranging from lives of saints to "a book which describes the gestes of the French kings which is at Saint-Germain-des-Près"—Primat listed only the chronicles of Saint-Denis.^[27] Similarly, Primat stressed genealogy to a greater extent than did the Ménestrel, perhaps because of Saint-Denis's role as royal necropolis.^[28] Some changes in the Ménestrel's prologue clarify the didactic purpose and audience of the Grandes Chroniques : Primat declared that the king and princes "with lands to govern" should "profit from the example of history."^[29] Still other alterations introduce a common literary topos in which the translator who has undertaken the work at the request of his patron humbly begs the pardon of his readers for the inadequacy of his translation.^[30]

Primat used a paragraph from Aimoin's Latin proem as a transition from the Ménestrel's text to Primat's largest original contribution to the prologue. Although Aimoin's Epistula and Praefatio were included in B.N. lat. 5925, their subject matter was too specific for the prologue to the Grandes Chroniques ; the Epistula was addressed to Aimoin's abbot, and the Praefatio described the customs and institutions of Gaul and Germany.^[31] Primat used the most generalized portion of Aimoin's Proemium , a text following the preface, which celebrated the prowess, fame, and devotion of the ancient Franks.^[32] Primat's adaptation first mentions the Trojan origins of the French, then discusses the ferocity with which the French fought their enemies and the mercy with which they treated their subjects, and concludes with a description of the reverence that inspired the French to convert to Christianity.^[33]

This description of the French people provides a smooth transition to Primat's major addition to the prologue: two long passages that reinforce themes of holiness and seem to relate specifically to the political ideology of Louis IX's court. The first passage describes France's special role as defender of the church; it stresses the holiness of the French nation in an elaboration on Aimoin's description of the ancient Franks.^[34] Primat then tells why France merits her special status: first, because Saint Denis protects France and, second, because Paris is the center of learning "by which the holy church is sustained and enlightened," having moved to France from Greece and Rome—an event referred to as the translatio studii .^[35] These original passages end with a prayer that God maintain learning and chivalry in France.^[36]

Primat's additions to the prologue draw attention to the genealogy of the French kings, but they also praise the holy nation that the kings govern under the protection of Saint Denis. Indeed, by juxtaposing his reference to the translatio studii with the prayer that follows it, Primat suggests that France and her kings must strive continually to merit their special status in the eyes of God.^[37] Thus Primat's own additions to the prologue cast the chronicle in a didactic, even moralizing, frame; they lead readers, whether royal or noble, to anticipate a history of the holy kingdom of France and its most Christian kings that will provide models for their own behavior.

The additions to the prologue, the interpolations of texts like the Descriptio qualiter and the life of Louis VII, the use of vernacular histories to clarify and expand the text, and the restructuring of the Latin source (B.N. lat. 5925) demonstrate Primat's intention to shape a history for a vernacular audience. Three of his

changes in particular distinguish the Grandes Chroniques from other works. First, the revised structure of the French text, reflected in book divisions and decoration, pays increased attention to the lives of Charlemagne, Charles the Bald, and Philip Augustus. Second, the language of the translation is more "objective" than that of the contemporary vernacular histories that Primat used as sources. Third, original additions to the prologue place the text that follows squarely within the framework of Louis IX's royal ideology. The following chapters consider whether the Grandes Chroniques 's illustrations, the most obvious additions to this vernacular chronicle, were equally innovative.

PART I—
THE FIRST ILLUSTRATED COPIES OF THE GRANDES CHRONIQUES

Chapter One—
Philip III's Grandes Chroniques

Contemporary Representations of Kingship at the Court and the Abbey of Saint-Denis:
Precedents for the Grandes Chroniques

Dionysian and courtly commissions, rather than other vernacular histories, provide precedents for the cycles of decoration in the earliest copies of the Grandes Chroniques de France . In view of the origins and patronage of the translation of the chronicle, this is not surprising. Because the French translation of the Latin chronicles of Saint-Denis began during Louis IX's reign, the earliest manuscript (Ste.-Gen. 782) must be considered with other commissions focusing on kingship that were produced for the saintly king and his successors. Further, because the text of the Grandes Chroniques was translated by Primat, a monk of Saint-Denis, and the illustrations of the presentation manuscript were probably planned with the advice of Primat or Abbot Matthew of Vendôme, the pictorial cycles in the earliest Grandes Chroniques de France are analogous to those commissions by the abbey or the court under the supervision of the abbey. The pattern of courtly and monastic commissions in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries demonstrates how depictions of kingship were shaped by patronage and colored by self-interest.

Kingship in the Royal Context

The fortunes of the Capetian house flourished during the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. When the first copy of the Grandes Chroniques was decorated shortly after the death of Louis IX in 1270, the Capetians were in firm control of France. By the reign of Philip the Fair (1285–1314), France was the dominant power in Europe, able to challenge and defeat even the pope. Although the last Capetians, Louis X (1314–16), Philip V (1316–22), and Charles IV (1322–28), were troubled by a dearth of male heirs, the institution of the monarchy remained powerful.^[1]

Popular commissions responded to the concerns of the reigning king. Before Saint Louis, references to French kingship were couched most frequently in terms of the biblical antecedents of the French monarchs, the kings of Judah.^[2] Depictions of kings from the Old Testament mingled with those of queens and prophets in jamb statues, such as those at Saint-Denis and Chartres; later, sculpted

Old Testament kings predominated in the galleries on the facades of cathedrals.^[3] Galleries of kings may have been more explicitly dynastic; as early as the thirteenth century, literary references document the popular perception that the statues in the gallery of Notre-Dame represented kings of France.^[4]

Ceremony and art dealing more specifically with the king also associated biblical with French kingship. One of the most important ceremonies to do this was the French coronation, versions of which were drafted around 1230 and again around 1250.^[5] The sculpture of Reims cathedral, the site of the royal coronation, commemorates in more durable form the equation of Old Testament and French rulers expressed in the words of the coronation ceremony. Thus on at least one level, the interior facade of Reims is, as Sadler has shown, a collection of biblical exempla directed to the newly crowned king.^[6]

Pictorial programs focusing on kingship evolved during the reigns of the last Capetians. Early commissions executed for Louis IX continued to portray kingship in terms of Old Testament models. For instance, artists depicted biblical scenes in a group of Parisian monuments in manuscript and stained glass executed for Louis. These emphasized human rather than divine action and concentrated primarily on Old Testament kings.^[7] The changed subject matter and new narrative style in these cycles invested religious history with a "new prescriptive force" to become an example for royal behavior.^[8] After Louis's canonization in 1297, hagiographic programs, frequently presented within a dynastic framework, became more common at court.^[9] The presence of a royal saint allowed subsequent rulers such as Philip III or Philip the Fair to glorify the royal house by promoting the cult of their saintly forebear.^[10]

During the reign of the last Capetian kings, royal commissions, whether biblical, hagiographic, or dynastic, manifested concern with legitimacy and dynastic continuity.^[11] Increasingly, courtly commissions emphasized the continuous succession of the three races of French kings, a succession whose length and holiness, confirmed by the sainthood of Louis IX, were the subject of the Grandes Chroniques de France .

Kingship in the Dionysian Context

Throughout the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, the fortunes of the abbey of Saint-Denis were closely connected to those of the Capetian kings.^[12] As early as the twelfth century, Abbot Suger succeeded in weaving together the destinies of France and the abbey. He acted as regent while Louis VII was on crusade; secured the privileges of guarding the coronation regalia and the oriflamme , the official standard of the French kings; and established the abbey as the burial place for France's rulers.

Subsequent abbots followed Suger's lead in promoting Dionysian involvement in France and the king's involvement in the abbey. Abbot Matthew of Vendôme (1258–86) acted as regent when Louis IX was on his second crusade and handled the day-to-day administration for Louis's successor, Philip III.^[13] Perhaps at the request of Louis, this same abbot gave visual expression to the abbey's role as royal necropolis by commissioning an extensive tomb program.^[14] The deliberate interweaving of abbey and realm continued during the tenure of Giles of Pontoise (1304–26). He had been sponsored for the abbacy by Philip IV, had

acted as a royal councillor, and was an executor of Philip's will. In his commissions Giles of Pontoise continued the long-standing tradition of presenting the French ruler with objects that glorified his kingship and demonstrated the special role of the abbey in royal history.^[15] Throughout this period the abbey's royal programs seem to have had a consistent aim: to combine self-promotion with promotion of the royal house. Programs aimed at a larger audience as well as those geared to a single viewer, the king, demonstrate this consistency of purpose.

Two Dionysian commissions of the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries exemplify this merging of self-promotion and royal promotion in the abbey's patronage. The program of tombs completed by Matthew of Vendôme in 1267 glorified kingship but also aimed to secure the rights of Saint-Denis over private foundations like Royaumont as the burial place for French kings.^[16] Similarly, the presentation copy of Ivo of Saint-Denis's Vita et Passio Sancti Dionysii (B.N. fr. 2090–92 and B.N. lat. 13836), commissioned during the reign of Philip IV by Giles of Pontoise and given to Philip V around 1319, combined a vita of Saint Denis with a chronicle stressing his miraculous interventions in French history. This text was intended to reawaken royal devotion to Saint Denis as much as to promote kingship.^[17]

Although these commissions consistently promoted the abbey, their portrayal of kingship and their dynastic content developed over time. The arrangement of tombs changed after the death of Louis IX and again after his canonization, evolving away from the original schematic demonstration of the origins of the Merovingian, Carolingian, and Capetian kings of France and their relationships to one another. The addition of a gilded tomb for Louis IX sometime before May 1282 affirmed his importance, as did Philip IV's directive in 1306 that the bodies of four Carolingian rulers and Philip III and Isabella of Aragon be moved to make room for his own tomb next to that of Saint Louis. In the process the tombs' program shifted from celebrating the succession of dynasties to concentrating on Louis IX, France's holy king.^[18] Similarly, when the presentation copy of Ivo of Saint-Denis's Vita et Passio was prepared for Philip V, its text was translated and miniatures were added to reflect the special importance dynastic themes held for Philip.^[19] Similar royal and Dionysian preoccupations influenced the development of cycles of the Grandes Chroniques .

The Copy of the Grandes Chroniques
Presented to Philip III:
A Mirror of Princes

The earliest surviving Grandes Chroniques (Ste.-Gen. 782) is a luxurious manuscript commissioned around 1274 by the monks of Saint-Denis for presentation to Philip III, who had succeeded his father, Louis IX, in 1270.^[20] It contained the newly translated vernacular version of the chronicles of Saint-Denis and 36 miniatures and historiated initials. Parisian artists who had undertaken commissions for Louis IX decorated the book.^[21] Any analysis of its cycle of decorations must consider these circumstances of production.

Such an analysis must also consider the hierarchy of decoration, the scale and positioning of miniatures in relation to one another, and the relationships between text and illustration. Such an approach refines previous interpretations

and shows that the content of the pictures in this chronicle is closer in tone to contemporary Dionysian cycles than to royal cycles commissioned by Louis IX or Philip III.

The iconography of Philip III's Grandes Chroniques is particularly inventive. Although the pictures in this new text employ diverse models, they transformed them into a focused program. For instance, a compositional pattern for a battle scene employed as a shop model in the stained glass of Saint-Denis (for the capture of Nicaea by the crusaders) and of Chartres (for the capture of a Spanish city) was adapted to represent Philip Augustus's capture of Le Mans (fol. 295).^[22] In this case, the adaptation does not seem to have influenced the content of the scene. Parisian artists who worked in varied media used this model to represent any number of battles.

Some pictorial models may, however, have been more closely tied to their original texts. The clearest example of this is the Dream of Charlemagne (see Fig. 5), which illustrates a portion of the Grandes Chroniques translated from the chronicle of Pseudo-Turpin. The two scenes chosen for Philip III's manuscript are similar to those selected for such early monuments based on the text of the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle as the thirteenth-century châsse of Charlemagne at Aix-la-Chapelle. As in the Grandes Chroniques , this image combines the vision of the starry sky with the appearance of Saint James. The illustration of Saint James appearing to Charlemagne in the beginning of the Latin Pseudo-Turpin chronicle in the twelfth-century Codex Calixtinus and its fourteenth-century copies is also similar.^[23] Although these earlier monuments form part of a rich visual tradition based on the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle—a tradition within which the image in Philip III's Grandes Chroniques belongs—the precise relationship between the illustration in the Grandes Chroniques and the earlier tradition is difficult to establish. Because the events represented in each image are described in both the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle and the Grandes Chroniques , the similarities between the châsse, Codex Calixtinus , and the Grandes Chroniques may be coincidental.^[24] Artists may have arrived at their visual formulations independently.

The most sophisticated use of models in the Grandes Chroniques occurs in the adaptation of imagery from one text to illustrate another, as in the frontispiece of the chronicle. The first chapter of Book I of the Grandes Chroniques concentrates on tracing the genealogy of the French from Francion, the mythical son of Hector whose descendants founded France, whereas the picture that illustrates it concentrates on the rape of Helen. The beginning of the genealogy, which describes how Priam, ruler of Troy, sent his son Paris to Greece to avenge a slight committed by the Greek king, provided an opportunity to insert the frontispiece: Paris's vengeance was the abduction of Helen. The text of the chronicle goes on to describe the siege and destruction of Troy by the outraged Greeks and to tell how the few survivors of the city scattered all over the world.^[25]

Only the first part of this brief Trojan account is illustrated in the frontispiece (Fig. 1). In four scenes the miniature portrays Priam dispatching Paris, Paris setting sail for Greece, Paris and his army capturing Helen in the temple of Venus, and the Trojans setting sail for Troy with their prize.

The picture offers more information than does its text because it was derived from another source, the Roman de Troie , written in the 1160s by Benoît de Sainte-

Figure 1
Priam dispatches Paris to Greece; Paris sets sail; Paris captures
Helen at the Temple of Venus; Paris and Helen set sail for Troy.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève,
Ms. 782, fol. 2v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

Maure.^[26] The earliest surviving Roman de Troie (Fig. 2), a provincial manuscript dated 1264, near the time of the execution of the Grandes Chroniques , presents the closest analogies with the chronicle's frontispiece.^[27] These miniatures share three of four scenes; they differ only in the last frame, where the chronicle's picture substitutes the departure of Paris, Helen, and the Trojan army for the Roman de Troie 's scene of the massacre in the temple that preceded the Trojan flight from Greece.

This major change and certain subtle alterations to the miniature of the rape of Helen minimize the unjust behavior of France's Trojan ancestors and thus make them more appropriate models for Philip III. The rape of a queen and the slaughter of innocent, albeit pagan, worshippers were not exemplary modes of behavior. However, these scenes were often paired and graphically illustrated in early cycles of the Roman de Troie and in their adaptation in the Histoire ancienne .^[28] By contrast, the rape in the Grandes Chroniques could almost be a wedding; the

Figure 2
Priam dispatches Paris to Greece; Paris sets
sail; Paris captures Helen at the Temple of
Venus; Massacre of Greeks.  Roman de Troie .
s'Heerenberg, Stichting Huis Bergh.

figures stand before an abbreviated altar in the presence of handmaidens and soldiers. The only suggestion of coercion in the image is Paris's firm grasp on Helen's wrist. Similarly, although it might be argued that the departure from Greece was added to round out the story, the scene was also appealing because of its nonviolent content. Both the text of the Grandes Chroniques and many later frontispieces go beyond the departure from Greece to offer a graphic depiction of the Greeks' revenge on Troy.

Despite their diverse origins, the illustrations of the first Grandes Chroniques form a carefully constructed program, one so particular to its time and place that the images had little influence on subsequent pictorial cycles. This Grandes Chroniques was produced for a specific audience; its miniatures reflect the historical preoccupations of the abbey of Saint-Denis, where it was commissioned, and provide certain models of kingship for Philip III, to whom it was presented.

Like the illustrations, two textual elements of this Grandes Chroniques support its special purposes. The French poem and prologue bracketing Philip III's book

present the Grandes Chroniques as a collection of exempla that follow the sequence of the three great French ruling houses in an effort to educate the young king Philip to be a good ruler. According to the prologue, the chronicle is to be a "mirror of life" in which "each person can find good and evil, beauty and ugliness, sense and folly, and profit in everything through the example of history."^[29]

And because there have been three generations of kings in France since it all began, this history will be divided into three principal books: where the first will speak of the generation of Meroveus, the second of the generation of Pepin, and the third of the generation of Hugh Capet. Each of these books will be subdivided into diverse books, according to the lives and deeds of diverse kings; ordered by chapters to understand the material more easily and without confusion. The beginning of this history will be taken at the noble line of the Trojans from whom it [the French line] is descended by long succession.^[30]

At the end of Philip III's Grandes Chroniques a special French poetic colophon, rarely copied in later manuscripts, addresses Philip directly.^[31] Developing one theme sounded in the prologue—that of learning from the deeds of prior kings—it informs Philip that the manuscript was made for him to study and read in the hope that he would be a wise king. According to the poem, Philip should emulate the deeds of the good kings recorded in the chronicle and shun the example of the bad.

In their focus on the education of a young ruler these passages tie the chronicle to a newly forming tradition, the Mirror of Princes, a genre of political literature that remained popular throughout the Middle Ages.^[32] Although Mirrors of Princes took varied forms, ranging from poetry to scholastic prose, they shared a royal audience and a content designed to teach a prince to govern with sound moral principles. The Capetian court of Louis IX, which probably provided the impetus for the translation of the Grandes Chroniques , played an important role in generating and consuming this type of political literature.^[33] Indeed, the prologue and poetic colophon establish a reading of the chronicle that is consistent with our knowledge of Louis IX's use of history; Joinville, one of Louis's biographers, describes how the king told his children stories of past rulers to give them examples to follow and avoid.^[34]

The miniatures of presentation that illustrate the prologue and poetic colophon frame the cycle of pictures in this manuscript and work with their texts to establish how the book should be read. In the first picture (Fig. 3), a kneeling monk humbly presents the chronicle to the king. The second picture (Fig. 4), the largest in the manuscript, transforms the presentation that inaugurates the chronicle, just as the poetic colophon elaborates themes presented in the prologue. In this two-column miniature the king is still enthroned and in his regalia, and Primat still presents his book, but Matthew of Vendôme rather than the king dominates the scene. Supervising the presentation, the imposing abbot stands so tall that the king must look up at him, and he and his monks occupy two-thirds of the picture's space. This miniature calls attention to the giving of the gift rather than its reception, and it suggests that the voice in the poem below it is Matthew's.^[35] In doing so it celebrates the abbot's role in guiding Philip III and the important historiographic work done by Matthew of Vendôme and his monks.

Figure 3
Presentation of book to Philip III.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol. 1.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

The distribution of miniatures in the chronicle proper does not follow the simple pattern established by the textual divisions. Primat's translation of the Latin chronicle is laid out as a series of books, all but one of them (the life of Louis VII) preceded by chapter lists: five books tell of the Merovingians and of Pepin (the first Carolingian); five books recount the exploits of Charlemagne; two describe Charlemagne's first two descendants—Louis the Pious and Charles the Bald; one records the lives of the later Carolingians and of the Capetians up until Louis VI; one each is dedicated to Louis VI and Louis VII; and three report the deeds of Philip Augustus.^[36]

The miniatures in Philip III's manuscript are of two types. Larger, columnwide miniatures mark the beginnings of books describing the lives of the Merovingian rulers, the imperial Carolingians (Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, and Charles the Bald), and Philip Augustus. Smaller historiated initials decorate books and chapters that Matthew of Vendôme must have perceived as less important to Philip III—those that record the lives of the last Carolingians and all Capetian rulers except Philip Augustus. Illustrations break this basic pattern in three places: small historiated initials pick out two chapters at the end of the last

Figure 4
Presentation of book to Philip III.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève,
Ms. 782, fol. 326v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

Merovingian book, subdivide chapters in the lives of the last Carolingians, and mark the beginning of the chapter list in the life of Philip Augustus.

All these illustrations emphasize certain themes from the prologue of the Grandes Chroniques . Some, like the Trojan frontispiece and representations of good kingship in the lives of Charlemagne and Philip Augustus, are appropriate for the "Mirror" theme mentioned in the poem and prologue. Others relate more closely to the dynastic frame, the succession of races, also described in the prologue. Still others intertwine the histories of France and the abbey of Saint-Denis. As will become clear, all these themes are interdependent, so that the pictures weave together the textual themes of good kingship, dynastic continuity, and historical identity between France and Saint-Denis.

Models of Kingship

The Trojan frontispiece and the subcycles of the lives of Charlemagne and Philip Augustus shed light on the ideals of kingship promoted in the Grandes Chroniques given to Philip III. A comparison of the frontispiece with its probable model and of the illustrations of the lives of Charlemagne and Philip Augustus with the subsequent tradition helps to pinpoint consistent aims in the cycle.

As discussed earlier, the frontispiece of the first copy of the Grandes Chroniques emphasizes the Trojan ancestry of the French kings. With certain care-

ful modifications, it copies the most modern visual source for the story to show the ancestors of the French kings as suitable models for kingship.

Pictures illustrating the life of Charlemagne provide similar models. Except for its opening miniature, the subcycle of the life of Charlemagne resembles early cycles of his life based on the Pseudo-Turpin chronicle and is typical of later cycles in the Grandes Chroniques .^[37] Nonetheless, the repetition of the figure of Charlemagne in scenes from his life attracts the reader's attention. Thus the dream of Charlemagne encompasses two scenes (Fig. 5): in one the king first sees the vision of the starry road, and in the other Saint James appears to explain it to him. In the miniature of Charlemagne's coronation (Fig. 6) two images invert the relationships between the emperor and the pope. In the upper scene the church is supreme, and Charlemagne kneels to be crowned emperor in Rome at the hands of the pope; in the lower scene the state takes priority, and the pope pleads with Charlemagne to commute the sentences of those condemned by the emperor for degrading the pontiff.

Although these scenes derive directly from the chronicle's text, they depart from it in one important visual detail—they emphasize Charlemagne's kingship

Figure 5
Charlemagne has vision of the starry sky; Saint James
appears to sleeping Charlemagne.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol.
141. Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

rather than his imperial status. Only the miniature of Charlemagne's coronation as emperor includes an imperial crown.^[38] Its absence in subsequent miniatures is curious yet may be explained by the historical relationship of the French kings to the empire.

These pictures express a nationalistic tradition that held that Charlemagne was an important model of French kingship.^[39] Until the twelfth century Charlemagne was viewed as ancestor of the West Frankish, or French, kings, but not as progenitor of the German rulers who became associated with the Holy Roman Empire.^[40] With the exception of the German emperor, Frederick Barbarossa, who sponsored the canonization of Charlemagne in 1165, few Germans felt a popular sentiment for Charlemagne. In France, on the other hand, Charlemagne was immensely popular in both Dionysian and royal circles. As early as the twelfth century, the abbey of Saint-Denis employed numerous devices to tie itself to the growing cult of Charlemagne.^[41] A forged charter suggested that Charlemagne had paid homage for France at the abbey. The monks mounted a campaign to promote the oriflamme , guarded at Saint-Denis, as Charlemagne's personal standard. This propaganda was effective and spread into vernacular chansons de geste , like the

Figure 6
Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne at Rome; Pope and emperor
judge conspirators.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol. 121v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

Pilgrimage of Charlemagne , which celebrated Charlemagne's fictitious trip to the East from which he brought back relics allegedly given later to Saint-Denis by Charles the Bald.

By the reign of Philip Augustus a cult of Charlemagne flourished in France, focusing on Charlemagne as emperor. It was employed primarily to justify territorial expansion.^[42] In the popular imagination, reflected in chansons de geste of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Charlemagne's empire was equated with the kingdom of France: 170 passages in the chanson de Roland make this equation.^[43]

In the late thirteenth century, when this manuscript of the Grandes Chroniques was produced, the association of France with the empire and the French king with the emperor seems to have had a different use. Despite, or perhaps because of, a botched attempt to secure the imperial crown, Philip III placed more emphasis on defining the limits of French kingship than on claiming the empire.^[44] Political texts produced during his reign consistently underscore the French king's sovereignty—he is princeps in regno suo who "takes his power from no one except God and himself" (le roy ne tient de nului fors de dieu et de lui )—without any reference to the empire.^[45]

The identification of the French king with Charlemagne in a ceremony described in the Grandes Chroniques further strengthened French kingship. Philip was the first king to use Charlemagne's sword, Joyeuse , in the ceremony of coronation, thus emphasizing Charlemagne's role as ancestor of the French kings.^[46] Certainly, the portrayal of Charlemagne as a French king in the illustrations of Philip III's Grandes Chroniques was deliberate and, moreover, compatible with his consistent political posture.

Illustrations of the life of Philip Augustus are equally important in this manuscript, both as models of kingship for Philip Augustus's namesake and possibly as a further means of associating Philip III with Charlemagne. The hierarchy of decoration in the manuscript, as well as one particularly powerful miniature, mark this segment of the text with a special subcycle.

A historiated initial of the king enthroned begins the chapter list, and three miniatures illustrate the life of Philip Augustus. Only Philip Augustus's life has a historiated initial mark the chapter list, and miniatures rather than historiated initials illustrate the account of his reign—the first in the manuscript since the histories of the early Carolingians. Doubtless Philip Augustus alone of the Capetians receives such attention in part because he held a special place in the thoughts of Philip III. Philip Augustus was presented along with Saint Louis as a model for Philip III, as, for instance, in the dedication verses to Guillaume de Nangis's Life of Saint Louis .^[47] Other writings from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries describe Philip Augustus as one of the first of a series of holy kings to rule France.

The first miniature of Philip Augustus's life (Fig. 7) suggests this king's holiness and miraculous birth: Christ swoops down from behind a cloud to present a young crowned king to Louis VII and his wife, who kneel in prayer with representatives of a cross section of society. This image is more emblematic than narrative. Instead of illustrating Louis VII's Christological vision (Philip Augustus giving the barons blood to drink from a chalice) or the actual birth of an heir—images that became canonical illustrations for this text in later copies of the Grandes Chroniques —this miniature focuses on Philip's sobriquet, Dieudonné . The picture derives from the text of the chronicle but combines Louis VII's prayer with its

Figure 7
Louis VII and Queen Alix receive Philip Augustus from Christ.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève,
Ms. 782, fol. 280. Photograph by the author.

response. The text describes how the king, his queen, and all the clergy and people of the realm prayed for the birth of a son. God heard their prayers and gave them Philip, a son whom Louis "nourished healthily and introduced plainly in the faith of Christ and the commandments of the holy church" and whom he had crowned at Reims when he was "of appropriate age."^[48]

The portrayal of Philip as a crowned child holding a scepter contradicts part of the narrative; he was not crowned until he was 14 years old. Indeed, Philip's dress alludes to Louis VII's prayer, also recorded in the chapter, in which Louis requests an heir to rule: "Lord, give me a son, heir of my body, noble governor of the realm of France."^[49] This boy clad in the attributes of kingship comes in answer to the prayer of the king and the populace for a "governor." The picture thus celebrates both the birth of Philip Augustus and the God-given kingship of France.

In this manuscript Philip Augustus and Charlemagne not only provide Philip III with distinct models for French kingship, but are also associated with

each other. This connection is emphasized by the layout of the cycle of decoration. A reader coming upon the group of miniatures illustrating the life of Philip Augustus might well recall that Charlemagne was the last ruler in this manuscript to have such a cycle.

Textual evidence provides further reasons for associating Philip Augustus with Charlemagne. The most famous text to do so is the reditus regni ad stirpem Karoli Magni , the prophecy that seven generations after the usurpation of the French throne by Hugh Capet, France would be returned to a ruler of Carolingian descent.^[50] In this copy of the Grandes Chroniques , discussion of the reditus is limited to a small paragraph at the beginning of Hugh Capet's life which states that Philip Augustus married Elizabeth of Hainaut expressly to recover the line of Charlemagne.^[51] In later copies of the chronicle an expanded discussion of the reditus appears at the beginning of the life of Philip Augustus's son, Louis VIII, who fulfilled the prophecy because he was descended from the Carolingians on both his mother's and father's sides.^[52] Perhaps because Louis's life was not included in Philip III's manuscript, Philip Augustus is presented as the prime agent of the reditus .

The reditus affected Primat's translation of his sources. In describing the second coronation of Philip Augustus, which took place in Saint-Denis in 1180 during his marriage to Elizabeth of Hainaut, Primat transformed his Latin source, a text by Rigord, by explicitly referring to Charlemagne. The Latin text described how Elizabeth's uncle, Philip of Flanders, carried a sword with honor before the king; Primat's version speaks of "Philip of Flanders, who on this day carried Joyeuse , the sword of the great king Charlemagne, before the king as is right and customary at coronations of kings."^[53]

These visual and textual references to Charlemagne and Philip Augustus are provocative because they may echo Philip Augustus's identification with Charlemagne, voiced most explicitly in the reditus . Primat's interpolation, moreover, may have been an attempt to establish a precedent for Philip III's use of Charlemagne's sword in his coronation and to strengthen the identification between Philip III and his great Capetian ancestor Philip Augustus. Mention of the sword Joyeuse was probably intended to recall Charlemagne, Philip Augustus's illustrious predecessor, and to refer to Philip III, his namesake who also used Charlemagne's sword in the ceremony. Thus both text and pictures present Charlemagne and Philip Augustus to Philip III as dual models of kingship.

Dynastic Continuity

Other illustrations in Philip III's Grandes Chroniques develop the dynastic theme of the prologue. These merge, yet differentiate, the sequence of Merovingian, Carolingian, and Capetian rulers that stretches back to Troy, and in the process they celebrate the legitimacy of the Capetians and of Philip III.

Two historiated initials break the pattern of illustrations in the first portion of the manuscript to address the transfer of government from Merovingian to Carolingian. The first (Fig. 8) portrays the coronation of Chilperic II, in a chapter that begins with a rubric, "Ci commence li fait du noble prince Charles Martel," which directs attention away from Chilperic to the mayor of the palace, Charles Martel. The second initial (Fig. 9) celebrates the prowess of Pepin, Charles Martel's

Figure 8
Coronation of Chilperic II.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms.
782, fol. 100.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

Figure 9
Carloman and Pepin capture Laon from their brother
Grifon. Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol. 103.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

son and the progenitor of the Carolingian line, shown with his brother capturing the city of Laon. The text describes how, as a reward for his nobility in defending the French realm, Pepin was crowned king of France by the pope, who noted the weakness of the last Merovingian rulers, whom he was deposing, and the strength of Pepin as true governor of the realm.^[54]

A second, less explicit break of decorative pattern comes in the book dedicated to the lives of the last Carolingian and early Capetian kings. In this section historiated initials subdivide several chapters outlined in the chapter list. The clusters these form again imply that a transition of dynasties is a reward for good government. A sequence of scenes in one chapter creates a precedent for Capetian rule. In the first cluster (Fig. 10) Normans invade France because the Carolingian king, Charles the Simple, is too young and too weak to govern. In desperation the barons turn to the mayor of the palace, Odo Capet, and crown him king (Fig. 11). Odo governs but remains loyal to young Charles. As soon as Odo dies and the realm reverts to Charles the Simple, the political situation degenerates. The Normans invade again, only to be driven from the realm by the duke of Burgundy (Fig. 12). A second cluster of historiated initials represents the chaos that preceded Hugh Capet's accession to the throne. A sequence of three historiated initials shows the coronation of Louis V, the last Carolingian king (Fig. 13); the conflict between Louis's uncle, Charles, and Hugh Capet's army, which broke out because Hugh would not accept Charles's succession (Fig. 13); and the resolution of the crisis—Hugh Capet, descendant of Odo and, like Odo, mayor of the palace,

Figure 10
Invasion of the Normans. Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol. 208v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-
Geneviève, Paris.

becomes king (Fig. 14). As the chronicle describes it, "because Hugh saw that all the heirs and the line of Charlemagne were destroyed and also since [the line] died out and since there was no one to contradict him, he had himself crowned in the city of Reims."^[55] Hugh's life does not show his assumption of power but rather depicts him already crowned and exercising his kingly prerogatives, in this case pardoning the count of Flanders at the request of the duke of Normandy.

This handful of historiated initials promotes the idea that the French ruling house draws its legitimacy as much from just government as from blood. Such legitimacy can be confirmed by blood, as the reditus suggests, but it is not necessarily created by it.^[56] This view seemed to be foremost at Saint-Denis from the 1260s to 1280s, for it shaped other commissions, including the large sculpted tomb program for the abbey church and the Latin guide to the tombs written by Guillaume de Nangis.^[57] The combination of distinct lines unified by the reditus in the tombs and in the Latin Abbreviated Chronicle supports my interpretation of Philip III's program of decoration. All three—the tombs, the Latin chronicle, and the pictorial cycle of Philip III's Grandes Chroniques —trace the lines of office of the French king and note each spot where succession based on good government and succession based on blood diverge. But in each the careful documentation of genealogical discontinuity is secondary to the celebration of continuity of the long line of good governors. This continuity was confirmed by the reditus , which reunified legitimacy of blood with legitimacy of succession to office in the Capetian descendants of Philip Augustus.^[58]

Figure 11
Coronation of Odo Capet. Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol. 208v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-
Geneviève, Paris.

Figure 12
Normans driven from France by the duke of Burgundy.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol. 209. Photograph by the author.

Figure 13
Coronation of Louis V; Army of Charles of Lorraine puts to flight that of Hugh Capet.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol. 219. Photograph by the author.

Figure 14
Hugh Capet pardons the count of Flanders.
Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782, fol.
219v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

The Royal House and the Abbey of Saint-Denis:
A Shared History

The impetus toward self-promotion characteristic of commissions sponsored by the abbey of Saint-Denis explains the presence of one rare miniature in this Grandes Chroniques . The illustration for the first book of the life of Charlemagne comprises two scenes (Fig. 15). In the lower register, Childeric III, the last Merovingian king, is deposed and forced to enter a monastery.^[59] Above this scene Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin, the first Carolingian ruler. Perhaps in an attempt to feature the coronation at Saint-Denis in which the pope took part, the composition in this miniature inverts the narrative structure common to every other multitiered miniature, in which the story unfolds from left to right and from top to bottom. This is therefore a specially tailored image whose subject does not recur in any later cycles.^[60]

Although dynastic interests account in part for the inclusion of the miniature of Pepin's coronation, the history of Saint-Denis may explain its prominence. Because the ceremony took place at Saint-Denis, it was as much a part of the history of the abbey that produced the text as it was of the king who received the manuscript.^[61] The illustration of Pepin's coronation served as a reminder to the king of the intertwined history of the abbey and the French royal house.

Philip III's Grandes Chroniques is a carefully crafted text decorated by illustrations that clarify the chronicle's dynastic and Dionysian content. Primat's French

Figure 15
Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin; Childeric III deposed.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782,
fol. 107. Photograph: Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris.

text is more than a translation from the Latin; Primat rearranged the structure of his Latin model to focus more attention on Charlemagne and Philip Augustus, and he appended a prologue and a poetic colophon that together shaped the text as a Mirror of Princes.

Pictures reinforce many of Primat's innovations. The historiated initial at the prologue and the large miniature at the end of the manuscript strengthen this interpretation of the text, and the density of the cycles and scale of illustration promote the importance of Charlemagne and Philip Augustus as royal models. In addition, miniatures betray the circumstances of the book's production, stressing the concerns with dynastic legitimacy, which were important to royalty, as well as the historical ties between the French crown and the abbey, which were so evident in Dionysian commissions. These observations may explain why this pictorial cycle spawned no progeny despite its presence in the royal library at the Louvre.^[62] Because Philip's Grandes Chroniques was commissioned for a special audience at a particular time, its pictures tailor the reading of the text to suit the needs of both Philip III and the abbey of Saint-Denis.

Chapter Two—
Manuscripts Produced during the Reigns of the Last Direct Capetians

Manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques produced during the reigns of the last Capetians are simpler in conception than is Philip III's book. Few have the precise didactic frame, the combination of prefatory prologue and poetic colophon, that Philip III's book has, and those that share Philip III's textual frame do not share its complex program of decoration.^[1] Controlled, self-conscious versions of the chronicle such as Philip III's were in the minority in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries. Pictures in most manuscripts from this era share only the simplest aspects of Philip III's program of decoration.

Parisian libraires working for members of the nobility supervised the production of the majority of surviving copies of the Grandes Chroniques from this period.^[2] Perhaps as a result, cycles of decoration in these manuscripts do not seem to focus on exempla in the same way that the illustrations in the manuscript of Philip III do. Indeed, it is difficult to determine whether the pictures in many of these books were intended to shape a reading of the text. It is unclear whether the events highlighted by pictures were important to a specific patron, whether they were selected for him, or whether they were prepackaged by the editor before a patron arrived. Yet there are ways of coming to grips with the cycles in these manuscripts. Once the late Capetian manuscripts have been examined carefully, certain books reveal affinities with courtly and royal programs from the reign of Philip IV.

Genealogical Manuscripts

Libraires producing many of the Grandes Chroniques for the court adapted their illustrations to portray one of the many themes that shaped Philip III's manuscript: dynastic continuity. Taking their lead from the passage in the prologue that describes the "long succession" of French kings, they represent a royal genealogy that concentrates on succession to office rather than heredity.^[3]

Two chronicles from the early fourteenth century (Cambrai, B.M. 682; B.N. fr. 2615) reveal the shape that such genealogical programs took. Although the provenance of these manuscripts is uncertain, textual and pictorial evidence links

Figure 16
Clovis. Grandes Chroniques de France . Cambrai, Bibliothèque
Municipale, Ms. 682, fol. 19.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale de Cambrai.

them to a courtly milieu. The chronicle in Cambrai includes the French and Latin dedication poems that appear in Philip III's Grandes Chroniques and in three later manuscripts, one of which belonged to Charles V. These textual features may indicate a royal recension of the text and suggest at the very least that the book was made for a person close to the king.^[4] Artistic evidence places the second manuscript (B.N. fr. 2615) in a Parisian milieu.^[5] Pictures in this chronicle relate stylistically to those by a group of artists who decorated books for the king and members of the nobility. On the basis of style, Avril dates the Grandes Chroniques in Paris to 1315–20, an attribution that is supported by a textual interpolation that provides a terminus post quem of 1315.^[6]

In planning illustrations for these manuscripts, the libraires took their cue from the portion of the prologue that describes the genealogy of the French kings. The pictures repeat basic patterns, emphasizing enthroned rulers in the chronicle in Cambrai and coronations in the manuscript in Paris. The cycle from the Cambrai manuscript is the simpler. Its historiated initials, which mark normal divisions in the text, contain enthroned kings holding either swords or scepters, as for instance in the picture of Clovis (Fig. 16). The only deviation from the pattern occurs at the beginning of the third book of the life of Charlemagne (Fig. 17), where an emperor holds an orb and a scepter to commemorate Charlemagne's imperial coronation.

The cycle decorating the Paris manuscript is structured on the same principle but executed with greater sophistication. Coronations of almost every ruler of

France illustrate this book.^[7] Their placement breaks down the customary structure of the text, which is normally divided into books subdivided into chapters. In this manuscript reigns of kings form textual units, and as a result the density of illustration varies radically. For instance, illustrations of the coronations of Louis III, Odo Capet, and Charles the Simple (fols. 140–141) break what normally constitutes the seventh chapter of the life of Louis the Stammerer into three segments. In other parts of the manuscript many folios separate miniatures. Thus the sequential miniatures illustrating the coronation of Louis the Pious as co-emperor by Charlemagne (fol. 90v) and the coronation of Louis the Pious as emperor (fol. 115) are 25 folios apart.

The iconography of the Paris book's cycle of illustration was carefully coordinated before the gatherings were given out to at least nine different artists.^[8] Each scene incorporates details drawn from its text. Thus when the Grandes Chroniques lists three of the king's brothers attending his coronation, the miniature includes them.^[9] The designer of the manuscript even elaborated the text on occasion by using elements drawn from conventions of representation to identify characters. For instance, the attributes used to distinguish Charles Martel (a large gold hat) and Pepin the Short (a lion under his feet) in the illustration of Charles Martel dividing his realm between Pepin and Carloman (Fig. 18) also appear in subsequent miniatures.^[10] In the next folio Pepin is easily identified by his lion in the illustration of the coronation by Pope Stephen (Fig. 19).

These extratextual iconographic details occasionally promote the theme of dynastic continuity. Thus Pepin's and Charles Martel's costumes are used for their

Figure 17
Charlemagne.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Cambrai, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 682, fol.
140v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale de Cambrai.

Figure 18
Charles Martel divides the realm between Pepin and Carloman.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr.
2615, fol. 72. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 19
Coronation of Pepin by Pope Stephen II.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2615, fol. 72v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

descendants. When Charlemagne supervises the pope's coronation of his two sons, Pepin and Louis (Fig. 20), Charlemagne and Pepin dress like their namesakes. Charlemagne wears the gold hat of Charles Martel, and Pepin has a lion like Pepin the Short's at his feet.

Although scenes from the Paris Grandes Chroniques incorporate specific details drawn from the text, they are essentially nonnarrative, like the miniatures in the Cambrai manuscript. Both cycles are fundamentally different from that in Philip III's Grandes Chroniques . The repetition of enthroned kings or of ceremonies of coronation in these manuscripts focuses attention on the line of kings who governed France rather than on the exploits of certain rulers who were special models for kingship.

Such genealogical programs have parallels in secular and Dionysian commissions from the reigns of Philip the Bold, Philip the Fair, and his sons. These, like B.N. fr. 2615 and Cambrai, B.M. 682, also reject the reditus as a structuring principle for representations of dynastic kingship. The series of montjoies , or markers, erected on the road between Paris and Saint-Denis was an early and public example of such a dynastic program.^[11] In place from the late thirteenth century, these monuments were identical in type: each was topped by a cross and decorated by fleurs-de-lis, and each contained three niches filled with generalized representations of French kings who varied in pose from one monument to the other. The cumulative effect of these monuments emphasized the length and strength of the French line. On a trip from Paris to Saint-Denis a traveler would have seen 21 to 27 kings.^[12]

Figure 20
Charlemagne supervises coronation of Pepin and Louis.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2615, fol. 79v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Royal commissions for Philip the Fair placed equal emphasis on his descent. The most notable courtly commission of this sort was the decoration of the Grande Salle of the Palais de la Cité under Philip IV. There a series of labeled polychromed statues portrayed French kings from Pharamond to Philip himself.^[13] Contemporary descriptions make clear that these were perceived as commemorations of the office of king. In the 1320s Jean de Jandun described the statues in terms of succession to office: "For the honor of their glorious memory, the statues of all the kings of France who occupied the throne up to the present are gathered in this place. Their likeness is so expressive that at first glimpse one would believe they were alive."^[14]

Philip IV's commissions at Saint-Denis also concentrated on royal succession rather than the sequence of dynasties or the reditus . In 1306 Philip IV ordered the tombs at Saint-Denis rearranged to move his and his parents' tombs to the Carolingian side of the choir. This change merged the division of ruling houses that had been so carefully established in the 1260s.^[15] Although some scholars interpret the rearrangement as an attempt to place Philip III's and Philip IV's tombs close to that of their holy ancestor, Louis IX, it also blended the lines so that the overwhelming impression on a visitor to the abbey would be comparable to that of Jean de Jandun when he faced the sculpture of the Grande Salle of the Palais de la Cité.

Royal taste for the emphasis on the long line of kings eventually affected Dionysian commissions. During the reigns of Philip IV and his sons even the monks of Saint-Denis abandoned the reditus as a means of structuring royal succession. A telling example is the third portion of Ivo of Saint-Denis's Vita et Passio (B.N. lat. 13836), part of a manuscript commissioned by Philip IV but presented to Philip V c. 1319.^[16] This book merged the histories of France and Saint-Denis by appending at the end of Saint Denis's vita a historical compilation decorated by pictures of enthroned kings woven into a genealogical framework that is much more explicit than that of any contemporary copy of the Grandes Chroniques .

Marginal notes in a 1330s version of the Vita et Passio preserved at the abbey of Saint-Denis (B.N. lat. 5286) contribute to a reconstitution of the pictorial program in the manuscript presented to the king.^[17] Several of these notes refer to images in the king's book that present special models of kingship in Charlemagne and Saint Louis or stress the importance of the French house.^[18] One image in particular could have been included in the king's book only for dynastic reasons. At the end of the folio on which Hugh Capet's life is described in the later copy (B.N. lat. 5286) preserved at Saint-Denis, a cursive note describes a chart that diagrams Hugh Capet's descent from the Carolingians.^[19] Although references to the chart occur in the monastery's copy, it was included only in the king's version (Fig. 21).^[20] There it reinforces the Latin and French rubrics to the chapter, thus confirming Hugh Capet's legitimacy as a Carolingian.^[21] The inclusion of this chart in the illustrations of the kings of France that decorate the royal book presents the reader with a pictorial genealogy of the kings of France that, like those of the Grande Salle's sculptures and contemporary genealogical Grandes Chroniques , runs unbroken from Troy to Philip V, but presents continuity of blood as well as of succession.

Figure 21
Genealogical tree for Hugh Capet. Ivo of Saint-Denis,  Vita et Passio Sancti
Dionysii . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. lat. 13836, fol. 78.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Independent Traditions:
A Parisian Bookseller's Chronicle

One manuscript of the Grandes Chroniques (B.N. fr. 10132), probably finished in the 1320s and continued again in the mid-fourteenth century, illustrates the extent to which available models affected the form of cycles. This book was commissioned from Thomas of Maubeuge, a noted Parisian libraire , by Pierre Honnorez of Neufchâtel in Normandy.^[22] Apparently Thomas based his manuscript on a copy of the Grandes Chroniques to 1223, which copies an exemplaire that seems to have circulated among Parisian booksellers until the early fifteenth century, and supplemented that text with Guillaume de Nangis's amplified chronicle for the lives of Louis VIII through Louis X.^[23] To organize the text Thomas turned not to royal or courtly models of the Grandes Chroniques but to contemporary vernacular histories, specifically to the Abrégé de l'histoire de France by the Ménestrel of Alphonse of Poitiers, one of the texts whose prologue was adapted for the Grandes Chroniques .^[24]

This copy of the Grandes Chroniques is the only one whose text follows the tripartite division outlined in the section of the prologue taken from the Ménestrel's chronicle and used to structure manuscripts of that text. Thomas of Maubeuge did as the derivative section of the Grandes Chroniques 's prologue mandates: he divided the history into three principal books that deal with the "generations" of Meroveus, Pepin, and Hugh Capet. To clarify the organization of the text further, Thomas provided a genealogically structured table of contents in the first gathering, which was added after the manuscript was completed through the life of Louis X. Besides listing certain important passages and noting the folios on which they appear, the chapter list explains how to use the text when it is divided into three: "And to know how to find the generation by the number, you will find in the first generation on each page the number .i., in the second .ii., and in the third .iii. And thus you will find the things which are there."^[25] Within each of the subdivisions of the text proper the pagination begins anew.

The earliest manuscripts of the Abrégé de l'histoire de France , dating from the thirteenth century, append genealogical trees that function like Thomas's genealogically ordered chapter list.^[26] These diagrams distinguish the Merovingians, Carolingians, and Capetians from one another so clearly that few other illustrations are needed.^[27] As a result, the Abrégé provided few pictorial models for Thomas. The textual relationship between these books therefore makes the independence of Thomas's illustrations even more noteworthy. Indeed, they differ distinctly from the few illustrated manuscripts of the Abrégé and from the copies of the Grandes Chroniques produced under courtly or Dionysian patronage. In selecting his pictures, Thomas seems to have forged an independent cycle—one that may provide insights into nonroyal uses of history in the early fourteenth century.

Directions to the rubricator and illuminator preserved in B.N. fr. 10132^[28] suggest that the genesis of this pictorial cycle was similar to that described for contemporary romances. In romances verbal guides written as directions to the illuminator often indicated the subjects for illuminations and explanatory captions in the form of rubrics often summarized the chapters and explained their miniatures.^[29]

In B.N. fr. 10132 this practice was limited to material derived from the first of the two textual models used for the portion of this Grandes Chroniques finished in the 1320s.^[30] Apparently Thomas used a fully rubricated copy of Guillaume de Nangis's amplified chronicle for the second portion of the manuscript describing events from 1223 to 1316, because that part has rubrics for every chapter and contains no marginal guides to the illuminator or rubricator. In contrast the Grandes Chroniques to 1223 that Thomas used as a source for the first portion of the book seems not to have been fully rubricated. Because original rubrics and notes to the illuminator survive in that part of the manuscript, the creative process involved in emphasizing selected texts and images is most evident there.

With the exception of the fourth book of the lives of the Merovingians, which has rubrics for each chapter, rubrication is scattered in the portion of Thomas's text based on the Grandes Chroniques . Not all illustrated chapters have rubrics, and not all rubricated chapters have illustrations. Nonetheless, selected cases in which a rare combination of directions to the illuminator and rubricator survives demonstrate how the libraire constructed the pictorial cycle.^[31]

These marginal directions were first published by Berger and Durrieu, who described the positions of the notes to the rubricator in the lower or side margins and the notes to the illuminator in the lower margins.^[32] They suggested that the notes were written by two separate hands: the first, the scribe of the text and rubric, wrote notes for the rubricator, and the second wrote notes for the illuminator in a more cursive hand. Berger and Durrieu concluded that Thomas of Maubeuge's Grandes Chroniques was created through the successive intervention of three people: the copyist, who was also the rubricator; the director of the illumination; and the illuminator.

Gilbert Ouy's suggestion that the two sets of directions were written by the same hand employing different styles of script presents a different vision of the creation of the book in which at any given time one person was responsible for copying the text, writing the notes dictating the content of rubrics and subjects for illumination, and rubricating the manuscript.^[33] Certain inaccuracies in the pictorial cycle support his observation. For example, on folio 256 (Figs. 22 and 23) the directions to the illuminator follow the notes to the rubricator in the lower margin. First is the note for the rubric that celebrates King Robert's descent from Hugh Capet and his scholarly bent, and second is the note for the illumination that describes how, with plenty of soldiers, he besieges a city.^[34] It seems likely that someone wrote the note to the illuminator after completing the note to the rubricator; for that person the "he" of the illuminator's note was clearly King Robert, who had just been mentioned by name in the rubricator's note. Robert's identity was not so clear to the artist, who apparently read only the notes written in the script used for directions about pictorial content. He painted a generic scene of knights approaching a castle, rather than a king leading a siege.^[35] When directions to the rubricator and the illuminator were not juxtaposed on the same folio, the scribe knew that the artist would not have seen the note to the rubricator and was careful to specify in the direction to the artist the presence of "the king" or "the emperor." The artists followed these directions, thereby producing more accurate representations of the events described in the chapter than those produced on folios where directions to the illuminator immediately

Figure 22
Knights approach a castle.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Nationale, Ms. fr. 10132, fol. 256. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 23
Notes to the illuminator and rubricator.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale,
Ms. fr. 10132, fol. 256. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 24
Battle of Charles of Anjou and Manfred.
Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 10132, fol.
371v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

followed directions to the rubricator. This occurs whether the directions to the rubricator and illuminator are on facing pages (fols. 219v–20 and 240v–41) or on the recto and verso of one folio (fols. 252–52v and 255–55v).

Most miniatures in Thomas's manuscript are essentially schematic compositions. The treatment of pictures showing battles exemplifies the way in which the artist who followed the marginal notes tailored these stock scenes to fit various situations. The battle of Manfred and Charles of Anjou (Fig. 24) represents the basic composition—a confrontation between a king and a knight on ground defined by hillocks made of black and white swirls. Artists could add details to this basic image. Extra knights and portions of dismembered bodies appear in the battle of Charles of Anjou against Conradin and Henry of Spain (Fig. 25); in a miniature painted by this artist in a later copy of the Grandes Chroniques (Castres, B.M.) trees fill in the representation of a preliminary skirmish before the battle of Bouvines (Fig. 26), and a complement of knights aid Philip Augustus in that battle (Fig. 27). Although none of the instructions for these specific pictures survive, it is quite likely that the directions given the artist for each of these miniatures specified the representation of a battle and that he adapted a stock scene to fill the need.^[36]

The relation between the content of the illuminations and the rubrics that act as explanatory captions is revealing as well. When directions to the illuminator are present, pictures never depend exclusively on the rubric; in fact, in 17 of the 19 cases where directions to the illuminator survive, the rubric is very

Figure 25
Battle of Charles of Anjou against Conradin and Henry of Spain.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr.
10132, fol. 372. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 26
Battle of Bouvines.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 282v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

Figure 27
Capture of Ferrand.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 285.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

simple, introducing a book dedicated to the life of a king.^[37] In the two cases where the rubrics are more elaborate, the pictures still follow the directions to the illuminator. However, when directions to the illuminator are absent, pictures often illustrate more elaborate rubrics that function as captions. The most obvious examples of this occur in a sequence of four rubrics in Books I–III, which provide such detailed descriptions that they could function as directions to the illuminator, although only three are illustrated in B.N. fr. 10132. These captions differ from those given in the chapter list and in such earlier copies of the chronicle as Ste.-Gen. 782. They seem to have been part of a text that circulated among Parisian libraires , because they resurfaced in a number of late fourteenth- and early fifteenth-century manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques .^[38]

Although most images in this Grandes Chroniques are composites assembled by the artist from stock compositions to illustrate written directions for "a battle," the cycle itself was carefully constructed. Indeed, the structure of this cycle of illustration differs distinctly from those that I have termed "royal" or "genealogical." The first two pictures in particular reinforce the preoccupation with dynasties exhibited in the tripartite division of text in this Grandes Chroniques . The first miniature depicts the destruction of and flight from Troy (Fig. 28). Its placement at the beginning of the prologue is rare, because the Trojan story forms part of the first chapter of Book I. A unique image derived from the iconography of the tree of Jesse (Fig. 29) displaced the Trojan image as an illustration for the first book of the chronicle. It shows a recumbent king from whom grows a tree bearing fruits that are crowned and uncrowned male heads.

The rubrics for these two pictures establish a relationship between them. A rubric under the illustration of the destruction of Troy is better suited to explain the tree: "Here begins a genealogy of the dukes who reigned before there was any king in France, and then, of the kings who reigned after them."^[39] The image of the tree of descent shows the uncrowned heads (dukes) and crowned heads (kings) forming part of the same tree. Its rubric alludes to the destruction: "Here begins a genealogy of the kings of France and how they descended first from those who fled Troy."^[40] The displacement of the Trojan scene to include the tree of descent at the beginning of Book I emphasizes the importance to this book of the length of the French line. This unique combination of text and image reflects the special concern with genealogy and succession outlined in the prologue of the Grandes Chroniques , a preoccupation reinforced by the introductory materials (fols. 1–6v) added to this manuscript to clarify its division into three parts.

The treatment of the reditus provides one of the most telling examples of how the perspective of Thomas of Maubeuge and Pierre of Neufchâtel, his patron, on the reading and picturing of history differed from that represented in the first version of the Grandes Chroniques .^[41] In Philip III's Grandes Chroniques the reditus provides the underlying structural principle for the whole cycle. Pictures of Charlemagne and of Philip Augustus are of large scale, and textual references connect the two in a complex interrelationship. The expression of the reditus and the implications for French legitimacy of the return of government to descendants of Charlemagne were important to both the abbey of Saint-Denis and to Philip III.

Figure 28
Destruction of Troy.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr.
10132, fol. 19. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 29
Tree of descent.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 10132, fol. 20v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

The reditus is not an important concept in the Grandes Chroniques directed by Thomas of Maubeuge. In this manuscript the life of Hugh Capet, in which the reditus is first mentioned, is illustrated by a rare scene of the marriage of Philip Augustus and Elizabeth of Hainaut (Fig. 30), the deed by which the reditus was accomplished. Because this image is unusual, a reader might interpret it as a deliberate visualization of a political prophecy. Nothing could be further from the truth. Indeed, this seemingly innovative picture was the easiest way to illustrate the text that follows it. As the first event described in the chapter to lend itself to visual formulation, the marriage of Philip and Elizabeth found its way into the list of directions to the illuminator, where it is described, "How the king marries a woman and several knights and many clergy are there."^[42]

The text and image for the life of Louis VIII in the manuscript commissioned from Thomas of Maubeuge support this interpretation of the reditus miniature. The official life of Louis VIII preserved in contemporary manuscripts of the

Figure 30
Marriage of Philip Augustus and Elizabeth of
Hainaut. Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 10132, fol. 255v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Grandes Chroniques includes an extended celebration of the reditus .^[43] The continuation employed by Thomas of Maubeuge in this Grandes Chroniques plays down the prophecy, and the illustration of the chapter ignores it, representing Louis VIII receiving a messenger.^[44]

A consideration of pictures that depart from the traditional layout followed in this manuscript (in which a miniature begins each book of the chronicle) makes clear what themes attracted either Thomas of Maubeuge or Pierre of Neufchâtel. Nine pictures subdivide books in this copy of the Grandes Chroniques .^[45] These reveal interest in such heroes of French history as Clovis, Dagobert, and Pepin and demonstrate a desire to document Charlemagne's acquisition of relics that, at the time of this manuscript's execution, were thought to be kept at Saint-Denis.

In summary, what is most important about Pierre of Neufchâtel's Grandes Chroniques is the insight it provides into popular cycles of the chronicle. Both the pictorial cycle and the textual organization of this manuscript are very different from contemporary Dionysian, royal, and courtly programs. Thomas of Maubeuge was the only editor to be faithful to the division of the texts outlined in the prologue of the Grandes Chroniques and to attempt in the first few illustrations of the program to reinforce the prologue's dynastic message. Both the organization of the text and the paired introductory miniatures in this copy of the chronicle concentrate on the succession of the three races of French kings. Although the

rest of the cycle is less innovative, it is nonetheless an important source for examining aspects of the history that interested the broader audience who bought manuscripts from libraires . This chronicle manifests less concern with questions of dynastic succession than preoccupation with traditional French heroes. Unlike many royal and courtly manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques , which were tied closely to royal self-perception and to the changing political situation in France, such apolitical manuscripts as that commissioned from Thomas of Maubeuge retained their popularity through the reigns of the early Valois.^[46]

PART II—
DYNASTIC CHANGE AND THE REPRESENTATION OF HISTORY IN THE MID-FOURTEENTH CENTURY

Chapter Three—
Textual and Pictorial Innovation in John the Good's Grandes Chroniques

Because the last Capetians left no male heirs, the Capetian and Valois kings during the first half of the fourteenth century were plagued by the problem of royal succession.^[1] When Louis X died in 1316, his wife was pregnant; his brother Philip, named regent for the duration of the pregnancy, became king when the newborn son died, because the treaty regulating the regency had laid the groundwork for the elimination of Louis's daughter from the succession. An assembly of barons confirmed Philip's selection in 1317. Philip V died without a male heir. He was succeeded by his younger brother Charles IV, who left a daughter and a pregnant queen at his death. Because of the precedent for female exclusion set in 1316, Isabelle, the sister of Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV, was not considered for the succession after her youngest brother died. The barons instead chose Isabelle's cousin Philip of Valois as regent, and when Charles IV's widow gave birth to a daughter, they declared Philip king in 1328.

Two claimants to the French throne, Edward III of England and Charles of Navarre, objected to this exclusion of women; each claimed succession through his mother—Edward III through Isabelle, sister of the last three Capetian kings, and Charles of Navarre through Jeanne of Burgundy and Navarre, daughter of Louis X. The English claim, pressed from 1337, constitutes one of the primary causes of the Hundred Years' War. The younger pretender, Charles of Navarre, began to maneuver for the throne only during the 1350s.

Although the conflict between England and France escalated during the reign of Philip of Valois, most of the attacks were aimed at Philip's descendants, particularly John the Good, Philip's heir when the Hundred Years' War began.^[2] Perhaps because of his shaky status, John actively commissioned manuscripts, particularly political texts. His Grandes Chroniques de France , one of the earliest of his manuscripts, is therefore best seen in its political context.^[3]

The copy of the Grandes Chroniques produced for John the Good (B.L. Royal 16 G VI) is one of the most luxurious French manuscripts of the fourteenth century. With over 400 illustrations incorporating more than 600 individual scenes, this manuscript contains a painstakingly revised text of the chronicle, which runs through the life of Saint Louis.^[4] Although the book is not listed in any surviving inventories of the Louvre or in descriptions of John the Good's possessions

when he was captured at Poitiers in 1356, it belonged to John before he became king. On the first folio are John's arms as duke of Normandy, a title he held from 1332 to 1350. Moreover, at the end of the manuscript John's signature as duke has been erased.^[5] A group of artists active for the court in the 1330s painted the book c. 1335–40.^[6] Clearly, then, this Grandes Chroniques , now in London, was made for John when he was between 16 and 21 years old. Whether commissioned by John or by someone close to him at court, the manuscript offers a rare opportunity to examine the ideal of kingship deemed appropriate for the young heir to the throne. Further, the dense marginal annotations provide insights into the maturation of John's political thought.

Although the text in John the Good's chronicle is structured essentially like that of Philip III's, its content differs. Like Philip III's chronicle, John the Good's is divided into a sequence of books, each of which (with the exception of Louis VII's life) is introduced by a chapter list. John's manuscript, however, continues the Grandes Chroniques with lives of Louis VIII and Saint Louis, both without chapter lists.

The text in John's book was edited carefully by someone who went back to Primat's primary Latin source (B.N. lat. 5925) preserved in the library of Saint-Denis. Certain passages in the Latin manuscript were included without the corrections provided in Primat's French translation; other passages that Primat interpolated into his translation were omitted.^[7] The compiler need not have been a monk of Saint-Denis, however, since he had access to such Parisian sources as the cartularies of Notre-Dame in Paris, which he used on at least one occasion to correct the Grandes Chroniques .^[8] Further, his translation of Saint Louis's life consistently suppresses remarks relating to the Abbey of Saint-Denis.^[9]

Most revisions in the body of John's Grandes Chroniques clarify the chronicle by specifying where events described in the text took place and by adding phrases like "près de Paris" to locate obscure places.^[10] They also recommend further reading in the lives of saints for the history of the Merovingian rulers of France.^[11]

John's Grandes Chroniques apparently retained its status as an important translation throughout his reign. Later in John's lifetime, the text of this manuscript was revised a second time.^[12] The primary source for this revision was once again the Latin compilation (B.N. lat. 5925) preserved at Saint-Denis. Delisle showed that the editor prepared for his revision of John's Grandes Chroniques by annotating B.N. lat. 5925 with cross-references to a historical manuscript from Saint-Germaindes-Près (now B.N. lat. 12711), references to the chapter divisions of the French chronicle, and French glosses about faulty translations in the text of the Grandes Chroniques .^[13] After verifying the translation in John the Good's manuscript, the editor annotated it extensively in French; his work was written in a clear Gothic bookhand in the margins (see, for example, Fig. 42).

Delisle correctly suggested that the revisions must have been made at court because the editor had easy access to manuscripts from Saint-Denis, Saint-Germain-des-Près, and the royal library. According to Delisle, the editor was Pierre d'Orgemont, the chancellor of John's son, King Charles V, who is thought to have supervised the continuation of the Grandes Chroniques in the 1370s during Charles's reign.^[14] Delisle speculated that John's chronicle was annotated as a prelude to the production of Charles V's magnificent manuscript.

Textual evidence, however, supports a simpler theory—that John the Good ordered the revision. Both the tone of the annotations and their subject are consistent with the initial translation done for John. Like the body of John's Grandes Chroniques , the elaborate marginal annotations primarily retranslate Primat's Latin source. They thus share the concern for clarity and authenticity that informed John's manuscript in the 1330s and follow the same method of compilation. Moreover, Delisle's theory fails to explain why Pierre d'Orgemont would collate several manuscripts and annotate John the Good's chronicle in preparation for his work for Charles V only to turn to another textual model for the first portion of Charles's manuscript, Philip III's copy of the Grandes Chroniques (Ste.-Gen. 782), preserved in the royal library. Finally, the few cursive annotations in the margins of B.L. Royal 16 G VI do not support Pierre's authorship of the new translation. These notes were not written by the same hand (presumably Pierre d'Orgemont's) that covered the margins of the first Grandes Chroniques with cursive directions to the scribe of Charles V's manuscript.^[15] The inescapable conclusion is that the editor of Charles V's book had little or nothing to do with the production of the chronicle preserved in the British Library.^[16]

The relation between the marginal annotations and the pictures in John's chronicle suggests that the marginalia were designed to enhance John's manuscript, not to prepare for a more authoritative version of the chronicle. Two annotations comment on miniatures to clarify the text. The first corrects faulty heraldry in a miniature from the life of Louis VI (fol. 301), which should depict Henry I of England sleeping with his arms at the ready but shows the arms of France rather than England beside the recumbent king. A referencing mark, :/, like those used to insert annotations, appears in the margin closest to the arms in the miniature, and above it ":/ Angleterre" is written in cursive. A second marginal note in Gothic bookhand explains an ambiguous picture in the life of Philip Augustus (fol. 362v), showing a king, presumably John of England, paying homage to Philip Augustus. The accompanying text describes a visit of the English king to France and recounts an incident in which King John failed to comply with Philip Augustus's request to come to Paris as a peer. The picture does not illustrate either incident. Apparently this confusion was evident to the annotator of John the Good's manuscript: he added a marginal note later in the same chapter, beside a text describing how Philip gave Arthur, the nephew of John, the counties of Brittany, Anjou, and Poitou, along with 200 knights and a sum of money, explaining the illustration with a phrase drawn from the Latin life of Philip Augustus: "King Philip received him [Arthur] perpetually in liege homage."^[17]

The iconography of Saint Denis also supports the Parisian provenance for the manuscript. Three scenes (fol. 183, Charlemagne prays at Saint-Denis; fol. 235v, Charles the Bald gives gifts to Saint-Denis; and fol. 302v, Louis VI prays at the abbey of Saint-Denis) include a distinctly Parisian representation of Saint Denis: Denis appears with all but the top of his head intact (Fig. 31). This image is in keeping with the assertion of the canons of Notre-Dame that they possessed the relic of the top of Saint Denis's cranium. First proposed during the reign of Philip Augustus, this claim was immediately contested by the monks of Saint-Denis and continued to be a subject of active debate into the fifteenth century when it came to trial before the Parlement of Paris.^[18] If Royal 16 G VI were a gift to John from

Figure 31
Charles the Bald presents gifts to Saint-Denis.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 235v. By permission of the British Library.

the monks, as Ste.-Gen. 782 had been to Philip III, it is doubtful that such imagery would have been included.

If we reject Delisle's theory that Charles V's chancellor directed the revision of this Grandes Chroniques , then the London chronicle takes its rightful place as an important example of John's literary patronage. Following the lead of his mother, Jeanne of Burgundy, John the Good commissioned numerous translations of religious books and politically oriented texts, many of which were densely illustrated.^[19] The Grandes Chroniques surviving in the British Library may well be one of the earliest of these commissions.

Pictures are integral parts of John's Grandes Chroniques . Almost every chapter has a miniature; 418 illustrations contain over 600 scenes. Curiously, this wealth of imagery has never been fully examined, despite its significant difference from all other royal copies of the chronicle. This neglect may be the result of John's image as a chevalier who loved the hunt, relished battle, and lived luxuriously,^[20] a view that colored certain interpretations of his manuscript and led scholars to dismiss its pictures as derivative. Stiennon and Lejeune, for example, concluded that the

manuscript derived its cycle of Roland from chansons de geste^[21] and that its pictures did not even illustrate the chronicle. Historians of art have therefore restricted their analyses of this book to studies of style.^[22]

Yet the illustrative cycle of John's Grandes Chroniques is never purely derivative but creatively modifies its sources, as demonstrated in its relation to Philip III's chronicle (Ste.-Gen. 782), which, as the only other copy of the text known to have been in the royal library, may have been a source, and to a historical and hagiographic text also preserved in the royal library, the Vita et Passio Sancti Dionysii of Ivo of Saint-Denis.

If the compiler of John's Grandes Chroniques consulted Philip III's book, he adapted only certain aspects of its pictorial layout. For example, in both royal manuscripts the lives of the imperial Carolingians (Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, and Charles the Bald) are more densely illustrated than other royal lives. Philip's manuscript, however, places great emphasis on the imperial Carolingians, thus associating Philip Augustus with the early Carolingians—particularly with Charlemagne—as royal models for Philip III. John's Grandes Chroniques , on the other hand, does not involve the imperial Carolingians in a system of sophisticated pictorial cross-references but simply illustrates their texts and, through variations in scale and density, emphasizes themes already present in the chronicle. Most of the numerous illustrations to the lives of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, and Charles the Bald in John's chronicle concentrate on themes that provide appropriate models for his kingship: Charlemagne's military prowess and his piety. The fact that John took part in battle from an early age might explain why the seven pictures (fols. 141v, 143, 144, 145v, 147, 148v, and 149v) illustrating Charlemagne's campaigns in the second book of his life are two columns wide. Charlemagne's piety is a less common theme for a prince's book; nonetheless, John's manuscript contains a pair of double miniatures followed by a series of seven scenes in which Charlemagne in Constantinople receives the relics of Christ's suffering (fols. 159, 160), brings the relics home (fol. 161v), witnesses their miraculous properties (fol. 162v), and displays them to the populace at the fair of Lendit (fol. 163). Indeed, Charlemagne's recovery and adoration of Christ's relics are given more emphasis than the crusade by which they were acquired. Such an unusual combination of military prowess and religious devotion was doubtless intended to demonstrate the desired balance between worship and action in a Christian king.

The admonitions added to the text to look for more information in the lives of the saints were taken to heart in its program of illustrations. The pictures of John's Grandes Chroniques blend images drawn from a variety of hagiographic traditions into an integrated cycle that closely illustrates its text. For example, one particularly dense subcycle in the Grandes Chroniques relates to an illustrated saint's life preserved in both the Dionysian and royal libraries: the Vita et Passio Sancti Dionysii by Ivo of Saint-Denis.^[23]

Ivo of Saint-Denis's history, the third portion of the Vita et Passio , begins with the fall of Troy and ends in the reign of Philip V. Even though its structure, like that of the Grandes Chroniques , follows a sequence of royal biographies, its content focuses on the role in French history of Saint Denis and the abbey that bears his name. Predictably, one of the fullest royal cycles in Ivo's historical

compilation illustrates the life of Dagobert, the royal founder of the abbey of Saint-Denis.

Dagobert's life is also the most densely illuminated of the Merovingian kings in John's Grandes Chroniques ; five 2-column miniatures are among 14 pictures dedicated exclusively to Dagobert. The iconography and style of this cycle are closely related to those of a contemporary copy of Ivo's text (B.N. lat. 5286), the only surviving witness to the full cycle of illustration in Ivo's presentation copy and a reliable guide to its cycle of illustrations. The pictorial model of Ivo's history is, however, transformed in John's book in order to concentrate on French kingship.^[24]

A comparison of images from the Grandes Chroniques with equivalent scenes from the Vita et Passio demonstrates how carefully the pictures in John's chronicle were selected. The Vita et Passio includes six full-page miniatures, read left to

Figure 32
Sighting and pursuit of stag. Ivo of Saint-
Denis,  Vita et Passio Sancti Dionysii .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. lat. 5286, fol.
135v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 33
Stag takes refuge in Saint-Denis. Ivo of
Saint-Denis,  Vita et Passio Sancti Dionysii .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. lat. 5286, fol. 137.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

right and bottom to top, that illustrate the discovery of the tomb of Saint Denis by Dagobert. The sighting and pursuit of the stag, complete with the hunters blowing horns in the first miniature (Fig. 32), is a separate image from the second, the stag's entry into the church containing the tomb of Saint Denis from which Dagobert and his fellow hunters were miraculously excluded (Fig. 33). Two subsequent miniatures show why Dagobert needed to seek refuge at the tomb. In the third, Dagobert's tutor insults him, and Dagobert humiliates his tutor as a punishment (Fig. 34). In the fourth, the tutor appeals to King Clotaire for revenge, Dagobert seeks sanctuary at the tomb from his father's wrath, and soldiers are sent to bring him back for punishment (Fig. 35). In the Dionysian manuscript of the Vita et Passio the king does not go to the tomb until his emissaries have failed to gain entry. The flurry of activity in this sequence of illustrations to Ivo's history centers on the tomb, which is also the central focus of the tale.

Figure 34
Dagobert tests and punishes his tutor.
Ivo of Saint-Denis,  Vita et Passio Sancti
Dionysii . Bibliothèque Nationale,
Ms. lat. 5286, fol. 138v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 35
The tutor demands revenge; Dagobert
seeks sanctuary at Saint-Denis. Ivo of
Saint-Denis,  Vita et Passio Sancti Dionysii .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. lat. 5286, fol.
139v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

The story concludes when Saint Denis and his companions appear to Dagobert who, inspired by them, writes to his father (Fig. 36) and is reconciled to him (Fig. 37).

Although all the events pictured in Ivo's history are described by the text of the Grandes Chroniques , the miniatures in the chronicle are concerned less with the tomb than with Dagobert's miraculous protection by Saint Denis; extraneous details of the hunt are omitted. Dagobert's discovery of the tomb of Saint Denis and his companions is the focus of only two large miniatures in John's Grandes Chroniques . The first (Fig. 38) combines the chase after the stag with the frustration of the hunters when they cannot reach their quarry because Saint Denis protects it. The second image (Fig. 39) illustrates how Dagobert takes advantage of Saint Denis's protection after he has humiliated his tutor and

Figure 36
Saint Denis and companions appear to
Dagobert; Dagobert writes to his father.
Ivo of Saint-Denis,  Vita et Passio Sancti
Dionysii . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms.
lat. 5286, fol. 140v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 37
Dagobert reconciled with King Clotaire.
Ivo of Saint-Denis,  Vita et Passio Sancti
Dionysii . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. lat.
5286, fol. 141v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

sought sanctuary from his father's wrath in the place where the stag has been protected.

The pictures in the Grandes Chroniques also emphasize Dagobert's relationship with his father, the king. Unlike Ivo's Vita et Passio (Fig. 35), the Grandes Chroniques portrays King Clotaire accompanying the messenger (Fig. 39), even though a small minature illustrating Dagobert's vision and his reconciliation with Clotaire (Fig. 40) appears later in the correct narrative sequence. By stressing King Clotaire's exclusion from his son's refuge, John's chronicle shifts the focus away from Saint Denis's tomb—the center of attention in Ivo's Dionysian text—to the royal story, the relation between father and son.

As this small portion of the cycle of Dagobert's life demonstrates, the illustrative program of this Grandes Chroniques is independent of contemporary iconographical sources. The pictures of Dagobert's life are not simply quotations from preexisting, mainly Dionysian, cycles. They are free adaptations designed to focus attention on Dagobert. Indeed, the parallel scenes of Dagobert's hunt and sanctuary in the Grandes Chroniques are two of only five large scenes among the 14 minatures that illustrate his life. They are given large scale as an important early manifestation of Dagobert's special status, just as the last large miniature, in which Dagobert establishes his testament in conference (fol. 107), demonstrates the full fruition of his kingly wisdom as he provides for his succession.

Numerous other sources for the illustrations of John the Good's Grande Chroniques probably exist; Stiennon and Lejeune imply parallels with the

Figure 38
Hunt of the stag.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 92.
By permission of the British Library.

Figure 39
Dagobert in sanctuary.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 93v.
By permission of the British Library.

illustration of romances, although this has not yet been proven.^[25] Despite its numerous sources, however, John's chronicle is a carefully constructed whole in which the densest cycle of pictures to appear in any manuscript of the Grandes Chroniques complements a thoroughly revised and glossed text. Derivative or not, the pictures were selected to work with their text in a program of decoration, and they are best understood in that context.

Interpretations that concentrate solely on visual or textual sources for the imagery of John the Good's book fail to account for either the internal structure of the manuscript or the close relationship between the text of the chronicle and its 418 minatures. The pictorial structure of the book is not tightly woven, but multiple miniatures introduce and subdivide chapters to stress certain distinctive themes,^[26] suggesting that certain portions of the text had special importance for John the Good. The lives of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, and Charles the Bald—the imperial Carolingians—contain an especially dense concentration of illustrations; 77 of 97 miniatures in this portion of the chronicle are two columns wide, as compared to 126 of 321 in the rest of the book. Occasional clusters of two-column miniatures also occur in the lives of Clovis, Dagobert, and Charles

Figure 40
Dagobert's vision and reconciliation with
Clotaire. Grandes Chroniques de France .
British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 94v.
By permission of the British Library.

Martel. Crusading imagery and the representation of relics are carefully detailed in pictures that may have been timely responses to contemporary politics. If there is one overarching theme in the cycle as a whole, however, it is the celebration of France's God-given kingship, whose holy character was confirmed by the sainthood of Louis IX.

Politics and the Problem of Succession

The illustration to the prologue and the changes to its text establish the theme of succession as central to John the Good's Grandes Chroniques . The prologue's miniature (Plate 1) is a nonnarrative image showing the coronation of an enthroned pagan king of France flanked by a pagan duke and two Christian rulers. Their costumes identify them: the duke wears a circlet, and the kings wear crowns adorned with fleurons; checkered patterns mark the robes of pagan rulers, and the fleur-de-lis, given to the French during the reign of Clovis, the first Christian king, distinguishes Christian rulers.

The pagan duke stands on a pedestal to the left of the enthroned king, and the Christian kings stand on pedestals to the right. This arrangement suggests that they should be interpreted as the predecessor and successors of the king whose coronation is taking place. If this is the case, then the sequence of pagan duke to pagan king to Christian kings identifies the coronation as that of Pharamond, the first king of France.

To an audience familiar with the court, as readers of this royal manuscript would have been, this miniature must have recalled the sequence of sculpted kings, beginning with Pharamond, that decorated the Grande Salle of the royal palace. A change in the prologue reinforces the pictorial reference. Just after the description of the three lines of kings who governed France, John's chronicle modifies the phrase in the prologue, "The beginning of this history will be taken at the noble line of the Trojans from whom it [the French line] is descended by long succession," to read "is descended by succession of time."^[27] Neither picture nor text places undue stress on the relationship of these rulers by blood. Both seem to celebrate instead the continuity of the office of king, to which the king is elected and in which he is supported by the barons who help place the crown on his head in the miniature.

These changes in image and text may have been timely responses to the difficulties created by the succession of the early Valois kings. In the late 1330s, when this Grandes Chroniques was produced, Edward III was the main threat to John the Good, claiming the French throne and waging campaigns against the French in propaganda and on the battlefield. Edward's claim, supported by his political and military maneuvers, helps to clarify the imagery of the introductory miniature and to reveal its relation to its text and perhaps to the rest of the cycle.

Edward's anti-Valois propaganda, which centered on John, the heir apparent, rather than his father, Philip, the first Valois king,^[28] may well have begun before Edward claimed the kingship of France in 1337. As early as 1332 Philip anticipated a difficult succession and had his barons swear to support John should Philip die while on crusade. John's need for protection lasted through the 1340s; in 1347 his brother-in-law, Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, promised to aid John if his succession were threatened.

In 1340 Edward's agents disseminated a poster containing a French translation of the Latin letter in which Edward claimed to be the legitimate heir to Charles IV, the last Capetian, who died in 1328, and assumed the royal style of King of France and England.^[29] This translated letter, posted on church doors in northern France, was so inflammatory that Philip ordered all copies confiscated and all who posted it or permitted it to be posted imprisoned.

Edward's propaganda was so broadly disseminated that it affected the visions recorded in the late 1340s by Saint Bridget of Sweden,^[30] an anti-French author often quoted by the English in their political writings. In one vision the Virgin Mary appeared to Bridget and contended that Philip was a legitimate king, since he had been selected by the barons of France and had not come to the throne by violence,^[31] and should therefore rule France until his death. Many asserted, however, that Edward was closer to the inheritance of the throne than Philip and should be designated by Philip as his successor.^[32]

Such threats to John's legitimacy may explain why the prologue and its miniature present succession to the throne as a "succession of time" rather than

a succession of blood. Such an argument could be used to defuse English claims. Other portions of the cycle focus on the same themes as Edward's propaganda, celebrating descent from Saint Louis and the idea of a crusade, while promoting France's holy kingship.

Saint Louis:
The Model Roi Très Crétien

Almost from the moment of his death, Louis IX became a model for royal behavior against whom subsequent kings were measured and often found wanting. Royal descent from Louis cut in two directions; while the canonization of a French king gave the Capetians proof that they were part of a line of rois très crétiens , Louis's life was a reproach to subsequent kings who, not gifted with sanctity, had difficulty living up to his example.^[33] Nonetheless, devotion to the royal saint was strong, particularly among members of the royal house. Such patrons as Louis's daughter, Blanche; his wife, Marguerite; his grandson, Philip IV; Jeanne de Navarre; and Jeanne d'Evreux commissioned portraits of Saint Louis and cycles of his life in panel paintings, frescoes, stained glass, and manuscripts.^[34] These cycles celebrated Louis IX's sanctity and the special status of the Capetians who were related to the saint.

Saint Louis played an important role in polemical discussion from the moment Philip of Valois succeeded the last direct Capetian. Philip viewed himself as the head of the Capetian house and often used references to Saint Louis, particularly during the first troubled years of his reign, to add the prestige of his royal ancestor to his own acts.^[35] He ordered coinage early in his reign "of the weight and law of Saint Louis" and refrained from doctoring its composition until 1337 because of the value of its symbolic connection.^[36] Between 1329 and 1331 a series of documents issued by Philip's chancery adopted the form employed by the Capetians, opening with an invocation and closing with the royal monogram and signatures of court officials. Cazelles notes that this literary form was abandoned as soon as Edward III confirmed the legitimacy of the Valois succession by acknowledging in 1331 that his homage of 1328 to the French should have been liege.^[37]

While Edward continued to claim the throne of France, however, he celebrated his own descent from Saint Louis. In the 1340 letter posted in northern French churches, he stressed that he did not want to infringe on the rights of the French people, but rather he wanted to return France to the "good laws and customs which existed in the time of our ancestor [and] progenitor Saint Louis, king of France."^[38] He also emphasized the need for peace in Christian countries so that a crusade could be mounted to free the Holy Land.^[39] The notion of a unified crusade of the Western nations was a recurring theme that became intertwined toward the end of the Hundred Years' War with prophecies of the last world emperor.^[40] When Edward's letter was written and John's book painted, however, the references to a crusade probably related more closely to claims of direct descent from Saint Louis, the last crusading king of France, rather than to claims to world empire. They refer as well to the legitimate French king's status as "most Christian king."

The crusading reference in Edward's letter was probably a jibe at Philip and John. As early as 1334 Philip, who had vowed to go on crusade, sent the

Figure 41
Assault on a castle by the Tartars.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G
VI, fol. 400. By permission of the British Library.

Connétable d'Eu to England to persuade Edward III to participate in the crusade that Philip had negotiated with Pope John XXII.^[41] With the approval of the pope, Philip collected special ecclesiastical taxes but did not go to the Holy Land because of France's uncertain relations with England; instead, from 1335 to 1337 Philip used the funds to finance his English war.^[42] In March of 1340, a little over a month after Edward's letter was written, Philip asked Pope Benedict XII for a pardon for his fiscal indiscretion. Only in 1344 was the pardon awarded by Pope Clement VI to Philip and to John, who apparently shared responsibility for this fiscal abuse.

It is tempting to see the emphasis on crusades in John the Good's Grandes Chroniques (1335–40), particularly crusades in which Saint Louis participated, as reflecting the French side in the polemical war with England. Louis's crusades receive special attention in the dense cycle that illustrates John's manuscript: only six pictures in the entire manuscript subdivide chapters, and three of these occur in the crusading sections of Saint Louis's life.^[43] These miniatures establish each of Louis's crusades as a holy war, provoked by pagans. The first two illustrate Louis's first crusade: one represents the dastardly behavior of the infidels (Fig. 41, assault on a castle by the Tartars); the second represents the response of the Christians (Fig. 42, the pope sends Bishop Odo to Paris; nobles listen to Bishop Odo

Figure 42
Pope sends Bishop Odo to Paris; Nobles take the cross.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 403. By permission of the British Library.

Figure 43
Louis receives a letter about the Holy Land.
Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library,
Royal 16 G VI, fol. 426v.
By permission of the British Library.

Figure 44
Attack of the Tartars in the Holy Land.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G
VI, fol. 427. By permission of the British Library.

and take the cross). In the third subdivision in Louis's life a pair of miniatures explains why the French became involved in Louis's second crusade, in which he died. They illustrate the arrival of a letter from the pope and then represent its contents describing attacks by the infidels (Fig. 43, Charles of Anjou in council receives a letter from the pope; Fig. 44, attack of the Tartars in the Holy Land).

Aside from miniatures whose subjects can be classed as administrative (receptions of envoys and meetings with various heads of state; fols. 403v, 405, 406, 407, 407v, 408v), all other pictures of Louis's crusades bring out two themes: his victories in the Holy Land and his sanctity. Miniatures of Louis's triumphs in his first crusade show the battle and capture of Damietta (409v, 410v), but his religious devotion attracts more emphasis in such scenes as the pilgrimage to Nazareth (fol. 415v) or the burial of the dead after the massacre at Sidon (fol. 416v). The miniatures illustrating Louis's second crusade celebrate his sainthood more emphatically. Louis is nimbed throughout this final sequence of 10 pictures, which culminates with his instructions to his son (fol. 443v) and his death (Fig. 45).

In keeping with French policy of the 1330s and 1340s, this emphasis on Louis IX's life is less a call to a crusade than a celebration of the saintly king from whom John was descended and of the holy kingship to which John was

Figure 45
Death of Saint Louis.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 444v.
By permission of the British Library.

heir. The possibility that this celebration of descent from Louis IX may have had an anti-English component is strengthened by John's choice in 1350 to be crowned with the "crown of Saint Louis" rather than that of Charlemagne. This act was simultaneously a sign of his devotion to the saint and an affirmation of his legitimacy as successor to Saint Louis and to Philip of Valois.^[44]

The Prerogatives of Holy Kingship

Two sets of images in John the Good's copy of the Grandes Chroniques introduce themes that were to become particularly important in the reigns of John and later Valois kings. Images in the life of Clovis refer to the sacre by the holy oil sent from God, and a rare picture in the life of Saint Louis refers to the king's role in the cure for scrofula. Both represent privileges that the French king claimed as the roi très crétien .

The right to be anointed with special oil sent from heaven distinguished the French ruler from all other rulers in Christendom and made him the equal, if not the superior, of the Holy Roman Emperor.^[45] This right, which originated in the reign of Clovis, the first Christian king of France, is the subject of two large miniatures in John's chronicle. In the first (Fig. 46) Clovis routs the Germans under the protection of Christ, who gazes down at the battle.^[46] The text explains that Clovis won this battle because he vowed to convert if given a victory. In the second large miniature (Fig. 47) Clovis is baptized by the holy oil brought by a dove. The only other large illustration (Fig. 48) in Clovis's life involves another miraculous sign from God. In it, messengers sent to the church of Saint Martin at Tours to ask for a sign of victory were greeted as they entered by the psalm, "Sire thou did gird me with strength for the battle. . . . Thou did make my assailants sink under me."^[47] All three of these distinctive pictures celebrate the French kings' close relationship to God.

The holiness of Saint Louis's kingship is emphasized by the use of halos that focus particular attention on two sequences from the cycle of 60 pictures illustrating his life. This practice seems deliberate, since the halos have no discernible structural or textual function in these portions of the manuscript. It does not seem to be an artistic trait, since the two artists who painted these sequences did not use halos in other portions of Louis's life that they painted. Neither is it a case of mixing models from varied sources, since the scenes in which Louis wears a halo do not break down into iconographical units whose models could be isolated.

The most densely illustrated sequence begins when Louis takes the cross to go on his second crusade (fol. 436v); it continues through the series of 10 pictures that show the events that led to Louis's death in Tunis. In this sequence halos draw attention to a crusading subcycle that culminates in Louis's saintly death (Fig. 45).

The use of halos elsewhere in Louis's life is more puzzling. Only two from a series of scenes dedicated to his saintly behavior represent Saint Louis wearing a halo: Louis attending confession and being scourged by his confessor (Fig. 49), and Louis feeding the poor (fol. 423v). Ordinarily the authority of the pictorial model or peculiarities of the artist explain such intrusions, but such is not the case here. One artist painted the whole sequence of scenes dealing with Louis's

Figure 46
Clovis routs the Germans.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 15.
By permission of the British Library.

Figure 47
Baptism of Clovis.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 16.
By permission of the British Library.

Figure 48
Miracle at Saint-Martin of Tours.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library,
Royal 16 G VI, fol. 18. By permission of the British Library.

holiness, and the two images in which Louis wears a halo do not constitute a distinct subcycle.

The best explanation for this phenomenon derives from the relationship of this sequence of miniatures to its text and to the illustrations that precede and follow it. The two pictures precede a miniature (Fig. 50) that occurs in no other copy of the Grandes Chroniques and, to my knowledge, in no manuscript predating the reign of Charles VII.^[48] It represents a special prerogative given the French kings after their unction with the holy oil: the ability to cure scrofula, the disease known as "the king's evil." The picture shows Louis IX speaking as he touches the neck of a man who kneels before him; the text emphasizes Louis's devotion by describing how he introduced the sign of the cross into the ritual in order to minimize his own agency in the cure: "King Louis had the custom that while saying the words [of the ritual] he always made the sign of the cross which by the virtue of Our Lord cures the sick more than the royal dignity."^[49] It is therefore likely that Louis was given a halo in the two previous scenes to reinforce God's role rather than his own in the third scene. A reader turning the pages in sequence would be struck by the lack of a halo in the picture of the cure for scrofula. The image would reinforce the textual reference to the role of Christ, rather than the king, in effecting the cure. One of the marginal glosses attests to the continued importance of this point at the time that John's manuscript was annotated: "Why

Figure 49
Louis IX at confession; Louis disciplined by his confessor.
Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G
VI, fol. 423. By permission of the British Library.

he [Saint Louis] attributes this virtue to the sign of the cross and not to the royal dignity."^[50]

This celebration of Louis's miraculous powers as king emphasizes his devotion and humility, but it also has political significance, for the ability of the French kings to cure the "king's evil" was being challenged for the first time. Throughout most of the fourteenth century, the ability of the French and English kings to perform miraculous healing had been accepted as fact and as a gift shared equally by both monarchies.^[51] During the Hundred Years' War, however, the ability to cure may have become a sign of legitimacy. In the late 1340s a Frenchman was imprisoned for six years because he asserted that the king of England should be king of France because he cured scrofula better.^[52]

Perhaps because of the shaky political situation that existed in France, John the Good's Grandes Chroniques de France differs markedly from the book in the royal library that should logically have been its model: Philip III's Grandes

Figure 50
Cure of scrofula.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British
Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 424v.
By permission of the British Library.

Chroniques (Ste.-Gen. 782). Philip III's manuscript was commissioned for him by the monks of Saint-Denis during a time of peaceful succession to the throne. Its text celebrates the royal line descended from Troy and the role of the abbey of Saint-Denis in French history. The pictures reinforce these themes in a program of just 36 images that illustrate their own texts carefully, but also establish visual cross-references intended to provide specific models of government for Philip.

The circumstances under which John's book was produced affected its content and appearance. Elements of its text and pictorial cycle suggest that it originated in the Parisian court rather than the Dionysian abbey. Its pictures support this interpretation, for their density is analogous to other commissions of John the Good and their form reflects contemporary styles in romances and saints' lives. These pictures function differently from those in Philip III's Grandes Chroniques . Although the 600 scenes relate to their texts as closely as the pictures in the earlier chronicle, the density of the cycle in John's manuscript, which illustrates almost

every chapter of the text, made it impossible to implement the kind of cross-referencing that structures Philip III's book. Instead, the book's designer sought to break up the sequence of pictures by employing variations in scale and by playing on the presence or absence of such iconographic details as halos. Several images featured in this way focus the reader's attention on themes of Christian kingship, particularly on those that would bolster John's shaky position within the new Valois line vis-à-vis his English competitor.

Chapter Four—
The Courtly Response in Manuscripts by the Master of the Roman de Fauvel

Most manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques that survive from the mid-fourteenth century were nonroyal copies made by Parisian booksellers for a courtly audience. The owners of these books, unlike the owners of the sophisticated, self-conscious royal manuscripts, did not belong to the long line of kings descended from Troy. Their ancestors had participated in battles, advised kings, or taken part in ceremonies described in the pages of the chronicle, yet rarely had they been protagonists. These courtly patrons therefore commissioned books that reflected their own roles in history by celebrating les français as well as le roy .^[1]

The earliest owners of these nonroyal books are unknown. It is therefore hard to determine whether a given program of illustration was selected because of its importance to a specific patron. It has been established, however, that many of these manuscripts were painted by the same artists.^[2] A careful comparison of their cycles of illustration with those of royal commissions like John the Good's can therefore provide a clear picture of the different perceptions of history—particularly dynastic history like that of the Grandes Chroniques de France —among contemporary audiences.

The distinctive perspective of the courtly audience during the reigns of the early Valois kings can be seen in three copies of the Grandes Chroniques (Switzerland, private collection; B.R. 5; and Castres, B.M.) dating from the 1330s. They were illustrated by an artist who belonged to a group of miniaturists known collectively as the Master of the Roman de Fauvel .^[3] Working for members of the nobility, this group of artists decorated a wide variety of texts: ancient and French history, romances, moralized Bibles, and saints' lives.

Little is known about the earliest provenance of the Grandes Chroniques manuscripts illustrated by the Master of the Roman de Fauvel , although all seem to have been courtly. By the 1340s the manuscript in Castres belonged to the wife of the French chancellor, and in the fifteenth century the chronicles now in Brussels and Switzerland were in the collection of the duke of Burgundy.^[4] The libraires who produced them could have had little access to royal models; their lives of Saint Louis, Philip III, and Philip IV are similar to one another but different from those of contemporary royal manuscripts. For example, in all the books from this group the life of Saint Louis incorporates the French translation of the continuation of Guillaume de Nangis used by Thomas of Maubeuge in his manuscript from the 1320s.

Like Thomas of Maubeuge, the designers of these books apparently took the taste of their patrons into account by personalizing both text and pictures. Thus an unedited text describing John of Jerusalem's trip to Rome to ask for papal assistance for the Holy Land was apparently included in the Brussels chronicle to satisfy the requirements of a patron with a particular interest in this incident. Because the pictorial cycles in these manuscripts are as varied as their texts, a comparison of texts and images should cast light on the perceptions of French history by noble audiences in the mid-fourteenth century.

In analyzing the nobility's use of history, it is important to take into account the stock illustrations often used in decorating medieval books. For instance, an illustration of the baptism of Clovis, the first Christian king of France, in the manuscript in Brussels (Fig. 51) is quite closely related to a similar illustration in the Castres manuscript (Fig. 52). Although certain figures change—a queen in the Brussels version becomes a monk in the Castres version, a monk in the Brussels illustration becomes a bishop in the Castres miniature—the basic configuration is identical; it is simply expanded from its miniature format in the Castres manuscript to fill an oblong space in the book in Brussels. The similarity between battle scenes painted in the Grandes Chroniques overseen by Thomas of Maubeuge (B.N. fr. 10132) in the 1320s and those in the gathering of the Castres chronicle on which the same artist collaborated demonstrates the continuity of such models.^[5]

Because so many images in the Master of the Roman de Fauvel's Grandes Chroniques are stock scenes, it may be rash to suggest that their iconography expresses any individual owner's concerns. But we can credit the patron with the

Figure 51
Baptism of Clovis.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Royale,
Ms. 5, fol. 13. Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Figure 52
Baptism of Clovis.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 11.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

selection of subject matter and with the layout of the cycle, and we can feel confident that the patron played a role in including exceptional scenes that appear in no other copies of the chronicle decorated by the Master of the Roman de Fauvel . When considered in this way, these three books demonstrate three very different popular responses to royal history.

In the Grandes Chroniques now in Switzerland the text is more revealing than its illustrations. This is one of only five copies of the chronicle to replicate the dedicatory poems that Primat addressed to Philip III in the original presentation copy.^[6] Such a feature does not necessarily mean that the manuscript is royal; it may, however, indicate that the patron was particularly interested in the royal associations evoked by the text. The placement and subjects of the illustrations are conventional. All but one picture in the manuscript mark major divisions in the chronicle and draw their subject matter from the paragraphs that follow.^[7] One illustration subdivides a book, a picture of Louis VII, Emperor Conrad, and others riding on crusade (Fig. 53). This one exception, however, illustrates a text that was given special notice from the beginning of the chronicle tradition.^[8] The pictures in this manuscript, then, are not used so much to shape the traditional royal history for a noble audience as to reinforce a text selected for its royal overtones.

A second chronicle, now in Brussels, is written in three columns and lavishly illustrated by 129 miniatures. It traces the history of France through the death of Philip V in 1321, using distinctive text and illustrations that relate thematically to John the Good's manuscript in their emphasis on dynastic continuity but differ

Figure 53
Louis VII and Emperor Conrad depart on
crusade. Grandes Chroniques de France .
Switzerland, private collection, fol. 219v.
Photograph: The Conway Library, Courtauld
Institute of Art.

significantly in their visual expression. Indeed, most of the images in the book are more closely related, visually, to those in Thomas of Maubeuge's manuscript. And, like Thomas's images, the majority of pictures in the Brussels manuscript derive exclusively from their text. Nor do they participate in an overall restructuring of the manuscript. With the exception of a pair of large miniatures illustrating the prologue and the beginning of Louis the Pious's life, virtually all the pictures in this manuscript are two columns wide and evenly distributed.^[9] Thus the special character of this cycle of illustrations is to be found not in the structure of the cycle but in its treatment of subject matter.

The most visually striking miniatures in the Brussels manuscript are the pair that introduce the prologue to the Grandes Chroniques and the life of Louis the Pious, the son of Charlemagne. Each picture is three columns wide and fills two-thirds of a page. The first (Plate 2) represents a sequence of pagan and Christian kings of France, illustrating the rubric "Here begins the chronicles of France, first of the dukes who were first there and then of the Saracen kings, and following this, of all the Christian kings and all their deeds up to King Charles, son of King Philip the Fair, and of the ancestry from whom each is descended and of their offspring."^[10] This image is comparable in form to that in John's manuscript (Plate 1) but differs significantly in content. In the introductory image of John's manuscript, dukes and kings are presented on pedestals like statues to provide special models of kingship and to emphasize the length of succession to the office of king. Standing in isolation from one another, they flank an image of the

Figure 54
Charlemagne speaks to barons; Charlemagne supervises the coronation of Louis the
Pious. Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 5, fol. 151.
Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Figure 55
Death of Saint Benedict.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 5, fol. 27v.
Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

inauguration of Pharamond.^[11] In the Brussels manuscript, the kings interact with one another but are indistinguishable as individuals. This portrayal emphasizes ideas of smooth succession and continuity rather than the importance of lineage.

These nondynastic concerns also governed the selection of the other three-column miniature in the Brussels chronicle. In this picture (Fig. 54) generational continuity provides good government. On the left Charlemagne, regally enthroned, speaks with his barons; on the right Charlemagne supervises the pope's coronation of Louis the Pious as king of Aquitaine, a position that would provide him an apprenticeship in government.

Unique miniatures in the Brussels manuscript represent dramatic or miraculous events that do not involve the French king, scenes as diverse as the death of Saint Benedict (Fig. 55), King Louis of Germany torturing men to determine the justification for Charles the Bald's claim to rule (Fig. 56), or the appearance of Christ to Emperor Maurice of Constantinople (Fig. 57). Such images provide insight into the owner's interest in miracles and religious devotion—and into the personalized character of the illustration program.

The popularity of devotion to relics accounts for such scenes as the translation of Christ's robe (fol. 63), Charlemagne's prayers before the Crown of Thorns (Fig. 58), and the earliest representation that I have found in the Grandes Chroniques of the translation of the relics of Saint Louis (Fig. 59) during the reign of Philip IV. The devotional nature of this scene contrasts with the treatment of Saint Louis in John the Good's book, which places Louis's life within a dynastic frame.

Figure 56
Louis of Germany tortures men.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 5, fol. 184v.
Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Figure 57
Appearance of Christ to Emperor Maurice of Constantinople.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms.
5, fol. 72v. Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Figure 58
Charlemagne's prayer before the Crown of Thorns.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 5, fol. 128.
Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Figure 59
Translation of relics of Saint Louis.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 5, fol. 327.
Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

The special text and image added to this manuscript provide an excellent example of its nondynastic aim. Between the end of the life of Philip Augustus and the beginning of that of Louis VIII is a chapter (fol. 308) illustrated by the arrival of King John of Jerusalem at Rome (Fig. 60), describing how King John came to Rome to seek help and was supported by both the pope and Frederick, the Holy Roman Emperor, whose daughter John married. The following text establishes that John was effectively the last Christian King of the Holy Land. A royal manuscript might suggest that the French king should be the successor to John or, at the very least, might call for a crusade, but the Brussels text does neither. Instead, it changes the subject and describes once again the death and burial of Philip Augustus, perhaps to provide a transition to the life of Philip's son, Louis VIII, which follows the description of Philip Augustus's death.^[12]

The third manuscript, located in Castres, uses exceptional images to personalize and universalize the Grandes Chroniques . As such it is the most distinctive of the three attributed to the Master of the Roman de Fauvel . Unlike the other two, this Grandes Chroniques was frequently updated, taking its present shape in a series of four or five campaigns over a period of 20 to 25 years. As originally planned, the book was the work of two scribes who wrote the history of France through the death of Philip Augustus, a frequent terminus for the Grandes Chroniques and the endpoint for the manuscript in the Swiss private collection. This section of the chronicle was illustrated by three artists, each of whom worked on separate gatherings: the Master of the Roman de Fauvel painted all but two gatherings, one of which was the work of the first artist from the Grandes Chroniques

Figure 60
King John of Jerusalem arrives at Rome.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 5, fol. 308.
Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

commissioned in 1318 from Thomas of Maubeuge. A third scribe subsequently continued the history through the life of Philip V. This section was illustrated by a fourth artist, whose work can be dated to the 1340s and 1350s on the basis of costume.^[13] Finally, the book was continued again in one or two stages that extend the history through the life of Philip of Valois. Spaces for illuminations were left in this section but were never filled.

This frequent updating suggests that the manuscript in Castres was as vital to its owners as royal copies of the chronicle had been to Philip III and John the Good. Thus, even if we cannot be completely sure of the identity of the original patron of this Grandes Chroniques , we may gain our clearest insights by examining how this highly valued manuscript reflects the historical perspective of its nonroyal audience.

The provenance of the Grandes Chroniques in Castres suggests that the earliest owner was a figure at court. An inscription added above the chapter describing the Battle of Courtrai (Plate 3) in the first continuation is the earliest indication of ownership. Written in a different hand from that of the text, the inscription states, "These chronicles belong to Madame Jeanne d'Amboise, lady of Revel and of Tisauges,"^[14] thus providing a precise date for the inscription. After the death of her second husband, the Seigneur de Tisauges, Jeanne married Guillaume Flote, Seigneur de Revel and chancellor of France from 1338 to 1348, whose first wife died in 1339.^[15] The first owner of the book was probably Jeanne, a member of her family, or her husband. Guillaume Flote may have been the owner, since he commissioned other works decorated by this artist.^[16]

The placement of Jeanne's ex-libris strengthens the hypothesis that the Grandes Chroniques was given to Jeanne after her marriage. It appears above a miniature that represents one in a series of battles that Philip IV waged against rebellious Flemish forces between 1297 and 1304, when Jeanne was young. These battles were important for her family's history because her grandfather, Anseau de Chevreuse, the bearer of the oriflamme of France, the royal flag associated with Charlemagne, was killed during the campaign.^[17] Had this been Jeanne's personal copy of the text, the Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle, where her grandfather was killed, would probably have been illustrated. Since the Battle of Courtrai was the only image in the book to commemorate the Flemish campaign, however, it received her ex-libris .

The Battle of Courtrai had special significance for Jeanne's husband. Guillaume Flote's father, Pierre, was one of the few loyal French who remained with Robert of Artois and died at Courtrai after the rest of the French forces fled the field. In a rare illustration to this chapter the miniature below Jeanne's signature glorifies the bravery of men like Robert of Artois and Pierre Flote. It shows the turning point in the battle, when Robert of Artois, resplendent in his arms, rode directly at the Flemish who attacked as most of the French fled.^[18] In the miniature a few soldiers visible beyond Robert fight with him. It is clear that Robert and this noble minority are doomed; they will take their places with the dead soldiers who litter the ground.

The illustration to the Battle of Courtrai is thus one of those rare instances when the royal history recorded in the Grandes Chroniques merges with the history of the nobility. Such moments of convergence are rare, and representations of them

Figure 61
Abbot and monks of Saint-Denis before Dagobert.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Castres,
Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 73.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

are exceptional. Programs of decoration for the nobility more frequently sought to illustrate universal rather than personal elements of history.

Exceptional miniatures in the pictorial cycle of Jeanne d'Amboise's book provide insight into the perception of past and present French history by the early fourteenth-century court. Of 65 miniatures, 13 are unique among those illustrating the Master of the Roman de Fauvel's manuscripts. These treat three broad themes: the first reveals the extent to which Dionysian legends fascinated a broad audience, the second examines the universal moral applications of French history, and the third concerns the relationship between the king and his vassals. Similar themes are addressed pictorially in John the Good's royal book, but Jeanne d'Amboise's manuscript approaches these themes differently, both in the concerns expressed and in the mode of presentation.

The Dionysian imagery in this manuscript centers on the two most famous royal patrons of the abbey: Dagobert and Charles the Bald. In the miniature that

Figure 62
Fair of Lendit.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale, fol.
122v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

should represent Dagobert's coronation (Fig. 61) a prominent place is given to a delegation of Benedictine monks led by their abbot to confront the king. The text makes clear that this illustrates the founding of the abbey. A second image represents a later benefice allegedly given to the abbey by Charles the Bald (Fig. 62)—the Fair of Lendit. This picture, representing a shoe merchant, goldsmith, and clothes salesman at the fair, cuts its chapter in two in order to appear directly above the text explaining that Charles the Bald moved the fair from Aix-la-Chapelle to Saint-Denis at the same time that he presented a collection of relics of Christ's passion to the abbey.^[19] Those who came to the fair and adored the relics were given a special indulgence. In Jeanne d'Amboise's book the merchants—part of the concrete reality that any visitor to the fair would see—are represented in the miniature rather than the legendary events or the ostentation of the relics that decorated John the Good's book (Fig. 63). Thus the emphasis would seem to be on economic reality rather than devotion to an illustrious ancestor (as in the contemporary royal manuscript). The final Dionysian picture expands the traditional representation of Charles the Bald's vision of hell (Fig. 64), which chastised him

Figure 63
Ostentation of the relics.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 163.
By permission of the British Library.

into leading a good life. A second vision (Fig. 65), in which Charles the Bald appears to a monk of Saint-Denis seven years after his death, is represented less frequently. At this appearance Charles urged the monk to persuade the king of France and the abbot of Saint-Denis to move his body to the abbey.

These Dionysian images, very different in tone from those included in royal manuscripts, may reflect a popular perception of French history. The Fair of Lendit was an event experienced by many in Paris. Jongleurs sang chansons de geste , which, like the sermons given by the monks at the fair, explained how the relics came to the abbey. Moreover, the kings featured in the Dionysian pictures of Jeanne's Grandes Chroniques —Dagobert and Charles the Bald—were the most visible of Merovingian and Carolingian rulers buried at Saint-Denis. Anyone touring the array of royal tombs in the abbey church would be struck by Dagobert's elaborate stone tomb near the altar and Charles the Bald's golden tomb in the place of honor in the choir.

The universal moral message of French history is the theme of one of the most interesting of the unique miniatures in this manuscript—a moral exemplum drawn from the life of Charlemagne. This picture (Fig. 66) illustrates the confrontation between Charlemagne and Agolant, a Moslem leader, during Charlemagne's crusade to rid Spain of pagans. One of only two Grandes Chroniques to illustrate this theme, Jeanne's book is the only one in which the picture is carefully placed to subdivide the chapter so that it is near the text that draws a broad Christian moral.^[20] The chapter recounts how Agolant decided that it

Figure 64
Charles the Bald's vision of hell.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 177.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

was expedient to convert to Christianity after a series of defeats at the hands of Charlemagne's armies. He came to Charlemagne to be baptized and arrived just as the French sat down to dinner. Agolant noticed that the diners were seated in groups and inquired about their identities. Concentrating on the varied religious groups, Charlemagne explained how bishops and priests, monks and abbots, and canons regular, functioned in the religious hierarchy. When asked the identity of 12 scruffily dressed men crouching on the dirt far from him, Charlemagne responded that they were poor men, "messengers of Christ," who were fed every day in memory of the apostles. Agolant was unimpressed by Charlemagne's treatment of Christ's messengers. He refused baptism, withdrew his troops, and recommenced battle. The Grandes Chroniques draws the broad and obvious moral: "If Charlemagne lost King Agolant and his men, who would not be baptized because he saw the poor treated so villainously, what will happen on the day of judgment to those who in this mortal life despised the poor and treated them villainously? . . . Just as the pagan refused baptism because he did not see good deeds in Charlemagne, I

Figure 65
Vision of a monk of Saint-Denis.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Castres, Bibliothèque
Municipale, fol. 176v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

do not doubt that our Lord will refuse us the faith of baptism on judgment day if he sees no good works."^[21]

The theme of the relationship between the nobility and the king is expressed in this manuscript through events from the life of Philip Augustus. Two illustrations represent the provisions made for governing the country when the king was absent and the punishment that awaited those vassals who rebelled against the king. The first image (Fig. 67) represents Philip Augustus speaking to councillors and establishing the testament that he made when he left for the Crusades with Richard the Lionheart. Philip's testament designated those who should rule during his absence and made provisions for a regency if he were to die in the Holy Land. The rubric accompanying this picture emphasizes not Philip's wisdom as ruler, but the effect of his action on those left behind. This scene receives a different emphasis in John the Good's book, the only other to illustrate it. Whereas the traditional rubric in John's book reads, "The testament which King Philip established before his death," the rubric in Jeanne d'Amboise's manuscript is expanded to stress the

Figure 66
Charlemagne and Agolant.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Castres,
Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 128.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

theme of good government: "How the king Philip [the] God-given arranged his testament before he left France to go on crusade and how he provided for the needs of the realm and for the profit of all the common people."^[22]

Philip Augustus's provisions for the common good of his loyal subjects were matched in intensity by his punishment of vassals who broke his oath. The clearest illustration of this theme is an event in the story of the Battle of Bouvines, which pitted the French forces against those of the English king and the Holy Roman Emperor. One of the knights who made the battle possible was Ferrand, count of Hainaut and brother-in-law of the French king, who allowed the English and German forces to assemble at his chateau and allied himself with them against Philip Augustus, his liege lord. Two scenes represent Ferrand's punishment. First a standard workshop scene (Fig. 27) represents the French victory at Bouvines at which he was captured; then an exceptional image (Fig. 68) shows Ferrand being paraded in Philip's triumphal entry into Paris. The text describes the crowds berating the count on his way to Paris; it gives little attention to Philip's welcome.^[23]

Figure 67
Philip Augustus's testament.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 263.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

Ferrand's punishment is the exclusive focus of the miniature, which does not even include the king.

John the Good's chronicle was designed to gather suitable models of kingship for the heir to the throne and, in the process, to inspire John to be a good king like Saint Louis, whose reign ends the manuscript. John probably read the book this way. For him the events recorded in the Grandes Chroniques were living history, which affected him and in which he would participate.

The books decorated by the Master of the Roman de Fauvel present a very different view. They did not provide a model of living history to their owners, but rather testified to popular reactions to the French past. For the patron of the book now in Switzerland (private collection), possession of the royal text was most important; illustration did little to shape a personal reading of the chronicle. In the chronicle now in Brussels (B.R. 5) pictures reveal an awareness of the importance of succession and the role of such models of kingship as Charlemagne in guaranteeing it. The idea of the miraculous and the devotion to such kings as Saint

Figure 68
Count Ferrand led to Paris.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale, fol. 288.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

Louis and Dagobert, celebrated in contemporary chansons de geste and hagiography, were, however, much more important to this book than any dynastic theme. Of the three, only Jeanne d'Amboise's chronicle could be termed instructional as John the Good's Grandes Chroniques had been, but it was instructional only on the most popular and universal level. The readers of Jeanne's chronicle knew that they would probably never have a place in its pages, and perhaps as a result even the exceptional pictures in this book reinforce generalized readings of the text.

PART III—
THE GRANDES CHRONIQUES OF KING CHARLES V

Chapter Five—
The First Stage of Execution (before 1375)

During the reigns of the first Valois kings, manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques de France continued to offer different visual solutions to the problem of illustrating the chronicle. This situation changed when Charles V became king in 1364. Charles commissioned a continuation of the Grandes Chroniques that added accounts written at court about his father's and his own reign to the traditional history written by the monks at Saint-Denis about the Merovingians, Carolingians, and Capetians.^[1] The copy of the Grandes Chroniques (B.N. fr. 2813) that this continuation expanded became an authoritative manuscript influencing a generation of royal and courtly books.

Charles V's manuscript incorporated the history of a new branch of the Capetians—the Valois—into the official history of the French kings at a time when the English crown was challenging the legitimacy of the Valois rulers. The addition of this new illustrated text to the king's copy of the Grandes Chroniques was a timely reaction to contemporary politics and a typical one for this bibliophile king.^[2]

This version of the Grandes Chroniques took its present form in a series of four distinct campaigns of systematic modification and amendment^[3] that enable us to trace the evolution of the complex interplay of words and images that characterizes Charles V's book. During the first stage of execution Henri de Trévou, the first scribe, wrote a two-volume chronicle that ended with the life of Philip of Valois. In the second stage of work Raoulet d'Orléans, the second scribe, introduced running titles, changed the last folios of the life of Philip of Valois, and added the narrative of the lives of John the Good and Charles V up to the events of 1375. During the third stage of production Raoulet d'Orléans recorded events from fall 1375 to spring 1379 and inserted five sets of text and miniatures into the first portion of the manuscript.^[4] The fourth and final stage occurred in the fifteenth century when the manuscript was rebound into one volume.

Because it dates from three distinct moments in Charles V's reign (before 1375, before 1377, and after 1378), this manuscript offers a rare opportunity to reconstruct the genesis and expansion of a political program. During the second and third stages of production the editors of the manuscript altered the focus of the original decorative program to reflect current political concerns by adding new text and miniatures and, on rare occasions, by substituting new text and illustrations for those in the first section of the manuscript. Pictures added in these stages refer

to miniatures in earlier segments of text, either by adopting parallel formats or by using similar iconographical detail. These references provide secondary levels of interpretation to the text that become comprehensible when we analyze the three different versions of the manuscript as separate entities.

Miniatures decorating the first portion of Charles V's book are the least complicated in placement, format, and content. Usually positioned at the head of major divisions in the text, these images are, with few exceptions, one column wide. They depict coronations, battles, or court scenes in a generalized fashion. Perhaps because of their straightforward portrayal of events, these pictures have not been a subject of study.

Nevertheless, certain texts and illustrations in the first part of the manuscript are especially noteworthy. The hierarchy of decoration within the pictorial cycle; the relationship of Charles V's manuscript to its textual model, which also doubled as a maquette or dummy for the disposition of miniatures; and the divergences in the program of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques from that of a small group of manuscripts that closely copy it suggest that certain illustrated segments of the text were particularly important to the king. The lives of Charlemagne, Louis the Pious, Philip Augustus, and Saint Louis clearly have special significance, and the history of the early Norman dukes is detailed with a precision found in no other version of the Grandes Chroniques .

The format of certain miniatures presented as large double or four-part pictures distinguishes them as more important than other illuminations in the book. For example, the frontispiece to the manuscript (fol. 4) is a large image encompassing four scenes. The first pictures for the lives of Charlemagne (fol. 85v), Louis the Pious (fol. 128), Philip Augustus (fol. 223), and Saint Louis (fol. 266v) are all double miniatures. Double miniatures also illustrate two scenes from the story of Roland (fols. 124, 128).

Philip III's Grandes Chroniques (Ste.-Gen. 782), the model for a large portion of the text, provides further evidence for the significance of text, miniatures, and subcycles dealing with the dukes of Normandy, Charlemagne, and the concept of legitimacy. Kept in the royal library, this manuscript contains fourteenth-century marginal annotations addressed to Henri de Trévou, the scribe of Charles V's manuscript.^[5] These dictate the placement or, in one case, the suppression of miniatures in Charles's chronicle and advocate the rearrangement of certain texts. Almost all these dictates were acted upon.

Two differences between Philip's Grandes Chroniques and Charles V's are unheralded by the marginal notes directed to Henri. These address the problem of legitimacy; they include the suppression of the chapter on Hugh Capet, the first of the Capetian line, and the introduction from another source of the life of Louis VIII, which had not yet been written when Primat completed his translation.

Four later books modeled on Charles V's Grandes Chroniques stress many of the same texts and include miniatures of the same subjects. Yet a comparison of these manuscripts suggests that certain innovations in the program of Charles V's book appealed to a narrow audience. For example, a manuscript of unknown provenance (Lyon, B.M. 880); two texts owned by Charles V's son, Charles VI (B.N. fr. 10135 and fr. 2608); and one owned by Charles VI's chamberlain, John of Montaigu, (Vienna, ÖNB 2564) neither omit Hugh Capet's life nor place great emphasis on the history of the Norman dukes. These features are unique to Charles

V's manuscript.^[6] A comparison of these manuscripts also suggests that the dense cycle illustrating the life of Saint Louis may have had a special significance for certain kings of France since it appears only in Charles V's and Charles VI's copies.

Politics in the Duchy of Normandy

Charles V's interest in the history of the Norman dukes is not surprising in light of contemporary events. In the mid-1350s John the Good made Charles duke of Normandy.^[7] In this capacity he had to contend with the attempts of his cousin, Charles of Navarre, to foment rebellion from his base in Evreux as part of an attempt to win the French throne. The situation was complicated by the activities of the English king, Edward III, a second claimant to the throne who periodically invaded Normandy. Charles V's attempts to gain control of Normandy were successful. With the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 and Charles of Navarre's homage at Vernon in 1371, Charles V made tentative peace with his rivals. Nevertheless, as the French land closest to England, the duchy of Normandy remained a point of contention throughout Charles V's reign.

Charles's role as duke of Normandy may explain the pictorial emphasis on the lives of Norman dukes in his chronicle. By emphasizing a number of events in the history of the early dukes, rubrics and illustrations introduced into the book establish parallels between Charles's ducal predecessors and his royal ancestors. Some of the textual changes specified in the margins of Philip III's Grandes Chroniques highlight the activity of the early Norman rulers. First, they suggest the inclusion of new rubrics that increase the prominence of Dukes Rollo (Robert I) and Raoul of Normandy and Kings Louis, Lothar, Robert II, and Henry of France. In addition, they advocate the subdivision of certain chapters to stress divine intervention in the conquest of Normandy (the appearance of Saint Benedict to Count Sigillophes), emphasize the Christianity of the early dukes (the baptism of Rollo at which he took the name Robert), and discuss treachery against the Normans (the treason of the count of Flanders). They also note the Normans' ability to seek peace (alliance with King Lothar of France) and praise their repulsion of an English invasion (by Ethelred II) and their willingness to go on crusade. The only chapter formed by subdivision that deals with a French king discusses Robert II's generosity to the abbey of Saint-Denis just before his death.

The placement of miniatures, also noted in the margins of Philip's Grandes Chroniques , places equal emphasis on the importance of the Norman subcycle. For instance, the only annotation recommending suppression of an image occurs on folio 209 (Figs. 12 and 69), where a note to Henri suggests that he skip a miniature depicting Richard of Burgundy chasing the Normans out of his realm in order to insert a picture of the Normans landing in Neustria, two paragraphs later, at the commencement of the description of Rollo's activities. Three other miniatures illustrate chapters created by the subdivision of this portion of Primat's text.^[8]

These newly subdivided chapters describe traits in the Norman predecessors of Charles V that were normally attributed to French kings. Chapters focusing on divine sponsorship, the repulsion of an English invasion, and the willingness to crusade illustrate kingly behavior. One chapter is subdivided to introduce a miniature celebrating the baptism of Rollo (Fig. 70), the first Christian duke of

Figure 69
Inscription addressed to Henri de
Trévou.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782,
fol. 209. Photograph by the author.

Normandy. This event parallels the baptism of Clovis, the first Christian king of France. Clovis's baptism was especially important to the French kings because, according to legend, the holy unction that distinguished the French rulers from all others first appeared at Clovis's baptism.^[9]

Saintly Ancestors as Models of Kingship

Charles V's political motives also explain the dense cycles of the lives of Charlemagne and Saint Louis, particularly since no visual models have been found for them. Charlemagne's importance for French kingship and his special significance to Charles V must have been a factor in the elaboration of this sequence of illustrations.^[10] Charles had a chambre de Charlemagne in his Hôtel Saint-Pol and was often compared to Charlemagne in the prefaces of works that he commissioned, such as Raoul de Praelles's translation of the City of God in 1375.^[11] Charles V was the first French king actively to promote the cult of Charlemagne. In a speech delivered in 1378 Charles even referred to "saint charlemaine," a status that Charlemagne was not usually accorded.^[12]

As Charles V's only canonized ancestor, Saint Louis also earned a special place in the Grandes Chroniques . Devotion to Louis was widespread, particularly among his Capetian descendants, who commissioned numerous cycles of his life. Charles V's densely illustrated version of Saint Louis's life continues this Capetian tradition but may also assert the legitimacy of the new Valois line, as in John the Good's Grandes Chroniques .

Figure 70
The baptism of Rollo.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol.
166v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

The French Kings and the Empire

One image in the first version of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques , given special prominence by its format, may express the desire of the French kings to assert their independence of and equality with the Holy Roman Emperor. The four-part miniature (Fig. 71) preceding Book I illustrates the Greeks landing in Troy, their assault on the city, Francion founding Sicambria, and the defeat of the armies of Emperor Theodosius by Trojan descendants. The emperor's defeat is strongly emphasized. As the imperial army flees the Trojan onslaught, the emperor tumbles from his horse to land prominently in the foreground. The miniature clearly celebrates the Trojan ancestry of French kings: in the final, triumphal scene, for example, the Trojan king wears a tunic strewn with fleurs-de-lis, and his horse is richly draped in material of the same pattern. The triumph of the Trojans over the Roman emperor is therefore emblematic of the independence of France from the empire, as stressed in contemporary political theory.

Such comparisons of royal and imperial status are restricted to royal manuscripts. The frontispiece to one of Charles VI's Grandes Chroniques (B.N. fr. 10135), which copies Charles V's manuscript (Fig. 72), is identical in composition

Figure 71
Greeks landing in Troy; Assault on a city; Francion founding Sicambria;
Trojans defeat imperial army.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 4. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 72
Greeks landing in Troy; Assault on a city; Francion founding Sicambria;
Trojans defeat imperial army.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Nationale, Ms. fr. 10135, fol. 3. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

to this four-part miniature. It includes the image of the fallen emperor and signals the French presence by fleur-de-lis finials atop the towers of Troy. A third frontispiece from a contemporary, nonroyal Grandes Chroniques (B.N. fr. 17270, fol. 2v) also copies the four-part composition of Charles V's manuscript, but it suppresses the fleur-de-lis of France and the tumbling emperor. Although justified by the narrative, the careful equation of the Trojan and French kings and the inclusion of the fallen emperors in the two royal manuscripts elaborate upon their texts. The nonroyal manuscript omits any such elaboration, although the editor would have been familiar with the royal versions.

Dynastic Legitimacy and the Reditus

Charles V's concerns with the legitimacy of dynastic succession probably caused the suppression of the chapter on Hugh Capet when Charles's book was copied from Primat's presentation copy. The first portion of the suppressed text advances the doctrine of the reditus regni ad stirpem Karoli Magni . This was desirable material but could easily be omitted because the interpolated life of Louis VIII reiterates and expands upon the reditus theme. The second portion of Hugh Capet's life may have been the section that led to the chapter's suppression. In describing Hugh's reign, it includes an episode in which Hugh unjustly imprisons Arnoul, the archbishop of Reims, because Arnoul, though a bastard, is descended more directly than Hugh from the line of Charlemagne. As a result of his abuse of kingship, Hugh Capet is excommunicated. Only when Arnoul is freed and restored to his post is the ban lifted. Hugh Capet's fear of an illegitimate descendant of Charlemagne and the implication that Hugh was not a legitimate ruler may have provided sufficient reason for suppressing the passage in Charles V's book; it was uncomfortably close to events surrounding the Valois succession to the Capetians, when English claimants believed that they were more closely related to Saint Louis than were the Valois kings of France.

Hugh's life could be skipped without disrupting narrative continuity, because the chapters that precede and follow it provide a smooth transition. Charles of Lorraine's life ends by noting that after Hugh Capet ensured the extinction of Charlemagne's line, he had himself crowned in the city of Reims, and the life of Hugh Capet's son Robert begins with the statement that after Hugh died, Robert became king. Revisions in the text of Charles's chronicle thus ensured that the Capetians succeeded the Carolingians with a minimum of controversy.

Notes to Henri de Trévou in Philip's book reinforce the idea that the textual editing deliberately minimized questions about Hugh's legitimacy as ruler. The note to Henri in the margin of Hugh Capet's life in Ste.-Gen. 782 is the only one to show equivocation on the part of the designer. It originally consisted of the word "hyst," meaning "miniature." But "hyst" is crossed out and replaced by the words "une vignette," meaning "historiated initial"—"une" placed to the right of "hyst" and "vignette" to the left, thus downgrading the illustration originally planned for the passage on Hugh Capet.^[13] Ultimately the picture was downgraded even further when this note was erased (it is now visible only under ultraviolet light) and the life of Hugh Capet was omitted from Charles V's chronicle.

In Charles's Grandes Chroniques the illustration to the life of Louis VIII, the only other text to deal explicitly with the reditus and with dynastic change also minimizes the turbulence of the transition from Carolingian to Capetian government. Instead of featuring Louis's coronation or his actions in Aquitaine, as do virtually all earlier copies containing this text, this picture (Fig. 73) illustrates a prophecy that fixed a time for the reditus and provided a reason for the transition from Carolingian to Capetian government. According to this prophecy, Saint Valery rewarded Hugh the Great, the father of Hugh Capet, for translating his body and that of Saint Riquier. To thank Hugh the Great, Saint Valery appeared to him in a dream and revealed that Hugh's descendants would reign as kings of France for seven generations—precisely the amount of time between Hugh Capet and Philip Augustus, whose son Louis VIII fulfilled the reditus .^[14]

By illustrating the Valerian prophecy, the miniature beginning Louis VIII's life leads the reader to skip over the preliminary materials of the chapter, which describe Hugh Capet's usurpation and the reditus , and to dwell on the miraculous promise to Hugh Capet's father, here shown as a king. As the Grandes Chroniques

Figure 73
Saint Valery appears to Hugh the Great.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 261.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 74
Charlemagne receives gifts; battle.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr.
2813, fol. 121. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 75
Combat determines Ganelon's guilt; punishment of Ganelon.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 124. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

states, Saint Valery's promise made it clear that the translation of the realm from Carolingian to Capetian was Hugh's reward for good works: his accession was a gift from God.

Kingly Behavior

The ideal of kingly behavior is the final theme featured in the program of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques at the end of the first stage of execution. This theme affected the rearrangement of chapters in the lives of the early dukes of Normandy, discussed earlier in this chapter. It also explains the inclusion of double miniatures in the story of Roland.

Two double miniatures from the life of Charlemagne represent a kingly prerogative: meting out justice in a just cause. Charlemagne's life was much more densely illuminated in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques than in its textual model; a cycle of nineteen miniatures replaces the five decorating the earlier book. Of the miniatures in Charles's codex, two in particular were laid out with special care. Twice in Book V of the life of Charlemagne (the story of Roland) a notation dictated that space should be left for a double miniature, a form of decoration that occurs only four times in over 380 folios and that in every other case heads the first chapter of a king's life.^[15] These pictures illustrate a crime and its punishment. A double miniature (Fig. 74) represents the gifts sent as a false sign of peace to Charlemagne by Marsile, the Saracen king, with the help of Ganelon, one of Charlemagne's trusted advisors, and the subsequent battle in which Ganelon's treacherous act results in the slaughter of Charlemagne's men. The second pair of miniatures (Fig. 75) shows the just punishment for Ganelon's treason against a king. In one image the outcome of single combat determines Ganelon's guilt; in the second picture Ganelon is quartered by two horsemen.

The part of Charles V's manuscript written by Henri de Trévou is illustrated by generalized images, but these pictures nonetheless express ideas that become increasingly important in the formation of the program of illustration in subsequent continuations of this Grandes Chroniques . Through the rearrangement or suppression of texts and the importance accorded certain miniatures by their different formats, the first portion of the Grandes Chroniques focuses attention on Charles V's rights to Normandy, emphasizes the continuous descent of Capetian from Carolingian, and stresses the importance of saintly ancestors and just behavior. Finally, it highlights rulers of France who were also emperors and may assert the power of the French king vis-à-vis the emperor.

Chapter Six—
The Second Stage of Execution (c. 1375—77)

In contrast to the first stage of production of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques , which recorded French history from the fall of Troy to the death of Philip of Valois in 1350, the second portion describes only 25 years, from the accession of John the Good in 1350 to the ordinance of 1375, which established the age of majority for French kings at 14.

The quarter century recorded in this portion of the Grandes Chroniques was a time of marked change in the political fortunes of France.^[1] Early in his reign John the Good, Charles V's father, was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356. Charles then began a gradual consolidation of power, first as lieutenant de roi and regent during his father's captivity and finally as king after John's death in England in 1364. The text reports a string of successes for the French house: the negotiation of a tentative peace with England; the suppression of rebellions fueled by Charles V's relative, Charles of Navarre, in Paris and Normandy; the homage of Charles of Navarre before Charles V; and, most important, the birth of a royal heir to Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.

A cycle of 26 miniatures faithfully mirrors the events recorded in the text. Most of these miniatures depict Charles's struggle with Étienne Marcel, the provost of Paris, or with Charles of Navarre, a claimant to the French throne. A second, smaller group of miniatures celebrates positive events of the reign by depicting important ceremonies. The large scale of these ceremonial pictures and their attention to details of costume and armorial bearings establish their importance. Their images evoke two broad themes: the idea of French supremacy over the English through the glorification of ideals of kingly behavior exemplified by John the Good, and the continuity of the Valois line in Charles's heir, Charles VI. In both cases the miniatures combine with their texts to focus on the past and future of the Valois line.

Kingship and Internal Politics

Textual changes in the first continuation of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques promote ideals of kingly behavior in the context of contemporary political rivalries, exaggerating English misconduct and minimizing French deficiencies. When Raoulet d'Orléans continued Henri de Trévou's text, he substituted four rewritten pages for the last few folios of the life of Philip of Valois and made editorial changes in the first part of the same gathering.^[2] Almost all the leaves immediately preceding

the substitution are corrected more carefully than in the first portion of the book. In fact, three folios before the change of scribe, a sizable paragraph dealing with the abbey of Saint-Denis is crossed out emphatically and a red vacat (void) penned in its margins (fol. 383). This unflattering paragraph refers to Philip of Valois's request for the abbey's gold crucifix as a war subsidy despite a papal inscription on its base threatening excommunication of the person who dared remove it from the abbey.^[3] This account of kingly greed, like the account of Hugh Capet's jealousy in the first portion of the chronicle, was probably deemed unsuitable in a royal commission.

A few folios later, in the substituted text, an elaborate description of the siege of Calais reveals a more extensive example of pro-French editing. Later versions of the Grandes Chroniques contain the text that probably originally existed in Charles's manuscript. They simply state that Philip of Valois arrived too late to help the residents of Calais, who surrendered because they had nothing to eat.^[4] This book, however, stresses the "great care and diligence" with which Philip tried to help the city; the wickedness of the English king, who broke a treaty to continue the siege; and the suffering of the people of Calais, reduced to eating horses, cats, dogs, and rats, before their surrender.^[5]

Like these texts, prominent images also promote French superiority over the English. They laud the kingly behavior of John the Good and denigrate the English. For example, one of the most striking miniatures in this portion of the Grandes Chroniques , a picture of the meeting and feast of the Order of the Star (Fig. 76), illustrates a chapter that describes the treachery of the English, who broke a treaty with the French to capture the city of Guines.^[6] This picture commands the reader's attention by its position and scale; it follows the text that it illustrates, and it is one of only three miniatures in the whole manuscript that fill three-quarters of a page each.^[7]

The rubric to this chapter suggests that the miniature of the Order of the Star is related to the text that precedes it. In Charles V's manuscript the traditional rubric for the third chapter of John the Good's life, "How the city and castle of Guines were captured by the English, the day that the king of France celebrated with the Order of the Star at Saint-Ouen," is expanded to include the phrase, "which feast is portrayed and illustrated below."^[8]

The picture illustrates a discussion between the king and several members of the order on the occasion of a feast. Regarding this episode, the text simply states that John the Good founded the order in October 1351 and that the members wore stars on their hoods or mantles. The picture, on the other hand, includes more specific details of costume: white tunics, red mantles, pearl-studded fillets that the participants tied around their foreheads, and complicated stars.^[9]

Because the order no longer existed in the 1370s, this image is an archaeological reconstruction. Both the royal accounts relating to the execution of elements of costume and John the Good's ordinance sent to a group of nobles and princes in 1351 to recruit members offer proof that the costumes included in the painting were authentic.^[10] Thus, when this miniature was painted, more than 20 years after the event, the artist incorporated evidence derived either from an eyewitness account of the events or from court documents.^[11]

Why lavish so much attention on a miniature that not only departs from traditional placement and scale but also addresses a subject of apparently little

Figure 76
Order of the Star.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale,
Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 394. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 77
John the Good enters London.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr.
2813, fol. 438. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

significance to the text? The answer lies in the motivation for the founding of the order and in the contemporary perception of its goals. The full title of the order, Company of Knights of Our Lady of the Noble House at Saint-Ouen, gives a clue to its purpose.^[12] To create a tighter bond between John and members of the nobility, the order intertwined the cult of the Virgin with a series of regulations that restricted the conditions under which a member could do battle. Ties like the one created by this order became increasingly necessary for the French as loyalties shifted during the Hundred Years' War.

Even more important to an understanding of this picture, however, is the relationship between the Order of the Star and the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III.^[13] The rules and goals of these orders changed in response to each monarch's need to ensure the loyalty of his troops and, more important, in response to developments on the other side of the channel. Thus the Order of the Star, founded approximately three years after its English counterpart, was a rallying point for French chivalry—a political statement expressing clear opposition to the English and perhaps responding to the Order of the Garter.

The relationship between this miniature and its text confirms the political interpretation of the Order of the Star in France. While the text focuses on the neglect of a treaty by the English and their use of treachery to capture a city, the miniature presents a picture of the victorious French king united with his loyal knights, who stand in opposition to those who threaten the realm. Thus French virtue is contrasted with English decadence.

The only other two-column miniature featuring John the Good offers a more specific glorification of kingly behavior. John's royal entry into London in 1363 (Fig. 77) marked his willing return to captivity after Louis, duke of Anjou,

Figure 78
John the Good enters Paris.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 436v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

John's second son and one of the hostages who had taken the king's place in England in 1360, returned to France without permission. This breach of honor, coupled with France's difficulty in meeting ransom payments, broke the Treaty of Brétigny. For John the Good, the only honorable recourse was to return to London.^[14] The scale of this miniature highlights the importance to Charles V of his father's honorable behavior. The miniature depicting John's royal entry into Paris when he was released in 1360 (Fig. 78) is of normal size. Only his voluntary return to captivity, a gesture lauded by the French, is shown in large scale.^[15]

The Royal Succession

The continuity of the Valois line is the second theme addressed by the ceremonial images in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques . When seen together, miniatures showing the peers supporting the crown at the coronation of Jeanne de Bourbon and Charles V and the baptismal procession of Charles VI assert that the Valois line flourishes in the person of the young heir.

The scene that introduces the narrative of Charles V's life, a double miniature of the peers supporting the enthroned king and queen, is one of the most perplexing in this Grandes Chroniques de France (Plate 4). Historians and art

Figure 79
Coronation of John the Good.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 393.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

historians alike have dismissed it from serious consideration because it copies earlier images.^[16] Paradoxically, it is precisely this dependence that makes the scene representing Charles's coronation special. Of the 175 pictures in this manuscript, it is one of only two derivative miniatures, a status that raises questions about its function in the Grandes Chroniques . Though derivative, it is not an exact copy of its model. Subtle changes in composition and heraldry, which alter the image to fit its new setting, can be explained by careful consideration of the specific context of Charles V's manuscript and the more generalized context of contemporary historical events.

The image was painted between 1375 and 1377 to decorate a continuation of the Grandes Chroniques , written at court, that ends in a chapter covering two events of 1375: the publication in the Parlement of Paris of the ordinance regulating the majority of the French kings and the making of a treaty with the English at Bruges.^[17] Apparently the chronicle was thought complete at this time and was probably bound. This continuation provides the specific context for the miniature.

In the detail employed the portrayal of the ceremony in this miniature differs from depictions in the manuscript of the commencement of other kings' reigns. Compare, for example, the details of the illustration of John the Good's coronation (Fig. 79), painted in the same campaign as the double scene of Charles V

and Jeanne of Bourbon. In this image the fleur-de-lis identifies the coronation as French, but it is impossible to identify the king. In the double miniature the king and queen hold recognizable objects: Charles grasps a scepter representing Charlemagne enthroned, which was made for him and is still preserved in the Louvre, and Jeanne of Bourbon holds in her right hand the scepter of Dagobert, known from eighteenth-century drawings by Montfaucon.^[18]

Scholars have explained the specificity of this picture by citing its models—images from Charles V's commemorative Coronation Book (Plates 5 and 6).^[19] The Coronation Book , produced in 1365 under Charles V's direct supervision, was decorated by the same workshop that later painted the double picture in the Grandes Chroniques . Because it formed part of the royal library, the Coronation Book was an authoritative and convenient model for the images in the Grandes Chroniques . This relationship provides a plausible explanation for the compositional similarity of the images, but it makes their other differences even more problematic.

One puzzling difference is the moment chosen to illustrate the beginning of Charles V's reign. Instead of the moment of coronation, the picture in the Grandes Chroniques represents a portion of the ceremony that occurred after the coronation proper—a symbolic expression of support for the new king and queen by the clerical and lay peers. The text of the chronicle does not mention this occurrence. It states that the king and queen were crowned and lists some of the nobles in attendance.^[20] Strictly speaking, the miniatures of the coronations of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon from the Coronation Book would have been more appropriate models if the only goal of this picture were the commemoration of the event recounted in the text.^[21]

Another significant divergence from the Coronation Book is evident in the placement of the queen's picture next to the king's. As recorded in the Coronation Book , the ceremony of the queen's coronation was begun only after the king's was finished. The double miniature in the Grandes Chroniques thus juxtaposes two pictures that were separated by 11 folios and as many miniatures in the Coronation Book . This representation of parallel moments from the two ceremonies glosses over the temporal separation between them and, in the process, gives more prominence to the queen, presenting her on an almost equal footing with the king.

The heraldry of the double miniature in Charles V's chronicle is also subtly different from that of its models. In the Coronation Book's treatment of the king's coronation, one image (Plate 5) shows the king flanked by the count of Flanders, the duke of Bourbon, the count of Toulouse, the duke of Anjou, the archbishop of Reims, and the bishop of Beauvais. The corresponding miniature of the queen's coronation (Plate 6) shows the queen flanked by the count of Toulouse, the count of Étampes, the bishop of Beauvais, and the archbishop of Reims.^[22]

The positions of three people changed when these scenes were copied into the Grandes Chroniques (Plate 4). In the scene showing the peers supporting the crown after the coronation of the queen, the duke of Burgundy replaced the count of Toulouse, and the duke of Bourbon replaced the count of Étampes.^[23] In the scene with the king, the count of Étampes takes the position near the king that the duke of Bourbon held in the Coronation Book .

These careful heraldic changes do not increase the historical accuracy of the picture. Of the peers distinguished by heraldry in the miniatures, the Grandes Chroniques only mentions the presence of the archbishop of Reims; the bishop

of Beauvais; Louis, duke of Anjou; and Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy at the ceremony.^[24] Although not mentioned specifically in the text of the chronicle, the count of Étampes, the count of Flanders, and the duke of Bourbon were peers at the time of the coronation; they were listed as such in both Charles V's Coronation Book and the conflicting list of peers that appeared in the Traité du sacre , the commentary on the ceremony of coronation commissioned by Charles V from Jean Golein in 1374.^[25]

Whether the counts of Flanders and Toulouse were really present at the coronation is not germane to this discussion, since the counts appear in both the Grandes Chroniques and the Coronation Book . More intriguing are the differences introduced in the Grandes Chroniques: the duke of Burgundy is brought into the scene of support for the queen, and the positions of the duke of Bourbon and the count of Étampes are changed to place the duke of Bourbon by the queen.

Because the dukes of Bourbon and Burgundy and the count of Étampes were present at the coronation, pictorial or written accounts of the ceremony cannot explain discrepancies between these pictures. In fact, the reason may have been Charles V's concerns for the education of his heir. Charles V's first child, who became Charles VI, was born in 1368 during the period between the execution of the Coronation Book and the Grandes Chroniques de France . The birth of a son, which had been eagerly anticipated for 18 years, ensured the continuity of the Valois line. To safeguard this continuity in the event of his death, Charles V promulgated three ordinances in 1374.^[26] One concerned the age of majority. Published in the Parlement of Paris in 1375, it was the subject of the last chapter of Charles V's life in this copy of the Grandes Chroniques . It thus closed the reign that began with the scene of the peers' support. In many ways this ordinance marked a logical ending for this version of the chronicle, which was written and painted between 1375 and 1377, while Charles V was still king. Although it did not complete Charles V's life, it did provide a plan for a smooth transition to his son's government.

A second ordinance, which was not included in the chronicle, charged Jeanne of Bourbon with the education and upbringing of her children and provided her with two principal assistants: her brother-in-law, Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy; and her brother, Louis, duke of Bourbon. The association of Philip and Louis with the queen in this special charge must have been reason enough to include them with her in this picture and could help to explain why the queen's picture was placed next to the king's—to demonstrate the provisions for legitimate government.

The decision to depict a moment of support rather than the moment of coronation may also reflect Charles V's concern with providing a smooth transition to the government of his heir. A contemporary text, the Traité du sacre by Jean Golein, provides insights into the significance of this ceremony.^[27] Completed in the same year as the ordinance on government and contemporary with the painting of the miniature in the Grandes Chroniques , Golein's treatise glosses the events of the coronation with an explanation of their symbolic meaning. In his treatise Golein frequently stresses the peers' role in assisting in the just government of France as defenders of king and realm. According to Golein, "The peers surround the king to signify the forces who surround Solomon, all of them expert with the sword, skilled in battle, because if they [the peers] are not presently holding their swords, they are nearby to be taken when it is time to defend the king and realm."^[28]

Perhaps dual images of baronial support were represented in the Grandes Chroniques to show that the peers were ready to defend their present king (Charles V) and to uphold the government of his descendants—a government in which the queen and the peers flanking her were supposed to play an important role.

On the most basic level, this picture is a special commemoration of Charles V's and Jeanne of Bourbon's coronations in 1364, deriving its iconography from the official commemorative manuscript of the coronation. However, this commemorative function may be less important than a second function: to introduce Charles V's reign while simultaneously alluding to its conclusion—to the provisions for government under the young dauphin and the peers' duty to protect and defend the realm and their king, no matter what his age.

Support for this interpretation is found in an analysis of a miniature representing the baptismal procession of the dauphin (Fig. 80), the only other large ceremonial picture from this version of Charles's life.^[29] The theme of dynastic continuity to which the miniature of baronial support only alludes is amplified in the representation of the procession that took place in 1368 when Charles's firstborn son was christened. This illustration reflects its narrative, which describes the order of the large procession and lists the distinguished guests in attendance.^[30] Of particular interest is the description of Queen Jeanne of Evreux, widow of Charles IV, carrying the dauphin between his two godfathers, Charles of Montmorency and Charles of Dammartin, in the procession to the church. To increase compositional clarity in the miniature, the queen is placed slightly behind the godfathers, in a position that further emphasizes her important role in the event. Prior to the

Figure 80
Baptismal procession of Charles VI.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr.
2813, fol. 446v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

sixteenth century, when descriptions of baptisms of dauphins began to specify that the godfather carried the godchild, there seems to have been no fixed protocol governing this aspect of the ceremony.^[31] Therefore, Charles V's choice of Jeanne of Evreux, the surviving wife of the last Capetian king and a constant negotiator for peace between Charles V and Charles of Navarre, is particularly significant.^[32] Her role in carrying the Valois heir must have been seen at the time as an affirmation of the continuity between Capetian and Valois—of the sanction of the Capetian kings for their Valois successors.

A contradiction between the accounts of the Grandes Chroniques and the continuations of Guillaume de Nangis's Chronique abrégée raises a question as to Jeanne of Evreux's actual role in the baptism. Dating from the 1380s, the continuations of the Chronique abrégée include a description of the baptism identical to that of the Grandes Chroniques except that Jeanne of Evreux's part in the ceremony is suppressed, and Charles of Montmorency carries the infant, accompanied by Charles of Dammartin.^[33] This deviation is notable in a text that copies Charles V's Grandes Chroniques so carefully that it transcribes one of the marginal notes unique to this royal manuscript.^[34] The exact significance of this break from the official account preserved in Charles's manuscript remains undetermined. It may be that Jeanne of Evreux's death in 1371, which ended her negotiations between the houses of France and Navarre, also lessened her utility as a symbol of Capetian support for the Valois line. A second possibility is that the compiler of the Chronique abrégée noted an inconsistency in the Grandes Chroniques , which he rectified. The Grandes Chroniques describes Jeanne of Evreux carrying the dauphin but also includes her among the distinguished guests following behind in the procession, "la royne Jeanne, la Duchesse d'Orliens sa fille."^[35]

The miniatures that punctuate Raoulet d'Orléans's first continuation of the Grandes Chroniques function differently from those in the earlier portion of the manuscript. Illustrations to the life of John the Good and the first part of the life of Charles V document Charles's gradual consolidation of power. At the same time, a small group of texts and images of ceremony that are unique to this manuscript addresses different issues. Their assertion of French supremacy through illustrations of John the Good's kingship and through the emphasis on the Valois succession in images of Charles VI manifests underlying political and dynastic themes that reach fuller expression in the third part of the manuscript.

Chapter Seven—
The Third Stage of Execution (after 1379)

The third stage of production of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques —Raoulet d'Orléans's second continuation—spans the shortest period, beginning with events of fall 1375 and terminating in April 1379.^[1] Unlike the second portion of the chronicle, which documents Charles V's consolidation of power, this part describes a difficult time in France's history. With the exception of the state visit of the Holy Roman Emperor, the events of this era were bleak. After the death of the Black Prince in 1376 and Edward III in 1377, an infant, Richard II, assumed the English throne with a government dominated by his uncles. War with England resumed, the confessions of Jacques la Rue and Pierre le Tertre confirmed the long-suspected treachery of Charles of Navarre, and the Papal Schism began.^[2]

During this stage of production several changes were made to earlier portions of the manuscript, and new material was introduced. A new frontispiece was added to the first volume, and four sets of leaves were excised from the lives of Saint Louis and Philip of Valois, written in the chronicle's first stage, and replaced by illustrated texts addressing the question of Valois legitimacy and thus reinforcing many of the themes present in earlier portions of the book. The miniatures executed in Raoulet's second continuation further promote the theme of French kingship by defining the king's relation to the emperor, with particular emphasis on his primacy in France. Indeed, this is a central focus of this continuation: 17 miniatures portray events from the Holy Roman Emperor's visit to Paris in 1378.

The Five Substitutions

The five substitutions of this continuation comprise two texts dealing with homage, illustrated with three miniatures; a third text describing events that surrounded Philip of Valois's succession to the throne of France, illustrated with one miniature; a fourth text, a short prefatory paragraph to the life of Saint Louis, with a full-page frontispiece and author's portrait; and a frontispiece for the whole manuscript. Each of the substituted folios contains textual or visual material unique to Charles V's Grandes Chroniques . Seen together, they constitute a forceful reaffirmation of the legitimacy of the Valois line in response to English claims to the French throne, accomplished in part by the assertion of parallels between Saint Louis and his Valois descendants.

The type of homage owed to the French king by the English ruler for his duchies in France had long been an issue between France and England and was

of particular importance to the early Valois rulers.^[3] The dispute was rooted in the Treaty of Paris, concluded between Louis IX and Henry III in 1259, which called upon the French king to cede certain lands to the English king in return for his liege homage. Criticized for having alienated important lands in the treaty in exchange for mere homage, Louis retorted, as Joinville notes, "It seems to me that that which I give Henry III, I use well because he was not my vassal, and because of this event he enters into my homage."^[4] The English kings grudgingly renewed their homage at each change of reign: Edward I paid homage to Philip IV of France in 1286, and Edward II paid homage to Philip IV (1308) and Philip V (1320). In none of these cases, however, did the king pay liege homage because he did not swear the oath of fidelity.^[5]

When Philip of Valois came to the throne in 1328 he, like his predecessors, summoned the English king to pay homage for his duchies in France.^[6] Edward III arrived at Amiens in 1329 but, like his father and grandfather, pledged a less-binding, conditional homage that omitted the oath of fidelity to the French ruler. Twice in 1330 Edward was summoned to appear in France in order to confirm that the homage of 1329 had been liege and to swear the oath of fidelity. In 1331 Edward sent a letter to Philip stating that he should have performed liege homage in 1329; however, he did not make the trip to France and, in fact, never performed liege homage in person.

The issue of liege homage is the focus of two of the four sets of substituted leaves in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques . As Paulin Paris and others have noted, these insertions expand short discussions of homage in the lives of Saint Louis (chapter 84) and Philip of Valois (chapter 6) with three miniatures and the texts of two documents from the Trésor des chartes: the Treaty of Paris and the letter Edward III sent Philip in 1331.^[7]

In the first miniature of homage (Fig. 81) Henry III kneels before Saint Louis and clasps his hands while witnesses peer from either side of the royal pair and from the lower margin of the page. Rather than occupying the traditional place at the head of the chapter, this miniature precedes the text of the Treaty of Paris, in which the English king first agreed to pay liege homage to the French king and his heirs for lands in France (Gascony, including Bordeaux and Bayonne, and the channel islands) and to renounce claims to lands held by the French in Normandy, Anjou, Touraine, Maine, and Poitou.^[8]

Two miniatures in the second insertion (Figs. 82 and 83) illustrate the letter sent to Philip of Valois in 1331, which not only confirmed that Edward should have performed liege homage in 1329, but also described the form that all future ceremonies of homage should adopt.^[9]

The illustrated texts interpolated into the Grandes Chroniques at this stage of production blur distinctions between the homage that took place in 1329 and that which was described in 1331, distorting the actual ceremony of homage to bolster the French position and promote the legitimacy of the Valois line. Textual changes in the manuscript manipulate the description of the events of 1329 to imply that the English king unequivocally accepted the Valois succession immediately after Philip of Valois's accession in 1328, rather than three years later. In addition, the chapter describing the 1329 ceremony of homage incorporates the letter written in 1331, preceded by a paragraph stating that the plain homage paid in 1329 was just like the liege homage described in the letter. Raoulet writes, "Thus the English

Figure 81
Henry III's homage to Saint Louis.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale,
Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 290.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

did homage to the king of France in the form and manner contained in the charter sealed with the seal of the king of England, whose content follows."^[10] Moreover, to eliminate any shred of doubt, Raoulet further edits the rubric that he had placed at the beginning of the newly-inserted chapter (Fig. 84). The original rubric shows the English king as a less-than-willing participant: "How the king of England went to sea to go to the city of Amiens where the above-mentioned king had to pay homage to the king of France for the duchy of Aquitaine and for the county of Ponthieu as vassal of the king of France [my italics]."^[11] Its corrected version, "How the king of England went to sea to go to the city of Amiens to pay homage to the king of France . . . ," suggests that the homage was freely offered.

The illustration that immediately follows this rubric freezes the English king's action as he prepares to kneel and extend his hands to clasp those of the French monarch. The next picture, at the bottom of the folio on which the letter begins, portrays a later moment of the ceremony, drawing its details directly from the description of homage in the letter. In this two-column miniature Edward kneels and places his hands, which are rendered in a scale larger than the rest of the image, within those of the French king. Aiding the French king is his chamberlain, dressed in a long, side-split mantle or hérigaut marked at the shoulder by three bands of white.

Figure 82
Edward III prepares for homage before Philip of Valois.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale,
Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 357.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 83
Edward III's homage before Philip of Valois.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 357v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 84
Edited rubric.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 357.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

The moment represented in the three illustrations reinforces the political content of their texts. The miniature of Henry III's homage and the two miniatures of Edward III's homage all focus on the gesture of immixtio manuum (handclasp)—significantly, the moment at which the vassal was most abject. This may have been the reason for illustrating it rather than another moment, such as the osculum (kiss). Also significant is the chamberlain's action in Edward's homage, for it marks the instant at which the English king swears the oath and thus submits to French authority. The presence of witnesses in all the miniatures verifies this act of submission.^[12]

Additional visual details further stress the English king's submission to his French lord. In all three miniatures the English king wears a heavy gold crown, although the ceremony demands that the person swearing homage be bareheaded. This deviation was doubtless employed to identify both Henry III and Edward III. Indeed, contemporary illustrations of homage such as those decorating Charles's manuscript of the Homages du comtè de Clermont , known through an eighteenth-century copy made for Roger de Gaigniéres, often identify figures through details of dress.^[13] In the depiction of the homage of Louis II of Bourbon from this manuscript, for instance, court personages are easily identified by their arms. Further, Louis is not bareheaded while offering homage but wears a thin circlet. Nonetheless, it is tempting to see the addition of crowns to the standard English arms as yet another way of emphasizing the king's submission.^[14] The English monarch paid homage in 1259 and 1329 as duke of Gascony and Poitou, not as king of England. His representation in royal regalia presents the event as the homage of a king rather than a duke.

One of a series of contemporary letters documenting the negotiations between Philip of Valois and Edward III, added during the second continuation of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques , describes the ceremonies of plain and liege homage, clearly demonstrating that the only distinction between the two ceremonies was the wording of the oath.^[15] The events represented in the added miniatures—the chamberlain's speech for the French king and the immixtio manuum —could therefore have been part of either ceremony. Yet the submission symbolized by the gesture of immixtio manuum seems to have been as important

an issue in the late fourteenth century as the propriety of liege or plain homage had been at the beginning of Philip of Valois's reign. Writers who favored the English side challenged Valois legitimacy by denying that the English king had performed this symbolic gesture, despite the fact that duplicates of the homage documents were available in England. Froissart, in a redaction of his chronicle, possibly identical to that presented in 1361 to the English queen, Philippa of Hainault, included this account of Edward III's homage before Philip of Valois: "The king Edward of England did homage by mouth [i.e., kiss] and words only, without putting his hands between the hands of the king of France."^[16] A little later he asserted, "Many murmur in England that their lord was closer to the heritage of France than was king Philip."^[17]

The textual source for Book I of Froissart's history—the chronicle of Jean le Bel—gives this account added significance,^[18] for the description of homage is one of the few original passages that Froissart interpolated into Jean le Bel's text to produce the first redaction of his chronicle. Since this text was destined for the English queen, the interpolation of an original account questioning the legitimacy of the French ruling house doubtless reflects contemporary English political rhetoric and the importance of the immixtio manuum as a symbol of submission.

The inserted miniatures of homage thus function on three levels: they provide a clear illustration of the inserted documents; they underline the French view of the homage by emphasizing the gesture of submission and by identifying the participants through details of costume; and they illustrate Charles V's historic speech before his uncle, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, in 1378—a summary of which formed part of the continuation of the Grandes Chroniques written at the same time that the insertions were substituted into earlier portions of the manuscript.^[19]

This speech, given before the royal council and the university community, outlined a litany of English provocations justifying the French resumption of war. Charles V opened his discourse with a description of the two incidents of homage, which are painted with extraordinary care and added to the manuscript. He then discussed the Treaty of Brétigny and the letter of confirmation that outlined the renunciations to which the English agreed. He further explained how, at each turn, the English had broken their word; they aided Charles of Navarre and condoned the Black Prince's atrocities in France. He emphasized that the French continued, despite these breaches of faith, to send messengers beseeching the English to rectify matters. Finally, Charles concluded, his nation had no alternative but to resume war with the English.

The summary of Charles's speech places great emphasis on proof of his assertions. References to documents shown to the emperor appear throughout. For example, the emperor was shown the "letters on this matter" (the letter of 1331 on homage); the "other, older charters" in which the "kings of England renounced lands" (Treaty of Paris); and the "treaty of the peace" (Treaty of Brétigny). Almost all these texts either already appeared in the Grandes Chroniques or were inserted into Charles V's personal copy during Raoulet's second continuation.

Charles V's speech had an impact on other portions of the manuscript as well. Marginal notes added by Raoulet d'Orléans single out almost all the other events cited by Charles V in his discourse and described earlier in the Grandes

Chroniques . Although notas are the most common form of annotation, detailed marginalia occasionally single out texts because of their relationship to the speech. One annotation even corrects a text (chapter 20) written during the second stage of execution, which states that the Black Prince imprisoned representatives of Charles V for a long time and "still holds them, in great contempt of the king and his sovereignty."^[20] Next to this statement is a marginal note, underlined and framed by brown pen lines, which states, "Note: he had them killed."^[21] This note updates the earlier continuation to conform with the version of the story given by Charles V in his speech when, in listing the excesses of the Black Prince, he said that the prince "had them taken and murdered evilly, against God and justice and in offense of the king and the realm of France."^[22] This example is one of many that prove how carefully the director of the manuscript's layout underscored the relation between portions of text executed during the first and second stages of the manuscript and that portion written after the emperor's visit in 1378. The introduction of new texts containing specific images and the addition of complex marginal notes to texts already present in the manuscript draw attention to events and documents cited in Charles V's speech.

The third substitution of texts and images focuses exclusively on the problem of Valois legitimacy. In Charles V's Grandes Chroniques the first chapter of the life of Philip of Valois substitutes, as Paulin Paris and Jules Viard note, a description of Philip's uncontested accession to the throne for the traditional discussion outlining English and Navarrese claims.^[23]

The care with which this alteration was accomplished is striking. Text, rubric, and illustration differ from their counterparts in all other Grandes Chroniques . The miniature of the coronation of Philip of Valois at the head of the first chapter initially appears to be a logical choice for the first illustration to a king's reign (Fig. 85) and, understandably, has not attracted attention. Yet almost every other manuscript of the Grandes Chroniques postdating Charles's copy provides a different image and rubric. Instead of the coronation, events such as a discussion between barons, a homage, or a battle are most commonly illustrated.^[24]

A correction to the list of chapters dealing with Philip of Valois, which has been overlooked by compilers of critical editions of the Grandes Chroniques , suggests that the text surviving in later manuscripts, and most often illustrated by the baronial debate, may also have been the original in Charles V's copy. At the beginning of the chapter list on a folio written by Henri de Trévou (Fig. 86) an unknown rubric for chapter 1 was carefully scraped and the coronation rubric substituted by Raoulet d'Orléans. This new rubric ("How Philip, Count of Valois, received the government of the realm and of his coronation") may in fact have replaced the same rubric as that found in later manuscripts ("The first chapter addresses the question of to whom the government of the realm should be entrusted").^[25]

Just as the changed rubric and text in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques gloss over the difficult transition from Capetian to Valois, the new miniature also portrays a smooth transfer of power. By illustrating Philip of Valois's coronation, this miniature underlines his continuity with those who had reigned before. Few modern readers looking at the revised account in Charles V's manuscript would suspect that Philip's accession contributed to the Hundred Years' War.

Figure 85
Coronation of Philip of Valois.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 353v
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 86
Chapter list, life of Philip of Valois.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 352.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

The fourth insert, the frontispiece to the life of Saint Louis (Fig. 87), contains six scenes: the nativity of Saint Louis, the education of Saint Louis, Saint Louis's care for the leper monk at Royaumont, Saint Louis washing the feet of the poor, the burial of the crusaders' bones at Sidon, and Saint Louis's submission to scourging by his confessor. These images reflect the Valois interest in the royal saint,^[26] glorifying him as the ancestor of the Capetian and Valois lines and thus reinforcing the theme of dynastic legitimacy conveyed by the other inserted texts and illuminations.

Like Philip of Valois and John the Good, Charles promoted dynastic legitimacy by invoking his direct Valois ancestors and his saintly Capetian ancestor, Louis.^[27] To stress continuity within the new dynasty, Charles decided to be crowned on Trinity Sunday, as his grandfather had been.^[28] In another expression of dynastic pride, undertaken shortly after his coronation, he commissioned tombs for both his grandparents, Philip of Valois and his first wife, Jeanne of Burgundy; his father, John the Good; himself; and his queen, Jeanne of Bourbon, to make the first three Valois kings visible near their Capetian, Carolingian, and Merovingian ancestors in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis.^[29]

Even Charles's ordinance establishing the age of majority at 14 invoked Louis IX above other French kings. The text, whose publication in Parlement in 1375 was the subject of the last chapter of the second stage of execution of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques , cites Saint Louis among biblical and historical exempla of kings who assumed their majority at 14, even though historical evidence suggests that Louis IX was, in fact, 12 at the time.^[30] A long passage in praise of Saint Louis as patron of France and as a model of good kingship follows.^[31]

The inserted frontispiece to the life of Saint Louis constitutes a part of this pervasive Valois tradition. Like many Capetian commissions and like John the Good's Grandes Chroniques , its textual source is the Vie de Saint Louis by Guillaume de Saint-Pathus. Although most of its imagery derives from Saint-Pathus as well, certain deviations from established iconography are distinctive.^[32]

The most innovative scene in the frontispiece, the nativity of Saint Louis, is the only miniature with no textual nor pictorial basis. Its inclusion establishes a relationship between the baby Louis and Charles V's infant son, later Charles VI, as he appears in the large two-column miniature of his baptismal procession from the chronicle's second stage of execution (Fig. 80). This comparison is relevant because Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon had waited 18 years for the birth of their son. Their desire for an heir was strong enough to cause changes emphasizing fertility in the coronation ordo used in 1364.^[33]

Almost every other Grandes Chroniques that illustrates Charles VI as a baby also includes a portrait of his younger brother,^[34] nor does any other Grandes Chroniques picture Saint Louis as an infant. By omitting a picture of the birth or baptism of Charles's second son, Louis, in 1372 and including a picture of an infant whose presence is not even demanded by the text, this Grandes Chroniques establishes a connection between the dauphin Charles and Louis IX that underscores the expression of Capetian-Valois continuity in the insertions of homage and of the coronation of Philip of Valois.

A second scene in the frontispiece is more concerned with Louis's kingship than with his place in Valois genealogy. An image of Blanche of Castille, enthroned and supervising the education of her son, normally illustrates copies

Figure 87
Frontispiece to the life of Saint Louis.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 265.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Figure 88
Blanche of Castile oversees Louis IX's education. Guillaume de
Saint-Pathus, Vie de Saint Louis . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms.
fr. 5716, fol. 16. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

of Saint-Pathus's Vie (Fig. 88), which supplied the model for the illustration of the education of Saint Louis in the Grandes Chroniques .^[35] In the frontispiece the suppression of the queen and the changed relationship between teacher and pupil transform its tone. The authority of Louis's royal dress, his prominent position under a baldachin with his teacher on a low bench before him, and the absence of his mother shift the emphasis to Louis's kingship and away from the more conventional presentation of the instruction of a prince. This altered focus may reflect a changing ideal of kingship under Charles V, who earned his sobriquet, "the Wise," through his scholarly pursuits and who was often cited along with Saint Louis in discussions of the education of a French king.^[36]

The fifth and final insert in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques is a miniature long thought to represent the coronation of Charles VI (Fig. 89). Scholars traditionally believed that this image was executed for the section of the manuscript that followed Charles V's life, then cut out and placed at the beginning when the two volumes of Charles V's manuscript were rebound as one in the fifteenth century.

The most persuasive argument against this interpretation is that Charles V's Grandes Chroniques ends abruptly in 1379, a full year before Charles's death and his

Figure 89
Peers support the crown.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 3v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

son's accession: there could have been no text describing Charles VI's coronation. Moreover, there is no evidence that an account of the coronation was ever there. Over 50 blank pages are ruled at the end of the manuscript with no sign that anything has been cut out. The simplest explanation may therefore be that this coronation scene was inserted, along with the other pages, in the third stage of execution of the manuscript. Indeed, it may have been planned to serve as a full-page frontispiece to the first volume of the Grandes Chroniques , just as the inserted leaf with scenes from the life of Saint Louis acted as an extratextual frontispiece to the second volume of the chronicle.

The coronation miniature makes more sense in this context. It represents precisely the same moment chosen to introduce Charles V's life in his manuscript—the moment when the king is supported by the peers—but it serves a slightly different purpose here. In Charles V's life the image is packed with realistic details and heraldic charges, reflecting the specific problems with legitimacy and succession that Charles V faced in the 1370s. This frontispiece is more universal; it even includes spectators in the lower register. The fleur-de-lis drapery in the image of the monarch and in the background identifies the coronation as French, but no other figure in the scene is identified by heraldry. Instead, 12 blank shields are isolated on the ground in the lower margin, probably designed to receive the arms of the 12 peers who, according to tradition, assist in the ceremony. The image therefore celebrates France's sacred kingship and alludes to the peers' role, specified by Golein, in supporting and defending the king and the realm.

The Visit of the Holy Roman Emperor

The description of the emperor's visit to Paris in 1378 is the most densely illuminated segment of text in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques .^[37] In this subcycle, 18 miniatures decorate 13 folios. They portray the visit from the arrival of the emperor's letter announcing his impending trip (fol. 464) to letters received at court after his departure (fol. 480). The action between concentrates on ceremony. In this portion of the chronicle, text and image together emphasize the preeminence of the French over the emperor. For example, two miniatures illustrate the chapter in which the emperor stayed in the imperial city of Cambrai at the insistence of Charles's messengers, so that he could play his customary imperial role in the religious ceremony celebrated at Christmas without interfering with Charles's kingly role. The first miniature shows the pomp of his entry into Cambrai and the second his part in the celebration of the Christmas mass. The Grandes Chroniques's text makes the issue clear: "Because the emperor customarily said the seventh lesson at matins, dressed in his imperial clothes and insignia, he was advised by the king's men that he could not and would not be permitted to do this in the king's realm."^[38] The second miniature shows the imperial ceremony in such detail that the first few words of the seventh lesson, which the emperor declaimed, are inscribed on the book placed on the podium.^[39]

Other miniatures in this section of text are notable for their scale as well as for their close relation to their texts. For instance, a sequence of three miniatures (fols. 469, 470, 470v) illustrates the emperor's approach to Paris, the meeting of emperor and king, and their entry into Paris; the miniatures increase in size from

Figure 90
Entry of Charles V, Charles IV, and Wenceslaus into Paris.
Grandes Chroniques de France .Bibliothèque Nationale,
Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 470v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

one and one-half columns, to two columns, to three-quarters of a page.^[40] As in the picture of the emperor in Cambrai, these images stress French ascendancy. The Grandes Chroniques records that Charles V, in order to emphasize the ban on imperial signs on French soil, purposefully chose dark horses, rather than the white ones traditionally given to emperors, for Charles IV and his son Wenceslaus when they met the French king outside Paris. In the illustration of the entry (Fig. 90) the emperor and his son ride dark horses while Charles V sits astride a white horse and wears a crown in place of the hat required by the text.^[41] It is likely that this detail of costume was introduced to emphasize Charles's equality with the Holy Roman Emperor.

The largest and most problematic miniature in the subcycle of the imperial visit is that of the Great Feast (Fig. 91). This picture, along with the Order of the Star miniature discussed in Chapter 6, is one of only two illustrations in Charles V's manuscript referred to directly in its accompanying text. As in the image of the Order of the Star, the passage preceding the miniature of the Great Feast refers explicitly to the picture that follows: "And thus they went without a great hurry . . . to the large dais with the marble table and the grouping of figures and

Figure 91
Great Feast.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol.
473v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

their positions were as described below and as is figured in the miniature hereafter portrayed."^[42] With the exception of a few simplifications required to depict a large crowd in a small area, the illustration conforms to the description of the diners that begins just below the picture. It records the positions of Emperor Charles IV, Charles V, Wenceslaus, and the bishops who dined with them. The representation of the play, which fills the right side and the foreground of the miniature, however, contains elements not specified by the text. The Grandes Chroniques states that the play was about the history of Godfrey of Bouillon and the conquest of Jerusalem. It speaks of Peter the Hermit, of Godfrey, and of the "noble knights who were at the conquest of Jerusalem," but it does not identify these knights. The picture, however, includes four sets of arms, on the boat and on the individual knights who storm Jerusalem: Godfrey of Bouillon's arms are at the stern of the ship at the far left, England's are on a spear, Auvergne's on the mast, and Flanders's at the bow.

Contemporary descriptions of this crusade demonstrate that the storming of Jerusalem portrayed in the miniature includes at least two anachronisms. Godfrey was not king during the assault on Jerusalem; he was crowned later.^[43] Further, the counts of Flanders and Auvergne participated in the assault, but the king of England was not there. Instead, his brother, Robert of Normandy, took part.^[44] Artistic error alone cannot explain the latter discrepancy; besides adding an extra lion to the arms of Normandy, thus transforming Normandy's two lions into England's three, the artist also placed a crown on the head of the figure who bears these arms and stands at the foot of the ladder outside Jerusalem's walls. Clearly the artist intended to portray the king of England.^[45]

The description that the Grandes Chroniques gives for selecting this play provides a possible explanation for these changes. According to the chronicle, the king chose to have the story of Godfrey of Bouillon performed because he believed that there was no better example to put before the noblest men in Christendom who "were best able, ought, and should undertake such a feat in the service of God."^[46] Taken at face value, this statement suggests that the play was intended to kindle crusading fervor in those who watched it. This is difficult to prove, since there is little evidence that Charles V was ever seriously interested in a crusade.^[47]

A comparison of this image with that of the Order of the Star suggests a different explanation for its prominence in the manuscript. Not only are the miniatures of the Order of the Star (Fig. 76) and the Great Feast (Fig. 91) thematically related, they are also large in scale, occupying three-quarters of a manuscript page; they incorporate elements not described in the chronicle; and they are the only two miniatures in the manuscript to be referred to explicitly by their texts. It is possible that the picture of the Great Feast, painted in the third stage of execution, was designed to refer back to the Order of the Star, painted in the second stage, just as other miniatures and texts from the third stage refer back to the second.

As we have seen, the miniature of the Order of the Star celebrates John the Good and French chivalry and, by contrast, denigrates the English whose treachery is the actual subject of the text it illustrates.^[48] Given the relationship between these miniatures, it is reasonable to suggest that the Great Feast may have had a similar function within the framework of the imperial visit. The portrayal of the English king in the capture of Jerusalem when it was known that he did not participate

suggests that its function was to convey a message about England similar to the message conveyed in Charles V's speech.^[49]

One of Charles's goals for the imperial visit was to persuade the Holy Roman Emperor to condemn England's actions in the Hundred Years' War. The plea he delivered before the emperor the night after the state dinner at which the play was performed (and recorded in the text of the Grandes Chroniques two chapters after the description of the dinner), presented a litany of dastardly English deeds that contrasted markedly with the portrayal of the English monarch in the play.^[50] Charles described an English king who broke treaties and ordered the murder of emissaries, but the crusading play portrays a heroic English king assisting in a triumph over the infidel. Whether this idealized king is Richard the Lionheart, a hero of the Third Crusade, or simply an invention of the designer of the play or program of decoration is unimportant. His heroic stature emphasizes the evil of Edward III as Charles described him. This contrast between exemplary and reprehensible behavior in picture and text is very similar to that established by the Order of the Star miniature and text.

The portrayal of the arms of Flanders and Auvergne in the Great Feast miniature may constitute an additional contemporary reference. Of all the nobles who were with Godfrey when he stormed the walls of Jerusalem only the counts of Flanders and Auvergne accompany him in this miniature. They may have been selected because the counties of Flanders and Auvergne belonged to Philip, duke of Burgundy, and John, duke of Berry, two of Charles's brothers, who played important roles in the protocol of the emperor's state visit.^[51] The depiction of their predecessors as counts in the play may have been a compliment to them.

By analyzing the three stages in the production of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques we can thus chart the changing concerns of one French king. As first conceived, the book ended with the life of Philip of Valois and was illustrated with generalized pictures whose images reflect the young king's particular concerns: the history of his ducal predecessors in Normandy; his holy ancestors, Charlemagne and Saint Louis; the concept of legitimacy; and the idea of empire.

During the second stage of execution the text was expanded to include the reigns of John the Good and Charles V to the events of 1375. One series of pictures focuses on Charles's difficulties with Étienne Marcel and the Estates General and with Charles of Navarre, carefully incorporating detail drawn from the chronicle into illustrations that relate exclusively to their own texts. A second series of miniatures depicts ceremonies. These pictures not only illustrate events described in the text but also work together to develop dynastic themes—the promotion of John the Good as a model of good kingship and the assurance of Valois continuity in the person of the dauphin Charles.

Perhaps as a response to the worsening political situation in France, the use of miniatures of ceremony was more common during the third stage of execution. All but two of these illustrations assert French ascendancy over the empire. Finally, Valois legitimacy is emphasized by four illustrated texts and one full-page miniature executed during the third stage for substitution into the first portion of the manuscript.

Charles V's Grandes Chroniques is radically different from those versions that went before. Unlike its predecessors, it includes a continuation written at court that brings it up to the present and describes the acts of its patron. Perhaps

because Charles V was a politically astute monarch as well as a noted bibliophile, pictures and text in his Grandes Chroniques were altered almost every time the political situation changed. His chronicle therefore records events of his reign and reflects his changing political thought and contemporary French propaganda during a stressful time in French history. During Charles V's lifetime the book was probably available only to the king and a select group of courtiers. Nevertheless, this Grandes Chroniques addresses the same issues as the more public celebrations of monarchial authority expressed in speeches, ordinances, or ceremonies. This book, which survives while more ephemeral public art has been destroyed, is thus an important historical document that, as we shall see, had a profound influence on subsequent copies of the text.

PART IV—
MANUSCRIPTS PRODUCED DURING THE REIGN OF CHARLES VI

Chapter Eight—
The Legacy of Charles V

After the death of Charles V in 1380 the political situation in Paris changed. Charles VI succeeded to the throne at the age of 12 in a government that violated the ordinance governing the regency drafted by Charles V in 1374. Charles V had planned for a balanced government in which Charles VI's uncles, Philip of Burgundy and Louis of Anjou, would control separate areas and counter each other's ambitions until Charles was 14.^[1] Instead, the regency council was dominated by Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, after Louis of Anjou departed for Naples in 1381. From Charles V's death until Charles VI finally took control in 1388, the French dukes entrusted with the regency concentrated more on promoting their own interests than on serving the state.

When Charles attained his majority in 1388, the structure of government changed. The young king turned away from the dukes and toward advisors who had worked for his father; these counsellors began to provide stability and continuity in policy. However, shortly after he began to rule independently, Charles was beset by a bout of mental illness in 1392.

This illness was perhaps the most important factor shaping the political climate of Charles VI's reign. He seemed to recover from his first crise by September of 1392 but had a second attack in June of 1393 that lasted until January 1394. This pattern of illness and remission continued; in 30 years Charles had about 43 "absences," as they were euphemistically called in the documents.

Charles's mental illness posed special problems for the court and the government of France. Frequently, when he was "absent," Charles did not know himself or his family. The dilemma that the court faced centered on the fact that, at least in the beginning, Charles seemed capable of governing between his attacks.^[2] For a period of approximately 20 years—from the onset of the condition in 1392 until around 1414 when it overcame the king—the members of the French court had no way to gauge whether Charles could govern at any given time. The question of who should govern was of central importance, and there were diverse opinions as to the correct answer.

One solution would have had the royal heir act as regent, but Charles's sons were sickly. His first son, Charles, died in 1386 at the age of three months; his second son, also called Charles, died in 1401 at the age of 9; a third son, Louis of Guyenne, died in 1415 at 18; and a fourth, John of Touraine, died in 1417 at 17. The only son to survive Charles VI, another Charles, was disinherited in 1420. Thus government by the heir was possible only during the second decade of the fifteenth century, when Louis of Guyenne was dauphin.

After the failure of a series of regency councils that governed for the underage dauphins, France succumbed in 1409 to a civil war.^[3] With the exception of Louis of Bourbon, an uncle of Charles VI who remained a royalist, most of the king's relatives and the members of the royal court joined one of two factions: the Burgundian, headed at first by Charles VI's uncle, Philip the Bold, and then, after 1404, by Philip's son, John the Fearless; and the Orléanist, initially led by Charles VI's brother, Louis of Orléans, and, after Louis's assassination in 1407, by Louis's son, Charles of Orléans; by Charles's father-in-law, Bernard of Armagnac; and periodically by John of Berry.^[4]

By 1404 the political fight for control broadened to include the dauphins—especially Louis of Guyenne, who lived to be almost 19 years old—and the dauphin's mother and primary guardian, Queen Isabeau of Bavaria. Indeed, Louis became so powerful that by 1409 he was empowered to act in the king's stead when Charles was "absent."

The pattern of literary patronage also changed when Charles VI succeeded to the throne. Charles V had been a sophisticated literary patron whose commissions for translations or for the composition of new texts reflected his political thought.^[5] Charles VI was very different from his father, apparently sharing none of his concern with political theory. As Monfrin notes, patronage at court during Charles VI's reign was more preoccupied with "responding to the private interest of individual patrons than with serving the intellectual formation of a group."^[6] Louis of Orléans, Charles VI's brother, was the only member of the royal family whose patronage was influenced by Charles V's example. Louis commissioned copies of many of the political and literary texts translated for his father, in part to present himself as the logical choice as successor once Charles VI's illness made evident his inability to govern.^[7] Even when politically motivated, Louis's commissions also responded to his private interests.

Jacques Krynen demonstrates how the model for the production of political literature during the time of Charles V altered under Charles VI. During the reign of Charles V,^[8] members of the royal entourage wrote most of the polemical literature, frequently at the express command of the king. While Charles VI reigned, intellectuals outside the court joined those who worked for the court to produce a literature that focused on the person of the king. Especially noteworthy is the consistency of focus that Krynen found in these writings, whether notarial, courtly, or academic. None questioned Charles VI's ability to rule, despite his increasingly obvious insanity and the dire state of the country, where civil war raged and the Hundred Years' War with England dragged on. Rather, most political writers manifested a loyalty toward the monarchy and the person of the king that impelled them to seek new ways to strengthen the Christian kingship of France and to urge the powers who actually governed France—the princes of the blood, the queen, and the dauphin—to do the same.

By the early fifteenth century, political theory had become the province of the royal chancery or, less frequently, of the University of Paris. Tracts written by such authors as Jean de Montreuil, a member of the chancery, or by Jean Gerson, chancellor of the university, formulated the political rhetoric of the French government and the factions that battled for power within it.^[9] These unillustrated tracts and sermons, rather than contemporary copies of the chronicle, are the successors to the political program of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques .

For example, Jean de Montreuil's Traité contre les anglais of 1413 built upon the political arguments first formulated in Charles V's 1378 speech before the Holy Roman Emperor, adapting almost verbatim its repudiation of English pretensions to the French throne. Summarized in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques and subsequently in families E and F of the Chronique abrégée and Christine de Pizan's biography of Charles V, this speech remained the basis for anti-English treatises throughout the reign of Charles VI. A chancery dossier, the Mémoire grossement abrégée , compiled by Jean de Montreuil in 1390, preserves the inverted chronological structure established by Charles V's speech, discussing Edward III's homage to Philip of Valois before Henry III's homage to Saint Louis. It then cites the "c'est assavoir" clause in the Treaty of Brétigny, which was annotated in Charles V's manuscript, and the Black Prince's killing of Palot and Chaponval, the imprisoned representatives of Charles V. Subsequently, this chancery dossier became one of the sources for the Traité contre les anglais , which exists in two French redactions and one Latin redaction dating between 1413 and 1416.^[10]

Other authors, like Christine de Pizan or Philip de Mézières, shared Jean Gerson's firm belief in the monarchy.^[11] The work of these royalists exhorted the king to encourage good government and counseled the queen and princes of the fleur-de-lis to work for peace and for the good of France. Christine de Pizan's writings in particular focus on themes that became important in copies of the Grandes Chroniques produced during the second half of Charles VI's reign.

The pictures in Grandes Chroniques manuscripts produced from the 1380s through the first quarter of the fifteenth century parallel the literary development Krynen describes. After an initial period in which royal and courtly manuscripts imitated the chronicle produced for Charles V, books created for all levels of patronage began to concentrate on the monarchy. The sheer number of manuscripts that survive from this era attests to the transformation of the Grandes Chroniques from royal history to national history. Cycles of illustration range from the mass-produced to the carefully crafted, yet all celebrate the religion royale . Although none question Charles VI's ability to govern, a small group recognize the realities of government during the latter years of Charles VI's reign and introduce pictorial models that establish precedents for the involvement of the dukes, queen, and dauphins in government.

A handful of Grandes Chroniques produced in the last quarter of the fourteenth century are conservative, drawing from Charles V's manuscript for both the layout and content of their miniatures.^[12] Although closely related, the cycles from these manuscripts differ significantly from Charles V's chronicle. None emulate the sophisticated layering of miniatures that added to the political content in Charles's codex, even though the editor of at least one of them clearly understood the structure of Charles V's book, whose text he copied.

The earliest Grandes Chroniques (B.N. fr. 10135) from this group belonged to Charles VI and was probably painted for him during Charles V's lifetime, since the Master of the Coronation of Charles VI, the artist of the frontispiece of this manuscript, painted several miniatures in the third stage of Charles V's Grandes Chroniques . Its cycle is almost identical to Charles V's as it appeared at the end of the first stage of execution. Of all the manuscripts based on Charles V's book, it alone copies the frontispiece with its anti-imperial overtones and the dense cycle illustrating the life of Saint Louis, the saintly model for French kingship. It thus

shares the emphasis on French independence and on royal models that dominates Charles V's book prior to 1375.

Because this chronicle was probably presented to Charles VI while he was dauphin, it provides insights into the education of a prince during the late fourteenth century. Its text offers historical models for the royal heir, while its pictures provide ideological models based on certain concerns of Charles V. These images thus serve a purpose similar to that of Philip de Mézières's Songe du vieil pelerin or Christine de Pizan's Livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roi Charles V , which are in part panegyrics on Charles V written during the early years of Charles VI's reign and designed to encourage good government.^[13]

Three other copies of the chronicle (B.N. fr. 2608; Vienna, ÖNB 2564; and Lyon, B.M. 880), painted in the 1390s or in the early years of the fifteenth century, show how important the model of Charles V was to Charles VI and the court even 10 to 15 years after his death. On the basis of their iconography, these three books form a group that differs in pictorial content from Charles V's manuscript.

The most important manuscript (B.N. fr. 2608) from this group was painted for Charles VI after he became king. Significantly, it is the only chronicle whose text demonstrably copies Charles V's manuscript, but does not do so indiscriminately. Indeed, the way in which the editor incorporates some of the marginal notes relating to Charles V's speech proves that sophisticated readers understood the complex interrelationship of text and images in Charles V's book but did not necessarily find it relevant to their needs.^[14] Because Charles VI's manuscript contains the shortened description of the emperor's visit in 1378, omitting the royal speech, the scribe copied only those notes that were comprehensible in the text of the shortened chronicle. He also transcribed marginal annotations commenting on select clauses in a letter from the English king (Charles V, ch. 13) but omitted the charters about homage and their illustrations, the note recording the deaths of the messengers sent to the Black Prince, and the note concluding that the French were justified in recommencing war with England. These notes and the substituted texts and miniatures on homage in Charles V's manuscript had provided documentation for the content of Charles V's speech; in a manuscript without the summary of the speech they would have been superfluous.

Although the designer of Charles VI's Grandes Chroniques (B.N. fr. 2608) had access to Charles V's complex program and understood it, he chose to omit much of it and focus instead on Saint Louis, as had Charles VI's earlier chronicle (B.N. fr. 10135). He used Charles V's manuscript as a guide for the layout of illustrations. Of the 76 miniatures in B.N. fr. 2608, only 15 do not copy images in Charles V's Grandes Chroniques . Yet, in many ways, what was left out of this illustrative program is as telling as what was included. Most images dealing with Charles V's rise to power and with English strife were omitted, perhaps because France was negotiating peace with England throughout the 1390s. Indeed, the English scenes that do appear are almost laudatory. They include the English encounter with the French outside Reims (fol. 481v); the Treaty of Brétigny (fol. 483v); and the coronation of Richard II (fol. 521v), Charles VI's future son-in-law.^[15]

The most innovative aspect of the decorative cycle in Charles VI's second copy of the Grandes Chroniques is its emphasis on Saint Louis, a focus it shares with earlier books produced for Charles V and Charles VI but handles very differently. Two iconic images of Louis IX in this chronicle stress special qualities of French government. The most distinctive is an illustration to the prologue (Fig. 92) in

Figure 92
Presentation of chronicle to Saints Louis and Denis.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2608. fol. 1. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

which a monk kneels to present the chronicle to Saint Louis and Saint Denis. Although he is not portrayed in the scene of presentation, Charles VI is alluded to on this folio, since the crowned arms of France moderne appear at the bottom of the page supported by two cerfs volants , winged stags, a favorite emblem of the king in the 1380s and 1390s.^[16] The scene of presentation to the two saints is one of the few scenes that do not appear in the model. In fact, among all the copies of the Grandes Chroniques that I have inspected, it is the only scene to represent a presentation of the book to someone other than the king.

On one level the inclusion of these two saints is not surprising. Throughout the Middle Ages, Saint Denis was both a royal and a national saint.^[17] Indeed, the prologue that this scene illustrates represents Saint Denis's protection of France as a reward for France's holiness. Even if Saint Louis failed to achieve the same level of national popularity, his cult was strong in the Parisian basin, and he was a royal model for government.^[18] The pairing of these saints can thus be seen as an expression of royal and national devotion.

Yet Louis IX had rarely been associated with Saint Denis in a visual context before this image. To my knowledge, the miniature in Charles VI's Grandes Chroniques constitutes one of the earliest secular examples of Saint Denis and Saint Louis paired alone. When they do appear together, they are most frequently portrayed as protectors of the French royal house in politically charged religious images dating from the reign of John the Good to that of Charles VII.^[19] In this miniature, however, the saints replace the king, a substitution that must have been particularly appropriate during Charles VI's absences in the 1390s.

Saint Denis had long been considered the protector of royal health, a responsibility in which Saint Louis, as royal saint, participated. As early as 1335 when Charles VI's grandfather, John, duke of Normandy, was ill, relics of Christ and Saint Louis preserved at Saint-Denis were credited with his cure.^[20] In 1392 Charles VI himself gave a châsse to house relics of Saint Louis to the abbey of Saint-Denis in thanks for intervention in his illness. Thus while the substitution of these saints for the king in the scene of presentation in Charles VI's book certainly evokes the idea of holy sponsorship of the history contained in the manuscript, it may also evoke the idea of heavenly protection for the king who was so often "absent"—both from this picture of presentation and from his people.

The second picture of Saint Louis (Fig. 93) at the beginning of Louis's life simultaneously glorifies the holy patron of France and sacred character of French kingship. Nimbed and crowned, Saint Louis sits on a faldstool and holds a scepter topped by a fleur-de-lis as two praying angels hover to either side. Although it is customary for kings to hold scepters when enthroned in state, the gesture is given special importance in this picture where Saint Louis clasps his scepter in a cloth-draped hand.

No precise textual source explains Louis's gesture, which signals the sacredness of the symbol of his rule. Although the second chapter of Louis's life describes his coronation, the description does not explain the presence of the angels, the halo, or the holiness of the symbol of government—the scepter topped by a fleur-de-lis. The closest source in the chronicle for this picture is a passage in Louis's life that explains the significance of the fleur-de-lis and describes how crucial the virtues symbolized by its three leaves are for good government: "The leaf which is in the middle symbolizes Christian faith for us, and the other two beside it

Figure 93
Saint Louis enthroned.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2608. fol. 311v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

symbolize learning and chivalry which should always be prepared to defend the Christian faith. And as long as these three—faith, learning, and chivalry—reside in France, the realm of France will be strong and firm, full of wealth and honor."^[21]

The image at the beginning of Louis's life thus merges two ideas: the concept that the French king was the rex christianissimus who governed a holy realm and the idea that the fleur-de-lis, miraculously given to the French, confirmed God's favor. Both ideas had formed part of French political theory since the reign of the last Capetians, but they emerged with special power in the writings of the university community during the reign of Charles VI, most notably in Jean Gerson's letters and sermons written during the 1390s.^[22]

The theme of France's holy kingship and the exhortation to good government implicit in this iconic miniature differ from the emphasis on Louis's life as a model of kingship presented by the pictures in Charles V's manuscript and in Charles VI's earlier copy of the Grandes Chroniques (B.N. fr. 10135). Both earlier books present several facets of Louis's life as models. For instance, the inserted frontispiece to the life of Saint Louis in Charles V's manuscript (Fig. 87) presents Louis as a model of kingship, of devotion, and of charity and is thus an appropriate introduction to the pictorial cycle in that chronicle. The iconic picture of Saint Louis from Charles

VI's later copy of the chronicle, on the other hand, draws the reader's attention to the themes of good government and the ideals of kingship that were important in the era when Charles VI took control of the government only to fall ill.

A brief consideration of the other two manuscripts from this group of three reinforces the special nature of the representations of Saints Denis and Louis in the king's Grandes Chroniques . One of the manuscripts (Vienna, ÖNB 2564) that copied Charles VI's book belonged to John of Montaigu, the grand-maître of France under Charles VI.^[23] The second (Lyon, B.M. 880) was probably also a courtly commission and may have been the direct model for John of Montaigu's book.^[24] Although the pictorial layouts of these chronicles are almost identical to that in the king's manuscript, their individual miniatures differ significantly in content. Thus a traditional image of a monk composing the text replaces the presentation miniature with Saint Louis and Saint Denis, and many of the supernatural and holy elements of the miniature from the beginning of Saint Louis's life are suppressed. Clearly, the images featuring Saint Louis were seen as particularly appropriate for the king, since in the rest of their cycles these two manuscripts copied Charles VI's book closely. Indeed, the interrelationship of the cycles in these three copies of the Grandes Chroniques signals the continued authority of royal copies of history early in the reign of Charles VI.

Chapter Nine—
Popular Manuscripts and the Religion Royale

While Charles V's and Charles VI's lavish manuscripts were garnering a limited courtly following, less costly copies of the Grandes Chroniques were being produced by booksellers for the growing Parisian book trade. First owners are known with certainty for only two surviving manuscripts: one book (Ste.-Gen. 783) belonged to Regnault d'Angennes, the chamberlain of the dauphin, Louis of Guyenne; and a second (B.N. fr. 6466–67) was presented to John of Berry by Jean de la Barre, the receiver general of finance in Languedoc and the duchy of Guyenne.^[1] If these are representative owners, then they did not differ radically from the owners of manuscripts that copied royal models.

Illustrations in manuscripts produced for the book trade are independent of royal models and of one another. Perhaps because the royal library was out of bounds for the average Parisian bookseller, each editor seems to have developed new solutions to the problem of illustrating the Grandes Chroniques . Yet these manuscripts do have some elements in common. They have shorter cycles of decoration, which average between 30 and 50 miniatures and often have a looser relationship to their text than the cycles in royal manuscripts or those based on royal models. Miniatures in these cycles almost always mark the beginning of a king's reign and frequently illustrate a vivid story from one of the chapters. For instance, the beginning of the fifth book of the chronicle is illustrated in two iconographical groups by a picture of King Dagobert supervising the construction of the abbey of Saint-Denis, an event recounted in the ninth chapter. In some groups miniatures have little textual basis; in others they are based on erroneous readings of the text. For instance, certain copies of the Grandes Chroniques transform the Empress Richilda, who presented a sword and scepter to Louis the Stammerer, into an emperor.^[2]

A comparison of three versions of the Grandes Chroniques —Valenciennes, B.M. 637, W. 138, and B.N. fr. 2604—offers a rare glimpse into the activities of the Parisian book trade at the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century, when Charles's illness had been recognized but an overt political struggle had not yet developed.^[3] These books, whose earliest owners are unknown, include a version of the chronicle that is related to Thomas of Maubeuge's early fourteenth-century manuscript, but they also provide a fully rubricated continuation to the accession of Charles VI in a version that had become

Figure 94
Charlemagne presents Louis the Pious to a bishop.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Valenciennes,
Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 637, fol. 134.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Valenciennes.

standard by the late fourteenth century. Furthermore, they share unconventional iconography whose subjects are described in notes to the illuminator preserved in the margins of the manuscript from Valenciennes.^[4]

A comparison of individual pictures not derived from their texts demonstrates the close relationship between the three cycles and these directions to the illuminator. For example, the Valenciennes miniature illustrating the life of Louis VII portrays a scene of homage that is never described in the life of that king but nonetheless appears in identical form in the book from Paris. Similarly, a peculiar illustration from the third book of Philip Augustus's life, which may illustrate the pope ordering Amaury de Bene to cease his heretical preaching, appears only in these three copies of the Grandes Chroniques .^[5]

Even the textually based pictures in these manuscripts are nearly identical. For instance, the picture introducing the life of Louis the Pious in the manuscripts from Valenciennes and Paris (Figs. 94 and 95) follows the directions recorded in the margins of the former manuscript: "How the king, accompanied by two nobles directly behind him, holds his young son by the hand and presents him to two bishops and the first [bishop] blesses him and behind him [the bishop]

Figure 95
Charlemagne presents Louis the Pious to a bishop.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2604, fol.
145. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

is a chaplain."^[6] Furthermore, all three manuscripts have identical scenes for the first book of the life of Philip Augustus (Figs. 96 and 97), an image that was also described precisely by the marginal note: "An armed king without a helmet sits on a bench; many armed men with shields behind; right in front are three kneeling and bareheaded men who present swords by their points and cry for mercy."^[7]

The iconographical relationship between the three manuscripts is unquestionable, but the reason for the relationship is not totally clear. For instance, not every illustration in the three chronicles is based upon the Valenciennes notes; in the Valenciennes chronicle itself, 4 of 25 miniatures have no marginal directions; and in the Paris and Baltimore manuscripts 12 of 31 and 5 of 12 pictures, respectively, are independent of the directions preserved in the Valenciennes book.^[8]

Indeed, even scenes that derive unquestionably from the directions differ in detail from one book to another. This fact clearly rules out the possibility that one book copied another and suggests instead that each responded independently to similar instructions. For example, in the Valenciennes and Paris manuscripts the illustration to Book III of the life of Charlemagne follows a direction that states: "How the king is in front and several nobles before him, and before him

Figure 96
Surrender of Le Mans or Tours.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Valenciennes,
Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 637, fol. 237v.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Valenciennes.

[is] a castle and little men who construct around [it] and one is on a ladder and another low [on the ground] who cuts stone."^[9] The Valenciennes miniature (fol. 111) represents Charlemagne, the nobles, the castle, and two masons, but omits the ladder. The Paris miniature (fol. 118) includes nobles, the castle with two masons, and a ladder, but omits Charlemagne. Both artists were confronted with the problem of selecting elements from the written direction that would fit within the limited space of the miniature; the Valenciennes artist chose to concentrate on Charlemagne as he commissioned the castle and thus cut back on the scene of construction, whereas the Paris artist focused on the details of construction and therefore had no room for Charlemagne.

Because seven different artists worked on these three cycles, it is unlikely that they are based on shared visual models preserved in artists' workshops. Only two

Figure 97
Surrender of Le Mans or Tours.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Walters Art
Gallery, W. 138, fol. 15. Photograph: Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.

artists worked on more than one book; an artist (W. 138, Artist I) who painted four miniatures in the Baltimore chronicle painted one in the Valenciennes book (Valenciennes, Artist IV), and the artist (Valenciennes, Artist I) who painted 21 images in the Valenciennes manuscript is close if not identical to the painter (B.N. fr. 2604, Artist III) of 26 pictures in the chronicle in Paris. Each of the other five artists worked on one of the three manuscripts: two worked on the chronicle in Valenciennes (Valenciennes, Artists II and III), two on the chronicle in Paris (B.N. fr. 2604, Artists I and II), and one on the chronicle in Baltimore (W. 138, Artist II). With one exception (Valenciennes, B.M. 637, fol. 154, completed by Valenciennes, Artist III), these artists worked in separate gatherings, so it is quite unlikely that they saw one another's work. The similarities in the iconographical programs of the Grandes Chroniques in Valenciennes, Baltimore, and Paris are therefore better interpreted as productions supervised by the same libraire than as productions by artists working in the same workshop. Apparently the libraire who supervised these manuscripts maintained a master list of directions to Grandes Chroniques illuminators, part of which survives in the margins of the Valenciennes manuscript.

This libraire seems to have tailored his repertoire to the needs of his patrons. Individual images from these books may be identical, but their cycles are not. The manuscript in Baltimore, a fragment containing the second half of the chronicle,

contains miniatures at the beginning of each book that are as wide as a single column of text. The chronicle in Paris is complete, and its cycle follows a standard pattern with a four-part frontispiece and a single picture at major book divisions. The only deviation occurs within the first book of the chronicle, where a double miniature marks the chapter describing Clovis's baptism. The Grandes Chroniques in Valenciennes is the most elaborate cycle of this group. Its decoration includes two four-part miniatures and a two-column-wide miniature of early Merovingian rulers; it omits several miniatures from the reigns of the last Capetians that appear in the other two chronicles. The pattern of addition and omission in the Valenciennes chronicle places special emphasis on the lives of the early Merovingians and singles out Clovis, the first Christian king of France.

Although this unusual emphasis on Merovingian kings is difficult to explain, the emphasis on Clovis can be understood as a manifestation of the religion royale .^[10] Exceptional miniatures in the manuscripts in Paris and Valenciennes illustrate events from Clovis's life. A double picture in the Grandes Chroniques in Paris shows Clovis's battle with the Alemanni and his baptism by Saint Remi (fol.

Figure 98
Baptism of Clovis; Clovis and Clotilda enthroned in the palace; Battle; Clodomir supervises the
execution of Sigismund, King of Burgundy(?).  Grandes Chroniques de France . Valenciennes,
Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 637, fol. 14v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Valenciennes.

12v). Clovis is even more important in the book in Valenciennes; there the battle and baptism scenes are separated from their texts and combined to form a second frontispiece with pictures of Clovis and Clotilda enthroned and of Clovis's son, King Clodomir, supervising the execution of King Sigismund of Burgundy (Fig. 98). This new frontispiece to Book II of the Grandes Chroniques blends narratives from Book I and Book II to present an image of the founding and early years of the Christian kingdom of France. It thus constitutes a visual counterpart to the traditional frontispiece in the manuscript, showing the founding of France by Trojan refugees and the early years of the pagan kings of France (Fig. 99).^[11]

Clovis's status in the Paris and Valenciennes manuscripts reveals the strength and broad appeal of the religion royale at the turn of the century and emphasizes the importance of Clovis to its dissemination. Although Clovis had been revered as the model of a warrior king as early as 1300, he was more renowned as a model of good and just kingship and as a saint by the late fourteenth century. With the active encouragement of Charles V, Clovis's cult began to flourish. It was most popular during the reign of Charles V's grandson, Charles VII. Histories, poems,

Figure 99
Coronation of Pharamond; Battle between French and Romans; King leaves city in formal
procession; King supervises the construction of Sicambria.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 637, fol. 2.
Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Valenciennes.

and sermons written in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries promoted the first Christian king, the prototype of the rex christianissimus , as an intercessor.^[12] Clovis's universal appeal is one reason that such images decorate the copies of the Grandes Chroniques at Valenciennes and Paris.

Besides embodying popular royalist sentiment, Clovis's prominence in the Valenciennes chronicle demonstrates the lack of dynastic focus in the popular versions of the Grandes Chroniques , perhaps the central difference between the illustrations of royal and popular copies of the text. Beginning in the reign of Charles V, pictures in royal copies of the chronicle most frequently stressed the lives of Charlemagne and Louis IX, two saints from whom the Valois proudly claimed descent. Clovis and other Merovingian kings were rarely featured in the dynastic programs of royal manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques or, for that matter, in arguments asserting the legitimacy of the Valois line. For instance, when dynastic arguments are marshaled in Le songe du vergier to prove that France was established "according to God and the Holy Scriptures," the account begins with Pepin. Although the Songe mentions the holy unction, it attempts to prove legitimacy by the sanctity of the Valois kings' Carolingian and Capetian ancestors; thus it omits Clovis.^[13]

For the Valois kings of the late fourteenth century, Clovis's significance lay predominantly in the fact that the holy unction, which first appeared at his baptism and which signaled divine sanction for his reign, was used at the coronations of later French kings, including the Valois monarchs. Thus in royal texts written at the time of Charles V references to Clovis are confined almost exclusively to discussions of the sacred symbols of French monarchy, as for instance in the preface to the translation of Augustine's City of God or in Jean Golein's Traité du sacre .^[14]

Conversely, such popular commissions as the Grandes Chroniques in Valenciennes sought to glorify French kingship rather than justify Valois legitimacy. As a result, they broke from the royal dynastic tradition and focused special pictorial attention on Clovis as the first of the long line of Christian kings of France.

Image not available

Plate 1
Coronation of Pharamond.  Grandes Chroniques de France . British
Library, Royal 16 G VI, fol. 3. By permission of the British Library.

Image not available

Plate 2
Pagan and Christian kings of France.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Royale, Ms. 5, fol. 1. Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Image not available

Plate 3
Battle of Courtrai.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Castres, Bibliothèque
Municipale, fol 353v. Photograph: Bibliothèque Municipale, Castres.

Image not available

Plate 4
Peers support the crowns of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813, fol. 439. Photograph: Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris.

Image not available

Plate 5
Peers support the crown of Charles V.  Coronation Book . British Library,
Cotton Tiberius B VIII, fol. 59v. By permission of the British Library.

Image not available

Plate 6
Peers support the crown of Jeanne of Bourbon.  Coronation Book . British
Library, Cotton Tiberius B VIII, fol. 70. By permission of the British Library.

Image not available

Plate 7
Trojan fugitives at sea (Helenos, Aeneas, and Antenor?); Presentation of book to Charles
VI. Grandes Chroniques de France . Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 536, fol. 2. ©The Pierpont
Morgan Library 1991.

Image not available

Plate 8
Abduction of Helen; Punishment of Troy; Flight of the Trojans; Presentation
of book to Charles VI.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliotek,
Phill. 1917, fol. 1. Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliotek Berlin.

Chapter Ten—
Advice to the Nobility in Manuscripts Produced in the Style of the Master of the Cité des Dames

A second group of manuscripts, painted for the nobility and members of the court in the style of the Master of the Cité des Dames^[1] during the early fifteenth century, are noteworthy for their response to contemporary events rather than any generalized ties to the religion royale . Their designers seem to have taken the admonition of the prologue to heart; in a pictorial program tied strongly to the complex and unsettled history of early fifteenth-century France, they guide the reader to "find good and evil, the beautiful and ugly, sense and folly, and to profit from all [this] through the example of history."^[2]

The Master of the Cité des Dames popularized a new mode of courtly illustration during the latter part of the reign of Charles VI. One reason for his popularity in courtly circles was probably his realistic style; he could evoke the interiors where the courtiers lived and the clothing and political emblems that they loved to wear,^[3] yet he could also strip settings and costumes to their essential elements if that was more appropriate to the cycle.

Books produced by the Master of the Cité des Dames are an ideal source for exploring the kind of political guidance given to the nobility during the period of the French civil war. Four cycles by this artist survive, dating approximately from 1405 to 1415: Mazarine 2028, c. 1405–08; Phillipps 1917, c. 1409–10/15; M. 536, c. 1410–12; and B.R. 3, c. 1410–15.^[4] The number of cycles in this style makes it relatively easy to screen out stock workshop scenes and concentrate instead on pictures that were specially tailored for one or more of these manuscripts. Analyzed in this way, the pictures clearly offer varied but timely advice to those charged with ensuring stable government in France—advice similar to that written by partisans of the political parties and by moderates like Christine de Pizan and Jean Gerson.

Manuscripts produced for the court by the Master of the Cité des Dames diverge from the pattern of illustration in such royal copies as Philip III's, John the Good's, or Charles V's, whose carefully coordinated pictures and texts together convey a political message. They differ too from courtly commissions whose pictures bear a looser relationship to their text and work to reinforce general royalist or universal themes in the chronicle. In the new mode, important political commentary appears in manuscripts made for the princes of the blood or for their supporters.

In the most sophisticated of these books, exemplified here by a chronicle in New York (M. 536), the text is edited to emphasize Burgundian interests, and the pictures form a tightly woven cycle that provides an independent counterpoint to the text. This appropriation of an illustrational mode hitherto restricted to royal copies of the chronicle provides an interesting parallel to political developments in France, where the queen and the princes of the blood were increasingly involved in royal government (and thus in the kind of history traditionally recorded in the Grandes Chroniques ) and where writers independent of the court sought to preserve the monarchy.

The Grandes Chroniques now in Berlin (Phillipps 1917) differs radically from that in New York. Its text is conventional, and its illustrations incorporate fifteenth-century political devices and emblems into historical images to provide a commentary on the present. This method of glossing illustration to make a political statement is only as sophisticated as the editor of the book chooses to make it.^[5]

Not all the manuscripts painted by the Master of the Cité des Dames are illustrated in such innovative ways. Some, like the manuscripts in Paris (Mazarine 2028) and Brussels (B.R. 3), have more in common with courtly books from earlier periods. They contain some illustrations whose unusual subject matter relates to contemporary politics, but even these show the concern with preserving the monarchy that characterizes political literature of the early fifteenth century.

The Role of the Princes of the Blood

The Grandes Chroniques of circa 1410–12 in New York (M. 356) has the most secure connections with one of the two partisan groups, the Burgundian and the Orléanist parties, as textual evidence demonstrates. Although this Grandes Chroniques has no ex libris and is not listed in any surviving inventory from royal or ducal collections, certain textual peculiarities find their closest analogies in an unillustrated copy of the chronicle (B.R. 4) that belonged to Philip the Bold of Burgundy and remained in the Burgundian library after his death in 1404.^[6] Both the illustrated chronicle in New York and the unillustrated one in Brussels incorporate a Latin poem at the end of Saint Louis's life that occurs elsewhere only in royal copies of the chronicle. Further, both extend the Grandes Chroniques past its usual ending by appending a continuation of Guillaume de Nangis. In this pair of manuscripts alone, the chronicle ends with a description of the death in 1384 of the count of Flanders, the Burgundian dukes' predecessor as ruler of Flanders. Finally, both these books and no others condense the description of one of the most important royal events of the late fourteenth century—the visit of the Holy Roman Emperor to Charles VI's father, Charles V—from 12 chapters to 20 lines of text.^[7]

Although the manuscript from Berlin (Phillipps 1917) contains the standard version of the text of the Grandes Chroniques , its provenance suggests that it too was made in a Burgundian milieu. Arms added to the initial on folio 1 are those of a member of the Rolin family, which was active in Burgundian service. The most prominent member of this family, Nicholas Rolin, was employed by Philip the Bold; entered the service of Philip's son, John the Fearless, in 1408, working as counsellor, lawyer, and maître des requêtes ; and became chancellor of Burgundy under John's son, Philip the Good, in 1422.^[8]

The pictures in these Burgundian Grandes Chroniques emphasize the governmental role of the French dukes—Charles VI's brother and uncles—and stress dynastic themes. These concerns are most evident in the frontispiece shared by M. 536 and Phillipps 1917 and in the distinctive form in which both manuscripts represent coronations. It is striking, then, that while pictures may convey parallel messages in these chronicles, they do so through two distinct modes of illustration.

Most frequently, frontispieces to the Grandes Chroniques portray stories from the fall of Troy and the foundation by Trojan refugees of the kingdom that later became France. Visual solutions to the problem of illustrating these stories vary even in the oeuvre^[*] of the Cité des Dames shop. For instance, the frontispiece (Fig. 100) from a copy of the Grandes Chroniques in Paris, which will be discussed in more detail later, concentrates exclusively on the flight from Troy. Frontispieces from M. 536 (Plate 7) and Phillipps 1917 (Plate 8) break from this tradition by making allusions that have no textual basis but are decidedly biased toward the Burgundian party. Both frontispieces contain three scenes from the Trojan story that at first glance seem identical but are not. In Phillipps 1917 the abduction of Helen and the punishment of Troy are in the upper register. At the lower left the flight of Aeneas to Rome represents the survivors of Troy who scatter all over the earth. In contrast, the frontispiece in M. 536 concentrates exclusively on the aftermath of the destruction. It makes no reference to the abduction of Helen and does not represent the destruction of the city. Instead it shows a diverse group of fugitives at sea (Helenos, Aeneas, and Antenor?), ranging from a king and queen to members of the nobility and soldiers.

The fourth frames jump forward in time to show the presentation of a manuscript to Charles VI, an event with no textual basis. By juxtaposing the reigning king with scenes from Trojan history, these pictures promote the Trojan origin of the French line, which was accepted throughout the fifteenth century.^[9] Further, since the text of the chronicle describes the exploits of French rulers in an unbroken chain stretching from Priam of Troy to Charles VI, these frontispieces introduce the whole book by giving visual form to the beginning and the end of this chain.

It is unlikely that either of these manuscripts was destined for Charles VI, even though they show him enthroned in the frontispiece. Indeed, in both images (Figs. 101 and 102) Charles is shown nostalgically, sitting on a throne under a canopy decorated in red, green, and white, the emblematic colors that Charles bore until 1392, the year his madness struck.^[10] By the time these two manuscripts were made, Charles VI's colors were white, green, red, gold, and black, the colors represented in such presentation scenes as the frontispiece to the Dialogues of Pierre Salmon , a manuscript presented to Charles VI in 1411. Thus, instead of being shown in these Grandes Chroniques as he was in 1410–12, the approximate date for these manuscripts, Charles VI is shown as he was before his illness became debilitating, during the golden period of his reign.^[11]

Although these frontispieces derive from the same iconographic source, their iconography is used in very different ways. As we will see later, Phillipps 1917 further glosses the frontispiece and miniatures through the manuscript by including political devices. Perhaps because the text is more conventional in this book, its pictures had to carry the full weight of its message. On the other hand, the designer of M. 536, with its Burgundian version of the text, stripped scenes of all

Figure 100
Flight from Troy.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms. 2028,
fol. 2. Photograph: Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris.

Figure 101
Presentation of book to Charles VI.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 536, fol. 2.
Photograph courtesy of the Pierpont Morgan Library.

Figure 102
Presentation of book to Charles VI.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1917,
fol. 1. Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

Figure 103
Coronation of Charlemagne.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 536, fol. 83v.
Photograph courtesy of the Pierpont Morgan Library.

devices and emblems and relied instead on the cumulative effect of the whole cycle to convey its pictorial message.

In M. 536 broad themes organize the pictures. The reader is not led to recognize themes and interpretations of history by the nonverbal yet explicit use of emblems or devices. Instead his perception is formed subtly by an insistent repetition of subjects and, in a few miniatures, by the use of something as understated as a particularly striking background motif. In this way M. 536 promotes its timely theme—the return of France to good government—and presents the French dukes as the agents who will accomplish this feat.

Two miniatures in M. 536, central to the content of the program, are the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo (Fig. 103) and the coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile (Fig. 104). Charlemagne's coronation is a standardized scene, identical iconographically to that in Phillips 1917 (Fig. 105). The most innovative feature of the version in the Morgan Library is its background, where an elaborate checkerboard pattern is formed by blue lozenges, each containing a tiny fleur-de-lis. Although variations on this pattern were common in French book illumination in the fifteenth century, it is rare in this manuscript; its only other occurrence is in the miniature illustrating the coronation of Louis VIII.^[12] This visual

Figure 104
Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 536,
fol. 224. Photograph courtesy of the Pierpont Morgan
Library.

Figure 105
Coronation of Charlemagne. Grandes
Chroniques de France . Berlin, Deutsche
Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1917, fol. 114.
Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek
Berlin.

Figure 106
Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms. 2028, fol.
263. Photograph by the author.

connection between Charlemagne and Louis VIII reinforces a textual connection recorded in the life of Louis VIII, which includes the reditus regni ad stirpem Karoli Magni , the prophecy that the line of Charlemagne would return to power in France seven generations after the usurpation of power by Hugh Capet. Louis VIII was descended from Charlemagne on both his mother's and his father's sides and thus fulfilled the prophecy.

In M. 536 the miniature showing the coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile reinforces this dynastic theme by departing from the workshop's stock patterns, exemplified by Louis VIII's coronation from the Grandes Chroniques in Paris (Fig. 106). In the stock scene the clergy alone perform the coronation, but in M. 536 King John of Jerusalem and a duke have prominent places in the scene. Even though the presence of King John is noted in the text, he is rarely included in miniatures showing the event.^[13] Thus the inclusion of these two figures in the miniature may convey the support or even, considering John's gesture, the blessing of the secular realm for the return of a ruler of Carolingian descent.

Beginning with the miniature illustrating the life of Louis VIII, the kinds of illustrations in M. 536 change. In the second portion of the book the lively narratives that characterize the illustration of Merovingian, Carolingian, and early

Figure 107
Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Pierpont Morgan Library, M. 536, fol. 353v.
Photograph courtesy of the Pierpont Morgan Library.

Capetian history intermingle with distinctive coronations that prominently feature the dukes of France. Thus, in the coronations of Philip V, Charles V (Fig. 107), and Charles, VI, French dukes assume active roles as king-makers. The power of the ducal presence intensifies with each repetition of the basic composition in a cumulative and deliberate effect. The stress on dukes in coronations in this manuscript differs from that given the same scenes in the Parisian copy of the Grandes Chroniques (Fig. 108) where, for instance, the illustration of Charles V's coronation, like that of Louis VIII, emphasizes the agency of the clergy. Miniatures in M. 536 differ from those in the Brussels manuscript, where, instead of a coronation, a picture like that introducing the life of Charles V (Fig. 109) emphasizes both the king's power and a moment of Burgundian history in which Charles invested his brother, Philip the Bold, with the duchy of Burgundy.

The Burgundian manuscript in the Morgan Library may have a partisan text, but its pictorial message is moderate, claiming only that the dukes have a role in governing France. Pictures in Phillipps 1917 convey a similar message but are more biased. This manuscript, executed in the first decade of the fifteenth century, predates Louis of Guyenne's assumption of power and contains pictures glossed with references to the Burgundian-Orléanist conflict that take a decidedly Burgundian stance.

Figure 108
Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms. 2028, fol. 427v.
Photograph by the author.

Figure 109
Charles invests Philip the Bold with the
duchy of Burgundy. Grandes
Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Royale, Ms. 3, fol. 414v. Copyright
Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

The difference between the Burgundian chronicles in New York and Berlin is most clear in the frontispiece. In the frontispiece of M. 536, history and current events are separated; Charles VI takes his place in the fourth frame, and the Trojan story fills the other three frames. Images in Phillipps 1917 do not preserve this distinction of eras. Rather the fifteenth-century emblems and devices introduced in three of the four frames overtly merge different historical periods and refer explicitly to other members of the royal family. The designer is thus able to gloss history without changing the text.

Only one of the scenes in the frontispiece to the Phillipps manuscript is set totally in the early fifteenth century. In the fourth frame of the frontispiece (Fig. 102), the counsellor who stands next to Charles VI is John the Fearless, Charles VI's cousin, who became duke of Burgundy in 1404. John carries a hammer comparable to those he holds in other portraits dating from the first two decades of the fifteenth century.^[14] At the same time, details in the Trojan story portrayed in the other frames gloss John's political opponent negatively. In the first frame of the same frontispiece (Fig. 110) Paris's gold collar of mail equates him with Louis of Orléans, Charles VI's brother and John's political rival who was assassinated in 1409. This is a simplified version of the collar of the Order of the Porcupine, which appears in greater detail in a portrait of Louis (Fig. 111) from Christine de Pizan's collected works in London, a contemporary manuscript painted by the same artists.^[15] The Order of the Porcupine, sometimes called the Order of the Mail, was founded in 1393 by Louis of Orléans, who often wore the collar with or without its dangling porcupine. Thus Louis of Orléans is identified with Paris, whose passion for Helen of Troy started the Trojan war.

Additional details in the frontispiece may reinforce this negative interpretation. The second frame (Fig. 112) portrays the Greek king Menelaeus who, like John the Fearless, does not appear in M. 536 (Plate 7). Even though his presence is justified by the text of the chronicle, Menelaeus evokes the French king because he wears a blue robe decorated with gold—the heraldic colors, if not the precise emblems, of France. These details of costume added to the pair of miniatures in the upper register provide an extratextual commentary suggesting that, just as Paris stole Helen from King Menelaeus, Louis of Orléans stole Isabeau from Charles VI. If such a reading of the frontispiece was intended, this could be one of the first images to refer to the rumor widely disseminated in Burgundian literature of the 1420S that Louis of Orléans and his sister-in-law, Isabeau of Bavaria, had an illicit relationship.^[16]

The differences between the New York and Berlin frontispieces demonstrate the flexibility of the Master of the Cité des Dames's mode of glossing. By adding a few details, he could transform a politically neutral image like the frontispiece to M. 536 into a polemical one. Other emblematic elaborations in Phillipps 1917 reinforce the role of the duke of Burgundy as an especially trusted assistant to King Charles VI. For instance, in the image of the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor (Fig. 105), both the pope and a spectator wear emblems that were popular in the early fifteenth century. The pope's robe is sprinkled with blazing suns that evoke the arms of Pope Alexander V (1409–10), who was supported by the French and elected to end the schism; the most prominent spectator to the left wears a robe covered with schematic planes, emblems of John the Fearless.^[17] No complex message is hidden in this scene; rather, the reference to Alexander V situates the

Figure 110
Abduction of Helen.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1917,
fol. 1. Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

Figure 111
Christine presents her book to Louis of
Orléans. Christine de Pizan,  L'Épistre
Othéa . British Library, Harley 4431, fol.
95. By permission of the British Library.

Figure 112
Punishment of Troy.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1917,
fol. 1. Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

pictorial gloss in the present, after 1409 when Alexander took office, and the portrayal of John the Fearless assisting at Charlemagne's coronation reiterates the message of the frontispiece—John's loyalty to Charlemagne's namesake, Charles VI.^[18]

Phillipps 1917 shares with M. 536 the innovative representation of coronations in which the dukes take an active role. Their basic pictorial vocabulary can be seen, for instance, in representations of the coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon (Figs. 107 and 113). Dukes wearing circlets of gold are prominent in each image, and the message—that the dukes contribute significantly to making a king—is clear, particularly when this type of coronation is compared to the Master of the Cité des Dames' s stock scene (Fig. 108).

Although the form and content of individual coronation pictures may be identical in M. 536 and Phillipps 1917, their function in the program of miniatures is not. The Morgan Library's Grandes Chroniques uses such scenes sparingly. The first royal coronation, at the life of Louis VIII, appears within the framework of the reditus , and subsequent scenes of royal coronation (at the lives of Philip V, Charles V, and Charles VI) were doubtless intended to recall that dynastic structure by echoing its compositional type. Coronations in Phillipps 1917 are not so tightly woven into a dynastic framework; rather they are unified by the concept of the Christian kingship of France.

This theme, which found broad popularity in the fifteenth century through the religion royale , is initiated by the first coronation scene in this manuscript, the coronation of Clovis (Fig. 114). Most of the following coronation sequences assume this form, but the coronations of Saint Louis (Fig. 115) and Louis IV (Fig. 116) are more complex compositions. The importance given Louis IX's coronation

Figure 113
Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek,
Phill. 1917, fol. 484. Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

Figure 114
Coronation of Clovis.  Grandes Chroniques de
France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phill.
1917, fol. 7v.
Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

Figure 115
Coronation of Louis IX.  Grandes Chroniques
de France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek,
Phill. 1917, fol. 308v.
Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

Figure 116
Coronation of Louis IV.  Grandes Chroniques de France . Berlin,
Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1917, fol. 199.
Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

through Louis's halo and the elaborate dress of the attending dukes makes sense both within the context of Christian kingship that governed the form of coronations in this book and within the broader context of devotion to Saint Louis at the French court. Louis's sainthood confirmed the Christian kingship of France that Clovis had initiated, and, as we have seen, Capetian and Valois kings descended from Louis were quick to promote his sanctity.

Louis IV's coronation is the second to represent barons in distinctive costumes. This picture does not celebrate Christian kingship so much as the role of the barons in ensuring continuity. It commemorates the return of the legitimate king to the throne by the barons of France, who brought the young Louis IV back to France after his mother had fled with him to England. Like the distinctive coronation type that occurs throughout M. 536 and Phillipps 1917, this image concentrates on the support of the barons for the monarchy and their action on its behalf. It is tempting to see this image as a reference to a contemporary event in French history. In 1405 John the Fearless and his supporters brought the dauphin back to Paris when his mother, Isabeau of Bavaria, and his uncle, Louis of Orléans, sought to remove him from the capital and free him from Burgundian control.

The frontispiece, the illustration of Charlemagne's coronation, and the generalized representations of coronation demonstrate how pictures in this specific chronicle work as contemporary glosses to establish independent parallels between French history and events from the time of Charles VI. The pro-Burgundian, anti-Orléanist message of this manuscript is cumulative, as in M. 536, but it operates on a simpler level. The pictures and text of M. 536 are so closely interwoven that the message of its pictorial program depends upon a consideration of all its parts. In Phillipps 1917, however, the accumulation of information from a sequence of images may refine the political message, but each individual image contains enough information to convey its message independently.

What is most striking about these two copies of the Grandes Chroniques is that, no matter how the message is conveyed, the underlying call for ducal or baronial responsibility is pervasive. This emphasis on noble support for the king had more parallels in contemporary royalist political writings than in pictorial cycles illustrating previous Grandes Chroniques .

Such authors as Christine de Pizan and Jean Gerson realized the dukes' powers and exhorted them to work for the good of the monarchy. Christine dedicated her works first to Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy; then to Louis, duke of Orléans; and finally to John, duke of Berry, reflecting her changing opinions about who would be best equipped to govern the realm as custodian for the young dauphin during Charles VI's madness. In times of crisis, Christine and Gerson directly addressed the dukes to encourage them to place the French realm above their own ambitions. After the aborted kidnapping of the dauphin Louis by Louis of Orléans in 1405, Christine's Lettre à la reine and Gerson's sermon, Vivat rex , called for peace and emphasized the importance and the responsibilities of the king and his counsellors, a theme to which Gerson returned again in the sermon, Veniat pax of 1408, and which Christine addressed in Lamentacion sur les maux de la guerre civile in 1410.^[19] These texts, like the pictures in the Morgan Library's Grandes Chroniques , expressed the hope current in the first decades of the fifteenth century that the dukes of France would responsibly safeguard the French monarchy rather than expand their own power.

The insistent presence of the dukes in the Grandes Chroniques also mirrors political reality. When these manuscripts were painted, the princes of the blood were actively involved in the government of France, and Burgundian power seemed to be at its strongest. By the end of December 1409, John the Fearless had become sole guardian of Louis of Guyenne and was thus in a position to influence the dauphin, the virtual ruler of France, during Charles VI's attacks.^[20] John shared the regency briefly with the duke of Berry in 1410, but by the end of the civil war in 1412, John the Fearless was in a strong position in the government and at the height of his power.

The Role of the Queen and the Dauphin

Equally concerned with contemporary problems, other manuscripts of the chronicle painted by the Master of the Cité des Dames focus on the queen and the dauphin rather than the dukes. The pictures in a Grandes Chroniques now in Paris (Mazarine 2028), which predates the assassination of Louis of Orléans in 1407, provide nonpartisan commentary on the conflict between Louis of Orléans and John the Fearless and the importance of Queen Isabeau of Bavaria's role in politics. A second chronicle, in Brussels (B.R. Ms. 3), dates from the second decade of the fifteenth century when the dauphin, Louis of Guyenne, approached his maturity; some of its images refer to the importance of his education. Together these books address additional issues of concern to the court and to Parisian intellectual circles in the first part of the fifteenth century. Like the chronicles in Berlin and New York, they could be termed royalist books. They support those who sought to preserve the French monarchy but concentrate on different agents of preservation.

An imposing frontispiece and three rare subjects gloss French history with contemporary commentary in the Grandes Chroniques from the Bibliothèque Mazarine. As in Phillipps 1917, pictures in this chronicle include arms and devices that identify figures from French history with contemporary personages. They celebrate the French dynasty and comment on the civil war in France.

The Trojan frontispiece (Fig. 100) embodies a dynastic theme. Within this miniature, two boats fleeing the burning city of Troy display the arms of France and Brittany. This juxtaposition is perplexing at first, because the text of the chapter describes the refugees from Troy but does not mention the Bretons. Instead, the chronicle notes three major countries founded by Trojan refugees: Italy, founded by Aeneas; Britain, by Brut; and France, by Francion.

This use of Breton arms becomes clear when we consider the source for the description of Brut's life in the Grandes Chroniques , Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain .^[21] Geoffrey's text stresses the interrelated histories of Britain and Brittany, which was colonized by the descendants of Brut. When Britain was in difficulty, the Bretons sent armies to aid their island relatives. War, pestilence, and famine, however, eventually defeated the Britons, who emigrated as a nation to Brittany. Thus, as Geoffrey of Monmouth describes it, "From that time, the power of the Britons ceased in the island, and the Angles began their reign."^[22] Although the Grandes Chroniques never refers explicitly to the history of Brittany, it does echo Geoffrey: "From this Brut descended all the kings who were in the land [Britain] up until the time when the English, who came from one of

Figure 117
Queen Clotilda divides the realm among her sons.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms. 2028, fol. 14. Photograph by the author.

the countries of Saxony called Angle, took the land for which [reason] it is called England."^[23] We could say, then, that the Trojan refugees in this miniature bear Breton arms because the Bretons, rather than their English supplanters, were of Trojan descent.

Contemporary history provides another motive for the use of Breton arms. In 1396, Jeanne of France, third daughter of Charles VI and Isabeau of Bavaria, married John of Montfort, heir to the duchy of Brittany.^[24] The alliance of these two houses was politically motivated. Notoriously independent, Breton dukes placed the security of their duchy before their duties as vassals of the French king. By securing a marriage tie with the Breton house, the French sought to strengthen relations between the Bretons and the French. The heraldic display in the frontispiece thus implies that the recent connection of the two houses has its roots in their shared Trojan ancestry.

Other pictures in the chronicle refer to internal French politics. For example, the illustration to the second book (Fig. 117) shows Queen Clotilda dividing the realm among her four sons, pictured as kings. Two of these kings have special attributes: the king at the far right clasps a stick, and the king at the far left holds a schematized hammer. These are generalized references to the political emblems of Charles VI's brother and cousin—the bâton noueux or knotty stick of Louis,

Figure 118
Queen Clotilda divides the realm among her sons.  Grandes
Chroniques de France . Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek,
Phill. 1917, fol. 14. Photograph: Deutsche Staatsbibliothek Berlin.

duke of Orléans, and the hammer of John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy.^[25] The history of Queen Clotilda's sons clarifies the references to these noble cousins.^[26] After Clotilda partitioned the realm, two of her sons formed a greedy alliance to battle one of their brothers. Only Queen Clotilda's active intervention prevented fratricide. The use of Burgundian and Orléanist emblems in a scene of Clotilda and her sons may therefore comment on the deadly rivalry between these blood relations of Charles VI.

The timeliness of this image is confirmed by representations in the two later manuscripts of the Master of the Cité des Dames , neither of which includes the simplified hammer. In the pro-Burgundian manuscript, Phillipps 1917, for example (Fig. 118), Clotilda's son at the far left is the only one to retain his emblem. Without the opposing hammer, the baton loses its overlay of political meaning and serves as a neutral sign of office.^[27]

The inclusion of Clotilda with her sons may also address a second theme that permeated royalist, as opposed to Burgundian or Orléanist, political writings of the early fifteenth century—the importance of the queen in governing the realm. Certainly the theme of queenly power is expressed in two other pictures from the Paris manuscript: the coronation of Charlemagne's son, Louis the Pious, as King of Aquitaine (Fig. 119) and the discussion of the royal succession after the death

Figure 119
Coronation of Louis the Pious as king of Aquitaine.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque
Mazarine, Ms. 2028, fol. 131. Photograph by the author.

of the last Capetian king (Fig. 120). Never before had queens been included in these scenes. The second in particular shows the queen, an expectant mother, as an important protagonist in discussions about the future government of France. Probably because of the short lives of French dauphins (three had died by 1397), the image recalls an important theme in contemporary politics and literature—Queen Isabeau of Bavaria's role in the government of France and the hope that she would interfere to regulate the chaos caused by the rivalry of the dukes.

The major source of Isabeau's power was her role as one of the regents charged with the tutelle , or education, of the dauphin in case the king should die or be absent from the realm.^[28] Charles V had been the first king since Saint Louis to give such a prominent role to the queen. His laws were adopted by Charles VI and his council in 1393—right after Charles's first attack of insanity—and remained in effect until 1407.^[29] Under their provisions, Louis of Orléans became regent if the king died or was "absent," and Isabeau of Bavaria and the dukes of Burgundy and Berry were charged with the education of the prince. As royalist writers like Christine de Pizan recognized, Isabeau's role as guardian of the dauphin and peacemaker in a regency government became especially important once the dukes of Burgundy and Orléans became openly hostile in 1405.^[30]

Figure 120
Discussion of the royal succession.  Grandes Chroniques de France .
Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms. 2028, fol. 354v. Photograph by the author.

The close relationship between royalist sentiment and pictorial imagery in the Grandes Chroniques in Paris continues in later chronicles by artists from the Cité des Dames workshop. The Grandes Chroniques in Brussels (B.R. 3) dates from the second decade of the fifteenth century when Charles VI's heir, Louis of Guyenne, was in his early teens. Perhaps as a result of the dauphin's maturity, distinctive miniatures in this book focus exclusively on the importance of the education of dauphins.

Three pictures in this book show the interaction of a king and his son. One shows King John the Good, Charles VI's grandfather, investing his young son, Charles, with the Dauphiné (Fig. 121). Two others offer examples of good and bad kingship that were especially appropriate to a dauphin named Louis. The miniature beginning Louis the Stammerer's life (Fig. 122) shows Louis compromising himself to gain power; he gives the barons anything they want in order to win their favor. In the process, Louis grasps his son's wrist to compel him to participate. A complementary image from another section of the chronicle shows the prince's willing compliance when his father is a positive influence. In this picture from the beginning of the life of Saint Louis (Fig. 123), the young Louis sits next to his father, Louis VIII, and helps supervise the burning of heretics.

Figure 121
John the Good invests Charles with the Dauphiné.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Royale,
Ms. 3, fol. 373.
Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Neither miniature faithfully reflects the chronicle's text.^[31] Louis the Stammerer had two sons—Louis and Carloman—neither of whom was mentioned in the chapter that this picture illustrates. Further, Saint Louis did not take part in his father's persecution of heretics; his father was in the south of France and Louis was in Paris. By departing from the text in representing kings with heirs named Louis, the artist created compositional and thematic analogies. They were apt choices for exempla at the time when Charles VI's son, Louis of Guyenne, was dauphin.

Like the emphasis on queenship in the Grandes Chroniques now in Paris, the focus on the dauphin in B.R. 3 paralleled contemporary historical events and reflected concerns expressed in contemporary literature. The ordinance of 1407 empowering Louis of Guyenne to rule during his father's "absences" made the dauphin the most important person in the realm besides the king. His education was addressed by Christine de Pizan in several works and by Jean Gerson in a treatise sent to the tutor of the dauphin, Jean d'Arsonval, and dated between 1408 and 1414.^[32] These writings discussed the religious, moral, and intellectual formation of the future king and frequently cited examples of past kings, most notably Louis of Guyenne's famous ancestor, Saint Louis, as models of government.

Figure 122
Louis the Stammerer and his son Louis accede to barons.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 3,
fol. 147v. Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

Manuscripts decorated by the Master of the Cité des Dames provide insights into a special kind of courtly reaction to the French civil war. Like the illustrations in royal manuscripts before them, these images of history form a private complement to more overt political writings, featuring images of the contemporary powers in France—the dukes and the queen—and representing themes like the role of the dukes in governing France, the Burgundian-Orléanist conflict, the importance of the queen as mediator and peacemaker, and the education of the dauphin. As in the political literature of the time, these images offer an important perspective on the political climate of fifteenth-century France.

The Master of the Cité des Dames used various methods of illustration to gloss the chronicle and express his political message. The simpler way is to elaborate an individual picture that, when read with its own text, comments on contemporary events. This sort of elaboration ranges from the inclusion of characters described in the text but rarely visualized (as in Jeanne of Evreux's presence at the discussion of the royal succession in Mazarine 2028), to the addition of historical characters who contradict their text (Saint Louis happily burning heretics in B.R. 3), to the insertion of anachronistic emblems and devices into stock scenes (as in the Burgundian hammer and the Orléanist Order of the Porcupine in the frontispiece

Figure 123
Louis VIII and his son Louis supervise the burning of heretics.
Grandes Chroniques de France . Bibliothèque Royale, Ms. 3,
fol. 248. Copyright Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Brussels.

of Phillipps 1917). In these glosses, immediately perceptible to a careful reader of one chapter or the whole manuscript, the overarching message of the program of decoration conveys the same message as each individual part.

The Master of the Cité des Dames' s more complicated method of glossing encompasses the whole program of decoration. In this system, most commonly seen in kings' books, individual pictures carry only a portion of the message. Images work in sequences, building a message through repeated compositions (as in the series of coronations in M. 536) or through visual cross-referencing (as in the pair of exempla for the education of the dauphin in B.R. 3). The message of the whole is much more than a sum of its parts—and often is very subtle, perhaps explaining why this kind of cycle occurs most frequently in manuscripts like that in New York where the text has been edited to promote a partisan view.

These manuscripts provide important evidence for a changing view of history in the fifteenth century. In the late fourteenth and the early fifteenth century the princes of the blood emerged simultaneously as major participants in government and as important patrons of the arts,^[33] and during the reign of Charles VI the blood relations of the king began to assume a special status—to share, in a sense, some of the holiness of the French king, as they shared some of the responsibilities

of government. At this time, therefore, the decorative programs in the Grandes Chroniques worked to extend to the king's blood relations the prologue's directive that the king should seek models in its pages. The conviction, held by the princes of the blood and the court, that the blood relations of the king also had a mandate to govern inspired the creation of such advice books as the Grandes Chroniques decorated by the Master of the Cité des Dames .

EPILOGUE—
THE GRANDES CHRONIQUES IN THE LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

The fortunes of France took a turn for the worse after about 1415.^[1] Just as it became evident that Charles VI's mental illness would no longer permit him to take an active role in government, the dauphin, Louis of Guyenne, died. The next dauphin, John of Touraine, was returning to Paris in 1417 when he became ill and also died. Armagnacs who controlled the capital and the government of Charles VI named the new dauphin, Charles (later Charles VII), lieutenant general of the king. At the same time Queen Isabeau, who had fled Paris in 1417, established a provisional government at Troyes and appointed Duke John the Fearless of Burgundy governor general of the realm. Both Armagnacs and Burgundians sought to guarantee their legitimacy by gaining control of King Charles VI and the city of Paris. In 1418 when the Burgundians staged a successful coup, the dauphin Charles fled to Bourges and established a government-in-exile there.

Despite the assassination of John the Fearless in 1419, Burgundian forces were sufficiently powerful to retain control of the capital and negotiate the Treaty of Troyes with the English in 1420. This treaty ostensibly ended the Hundred Years' War, because it provided that Henry V of England would drop his claim to French territories during Charles VI's lifetime if Charles would designate Henry and his heirs as successors to the kingdom of France. Shortly after the signing of the treaty, the dauphin Charles was summoned to a lit-de-justice , a judicial session of Parlement, investigating his role in the murder of John the Fearless. When the dauphin did not appear, he was formally disinherited and banished.

Henry V became king of France after Charles VI died in 1422, but Henry died shortly thereafter, and his infant son, Henry VI, succeeded to the dual monarchy. France was governed on his behalf by a regent, the duke of Bedford, who resided in Paris. Because the dauphin Charles also claimed the throne from his court in the Loire valley, civil war resumed. Charles VII was crowned king in Reims in 1429 with the help of Joan of Arc, and by 1437 he and his successful forces entered Paris. By 1453 Charles VII's army had reconquered France.

The lack of a French royal presence in the capital from about 1420 to 1440 helps explain the dearth of illustrated manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques after the first quarter of the fifteenth century. Because the chronicle had been popular among a Parisian audience intimately associated with the Capetian and Valois kings of France, there was little place for the Grandes Chroniques as an expression of French national pride once the English took control of the government in Paris.

The English rulers did not patronize illustrated copies of the chronicle, preferring dynastic imagery that centered on Saint Louis, an ancestor that Henry V and Henry VI shared with the French. The duke of Bedford and members of his Anglo-French chancery promoted dynastic ideas in coinage, in posters hung in the city of Paris, and in public ceremonial.^[2]

The religion royale was renewed in Paris only after the restoration of the Valois to the throne in the mid–fifteenth century, and it was strongest during the reigns of Louis XI and Charles VIII, the last Valois kings.^[3] Although the Grandes Chroniques was revived at the late fifteenth-century French court, it had lost its position as the preeminent royal history, probably because its content was out of date. The account recorded in the Grandes Chroniques ended early in Charles VI's reign; it was superseded by a Latin chronicle and a complete life of Charles VI written by Michel Pintoin, the religieux of Saint-Denis, and Pintoin's chronicle was continued with a Latin life of Charles VII written by Jean Chartier.^[4] The lives of Charles VI and VII were translated into French; Juvenal des Ursins translated Charles VI's life in the early 1430s, and Jean Chartier revised and updated his Latin life of Charles VII in a French translation. These translations were paired most frequently with Pintoin's Latin chronicle rather than with the Grandes Chroniques .

Two groups of Grandes Chroniques exemplify the different functions of the chronicle in Parisian circles after the mid–fifteenth century. The first group consists of unillustrated texts on paper or on mixtures of parchment and paper that belonged (when provenance is known) to secretaries and notaries and to members of the Parlement.^[5] These inexpensive books filled a practical need; they provided a chronology for persons charged with maintaining the state archives and doubtless also assisted them in their increasingly common role as writers of history.

A second illustrated group of Grandes Chroniques reflects the Parisian nobility's increased interest in the expression of dynastic issues in public ceremonial. The most famous of these is the copy of the Grandes Chroniques completed in the mid–fifteenth century by Jean Fouquet for Charles VII (B.N. fr. 6465), a chronicle illustrating such ceremonies as sacres , entries, and funerals that paid special attention to the pomp surrounding the visit of the Holy Roman Emperor to Charles V in 1378.^[6] Two other manuscripts in Paris (B.N. fr. 5729 and Arsenal 5128) with identical layouts document the continuing interest in this ceremonial genre during the last quarter of the fifteenth century. Their text consists of an excerpt from the Grandes Chroniques describing the visit of the Holy Roman Emperor to Charles V in Paris in 1378 and is decorated by a miniature of the meeting of Charles V and Charles IV outside Paris. The concentration on Charles V in this pair of abridged texts may have royal and imperial connotations; these books glorify Charles V, the last direct royal ancestor of Louis XII, who was king when they were produced.^[7] The interest manifested in the visit of the Holy Roman Emperor may also relate to the imperial aspirations of the French monarchs in the late fifteenth century.^[8]

In this late period illustrated Parisian copies of the Grandes Chroniques most commonly commemorated ceremonies that provided precedents for the public celebrations increasingly popular under the last Valois kings. In this respect, these manuscripts relate more closely to contemporary books like those that memorialized the tableaux from royal entries than to earlier copies of the Grandes Chroniques .^[9]

Courts outside of Paris seem to have been the primary audience for illustrated manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques in the second half of the fifteenth century. Guillaume Fillastre commissioned a Grandes Chroniques (Leningrad, Public Library, Saltykov-Schedrin Er. fr. 88) decorated by Simon Marmion, for presentation in the 1450s to Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy. A manuscript dated 1471 now in Paris (B.N. fr. 2609), is attributed to Robinet Testard and was probably executed in the Loire valley near Poitiers where Testard was active. Even Thomas Thwaytes, the English king Henry VII's "tresorier de ses ville et marches de Calays," commissioned a multivolume manuscript (B.L. Royal 20 E I–20 E VI) produced in Calais in 1487 as a gift for the English monarch.^[10] These non-Parisian manuscripts contain updated texts and extensive narrative cycles that illustrate French history without the stress on ceremonial evident in many contemporary Parisian copies of the chronicle. They seem to have met a new regional taste for dynastic and courtly literature that is especially well-documented for the Burgundian court.^[11]

By the late fifteenth century, the Grandes Chroniques seems to have been considered one history among many—and it was not the most important. Although Vérard printed specially illuminated royal versions of the Grandes Chroniques on vellum, French kings of the late fifteenth century were interested in more modern histories.^[12] Thus Louis XI carried with him in his travels the mid-fifteenth-century Abrégé de l'histoire de France by Noël de Fribois rather than the Grandes Chroniques .^[13] Although the royal myths described in the chronicle continued to be popular into the sixteenth century, other, more contemporary, histories incorporated them and these, rather than the Grandes Chroniques de France , shaped the royal image.

Notes

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION— VERNACULAR HISTORY, LATIN HISTORIOGRAPHY, ROYAL PATRONAGE, AND THE GRANDES CHRONIQUES

Chapter One— Philip III's Grandes Chroniques

Chapter Two— Manuscripts Produced during the Reigns of the Last Direct Capetians

Chapter Three— Textual and Pictorial Innovation in John the Good's Grandes Chroniques

Chapter Four— The Courtly Response in Manuscripts by the Master of the Roman de Fauvel

Chapter Five— The First Stage of Execution (before 1375)

Chapter Six— The Second Stage of Execution (c. 1375—77)

Chapter Seven— The Third Stage of Execution (after 1379)

Chapter Eight— The Legacy of Charles V

Chapter Nine— Popular Manuscripts and the Religion Royale

Chapter Ten— Advice to the Nobility in Manuscripts Produced in the Style of the Master of the Cité des Dames

EPILOGUE— THE GRANDES CHRONIQUES IN THE LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

APPENDIX I— ARTISTS IN GRANDES CHRONIQUES PRODUCED C. 1274–1422

APPENDIX I—
ARTISTS IN GRANDES CHRONIQUES PRODUCED C. 1274–1422

The distribution of artistic styles in the Grandes Chroniques de France suggests that, beginning in the reign of Charles V, libraires closely supervised artists who produced books for the king and certain members of his court. Although the majority of the books listed in the Catalogue of Manuscripts were either illustrated by one artist or have no surviving miniatures,^[1] 26 manuscripts were painted by two or more artists. These can be divided into two groups: one in which the basic units of the book were gatherings on which (once they had been told what subject to paint) the assigned artists worked independently and produced books that combine diverse styles, and another in which artists collaborated on individual gatherings and seem to have worked more more closely together, since the style of the miniatures in these manuscripts is much more homogeneous. The first group seems to have been produced independently of the court.^[2] Although it includes the first Grandes Chroniques presented to Philip III, most of its books are nonroyal; among them are the chronicle supervised by Thomas of Maubeuge, Jeanne d'Amboise's manuscript in Castres (which may be associated with Geoffroy of Saint-Léger), and the group of three books that follow directions to the illuminator preserved in the margins in the chronicle in Valenciennes.^[3]

Most manuscripts in the second group are from the royal circle of Charles V; they include Charles V's chronicle (B.N. fr. 2813) and several books copied after it for John of Berry (Ex-Bute) and Charles VI (B.N. fr. 10135 and B.N. fr. 2608).^[4] These may be commissions executed for court by the group of libraires , artists, scribes, and binders who worked for the king. Their distribution of hands suggests that the artistic unit was an individual bifolium. Closer supervision by the libraire might account for their homogeneity of style.

Whereas several painters who decorated these chronicles were sophisticated artists (for example, the Master of the Coronation of Charles V, the Master of the Coronation Book, the Master of the Bible of Jean de Sy, the Boucicaut Master, the Virgil Master, or the Master of the Cité des Dames ), many more were artists whose work is less refined and, perhaps because of this, unpublished. Their style is similar to the hasty, economical style popularized in the early fourteenth century for vernacular illustration.^[5] They work on the unadorned parchment ground in grisaille or in ink sketches colored with thin washes of color. In order to begin to document the activity of these less sophisticated painters and to provide comparative material for better known artists, I append a list of artists who painted more than one Grandes Chroniques .

Artist of B.N. fr. 2597:
Épistre Othéa (Cambridge, Newnham College Library, Ms. 900 95)^[6]

Artist I of Baltimore, W. 138:
W. 138 (Artist I); Valenciennes, B.M. 637 (Artist IV)

Artist I of Baltimore, W. 139:
W. 139 (Artist I); B.N. fr. 2814

Artist I of Brussels, B.R. 2:
W. 126, dated 1402–10 (Artist II); B.R. 2 (Artist I); B.N. fr. 23140 (main miniature and patterns of marginal decoration); Munich, Cod. Gall. 4 (Artist I)

Artist I of Grenoble, Ms. 407 Rés.:
Grenoble, B.M. 407 Rés. (Artist I); B.N. fr. 10132 (Artist II)

Artist II of Lyon, P.A. 30:
Lyon, B.M. P.A. 30 (Artist II); B.N. fr. 2615 (Artist IX)

Artist III of Castres, B.M.:
Castres, B.M. (Artist III); B.N. fr. 10132 (Artist I)

Artist III of Guildhall 244:
Guildhall 244 (Artist III); Vienna, ÖNB 2564

Artist III of B.N. fr. 2604:
B.N. fr. 2604 (Artist III); Valenciennes, B.M. 637 (Artist I) (These artists are closely related but not identical)

Boucicaut Master (active c. 1410–23)^[7]
B.L. Cotton Nero E. II (Artist I)

Egerton Workshop (active c. 1405–20)^[8]
B.L. Cotton Nero E. II (Artist III)

Jean Fouquet (active c. 1440–80)^[9]
B.N. fr. 6465

Jehan de Niziéres (active at the end of the fourteenth century)^[10]
Oxford, Douce 217 (Artist I)

Mahiet (Master of the Vie de Saint Louis [B.N. fr. 5716]) (active c. 1330–50)^[11]
B.L. Royal 16 G VI (Artist I)

Master of the Berry Apocalypse Group (active c. 1407–18/20)^[12]
Besançon, B.M. 863; Prague, Ms. 23 A 12

Master of the Bible of Jean de Sy (active c. 1355–80)^[13]
B.N. fr. 2813 (Artist V); Paris, Société des autographs des manuscrits français, Ex-Bute (Artist I)

Master of the Cambrai Missal (active c. 1335–40)^[14]
B.L. Royal 16 G VI (Artist II)

Master of the Cité des Dames (active c. 1400–1420)^[15]
B.R. Ms. 3 (Artist I); Phillipps 1917; M. 536; Mazarine 2028 (Artist I);
B.N. fr. 6466–67 (?), fr. 20352–53 (Artist IV)

Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V (active c. 1360s–80s)^[16]
B.N. fr. 2813 (Artist IV); Paris, Société des autographs des manuscrits français, Ex-Bute (Artist II)

Master of the Coronation of Charles VI Group (active c. 1370–80)^[17]

1. B.N. fr. 2813 (Artist I)

2. B.N. fr. 2813 (Artist II), fr. 10135 (Artist I)

3. B.N. fr. 2813 (Artist III)

4. B.R. 2 (Artist II); B.N. fr. 17270, fr. 10135 (Artist II), fr. 23140 (Artist II)

Master of the Épistre Othéa (active c. 1403–08)^[18]
Mazarine 2028 (Artist II)

Master of the Roman de Fauvel (perhaps Geoffroy de Saint-Léger) (active c. 1320s–30s)^[19]
B.R. 5; Castres, B.M. (Artist I); B.N. fr. 2615 (Artist III); Switzerland, Private Collection (Ex-Lord Mostyn)

Master of Luçon Group (active c. 1390s–1417)^[20]
B.R. 3 (Artist II)

Master of Marguerite d'Orléans (active c. 1420s–60s)^[21]
B.N. fr. 2605; Châteauroux, B.M. 5 (Artist I)

Painter D of the Vie de Saint Denis (active 1320s)^[22]
B.N. fr. 2615 (Artist IV)

Principal artist of B.N. fr. 823 (active c. 1370s–90s)^[23]
B.L. Add. 21143; Guildhall 244 (Artist IV); Lyon, B.M. 880 (Artist I?); Arsenal 5223; B.N. fr. 2606 (Artist II), fr. 2813 (Artist VI); Vienna, ÖNB Hs. 2547

Second artist of B.N. fr. 823 (active c. 1400–10)^[24]

1. Belgium, Private Collection, Excised Miniatures; B.L. Add. 15269; B.N. fr. 2606 (Artist I), fr. 2616–20 (Artist I); Ste.-Gen 783; Turin B.N.L. II. 8

2. Valenciennes, B.M. 637 (Artist II)

Royal Master Group (active c. 1320–30)^[25]

1. Cambrai, B.M. 682; B.N. fr. 2615 (Artist I)

2. B.N. fr. 2615 (Artist II)

Sainte-Chapelle Group—Main Line (active c. 1250–70s)^[26]
Ste.-Gen. 782 (Artist I)

Troyes Master, Follower (active c. 1390–1415)^[27]
Toulouse, B.M. 512

Virgil Master Group (active c. 1390s–1410/20)^[28]

1. W. 139 (Artist II); B.L. Royal 20 C VII (Artist II); Musée Condé, Ms. 867 (Artist I); Geneva, B.M., Comités Latentes, 182 A & B

2. W. 139 (Artist III); Musée Condé, Ms. 867 (Artist II)

3. B.L. Royal 20 C VII (Artist III)

4. B.L. Royal 20 C VII (Artist IV); B.N. fr. 73, fr. 20350 (Artist III)

5. B.L. Royal 20 C VII (Artist V)

6. B.N. fr. 20350 (Artist I)

7. B.N. fr. 20350 (Artist II)

8. B.N. fr. 20350 (Artist IV)

9. B.N. fr. 20350 (Artist V), fr. 2616–20 (Artist III)

10. B.N. fr. 20350 (Artist VI); W. 126 (Artist III)

11. Munich, Cod. Gall. 4 (Artist IV)

APPENDIX II—
SURVIVING MANUSCRIPTS OF THE GRANDES CHRONIQUES AND THEIR PROVENANCE

Notations within the following lists specify provenance based on the examination of inscriptions, colophons, or heraldry in the manuscripts and the comparison of the incipits and explicits of manuscripts with those listed in published inventories. For further information on these attributions, see the Catalogue of Manuscripts.

I—
Manuscripts Consulted for This Study

A—
Illustrated Copies

Dates are provided when textual or artistic information permits. These manuscripts are arranged chronologically.

Before 1350

Ste.-Gen. 782 (c. 1274) Philip III, Charles V, Charles VI

B.N. fr. 2615 (after 1314 and probably 1320s)

Cambrai, B.M., Ms. 682 (1320s) "Raoul le Prêtre" (died 1443)

B.N. fr. 10132 (1318) Pierre of Neufchâtel in Normandy

B.R. 14561–64 (c. 1320) Charles V, Charles VI

Switzerland, Private Collection (1320s–30s) John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy

B.R. 5 (1330s)

Castres, B.M. (1330s) Jeanne d'Amboise

B.L. Royal 16 G VI (1335–40) John the Good; John Chandos, lord of Fownhope; Humphrey, duke of Gloucester

1350–80

Grenoble, 407 Rés. (1350s)

B.N. fr. 2813 (c. 1360–80) Charles V; John of Berry

Ex-Bute (1360s–70s) plus excised pages in B.L. Cotton Vitellius E II John of Berry

B.N. fr. 10135 (1370s) Charles VI; John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy; Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy

B.N. fr. 17270 (1370s) Tanguy de Chastel, governor of Cerdagne and Rouissilon in 1468, chamberlain of Louis XI

1380–1422

Paris, Bibl. de l'Institut, Ms. 324 (late fourteenth century?)

B.N. fr. 2608 (c. 1390s) Charles VI

Lyon, B.M. 880 (c. 1390s?)

Vienna, ÖNB Hs. 2564 (c. 1390–1410) John of Montaigu (died 1409)

Guildhall Ms. 244 (c. 1390s)

B.N. fr. 2613–14 (last quarter of century) Frederic Linange, married in 1337 to member of Châtillon family

B.N. n.a. fr. 3372 (c. 1390s?)

Oxford, Douce 217 (c. 1390s)

W. 138 (1400)

B.N. fr. 2814 (c. 1400)

Valenciennes, B.M. 637 (c. 1400) Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy

B.N. fr. 2604 (c. 1400)

B.L. Sloane 2433 (c. 1400)

B.R. 2 (c. 1400–1410) Governor of Lille; Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy

B.N. fr. 23140 (c. 1400–1410)

Munich, Cod. Gall. 4 (c. 1400–1410)

Belgium, Private Collection (c. 1400–1410)

B.L. Add. 15269 (c. 1400–1410)

B.N. fr. 2606 (c. 1400–1410)

B.N. fr. 2616–20 (c. 1400–1410)

Ste.-Gen. 783 (c. 1400–1410) Regnault d'Angennes, chamberlain of Louis, duke of Guyenne

Turin, B.N. L. II. 8 (c. 1400–1410)

B.L. Add. 21143 (c. 1390–1410)

Arsenal 5223 (c. 1390–1410) John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy; Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy

Vienna, ÖNB 2547 (c. 1390–1410)

Reims, B.M. 1469 (c. 1390–1410)

Lyon, P.A. 30 (c. 1400–1410)

B.N. fr. 2597 (c. 1400–1410)

B.R. 1 (c. 1400–1410)

B.L. Cotton Nero E II (c. 1415) Charles VI?

Mazarine 2028 (c. 1405–08)

Phillipps 1917 (c. 1408–10/15) Member of Rolin family

M. 536 (c. 1410–12)

B.R. 3 (c. 1410–15) Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy

B.N. fr. 6466–67 (c. 1400–1415) John of Berry

B.N. fr. 20352–53 (c. 1400–1415?)

Besançon, B.M. 863 (c. 1407–15)

Prague, Ms. 23 A 12 (c. 1407–15)

W. 139 (c. 1400–1405?)

B.L. Royal 20 C VII (c. 1400–1405?) Richard Gloucester (King Richard III)

Musée Condé 867 (c. 1400–1405)

Geneva, B.M., Comités Latentes, 182 . . . (c. 1410–12)

B.N. fr. 73 (c. 1400–1405?) Robert Joliver, abbot of Mont-Saint-Michel (purchased 1438)

B.N. fr. 20350 (c. 1400–1405?) Charles VI?

Toulouse, B.M. Ms. 512 (c. 1400–1410)

1425–1500

B.N. fr. 6465 (begun c. 1420–30, completed c. 1450–60)

B.N. fr. 2605 (c. 1425) Charles VII?

Châteauroux, B.M. 5 (c. 1460) plus excised miniatures in B.N. Estampes Add. 133 rés.

Ex-duke of Hamilton (mid-fifteenth century) No. 13 in the Hamilton Palace sale (23 May 1889)

B.N. fr. 2610 (late fifteenth century)

B.N. fr. 6468–69 (mid-to-late fifteenth century)

B.N. fr. 2609 (1471)

Grenoble, 408 rés. (1477)

B.L. Royal 20 E I–20 E VI (1487)

B.N. fr. 5729, excerpt (late fifteenth century)

Arsenal 5128, excerpt (late fifteenth century)

B—
Unillustrated Copies

Dates are provided when possible. This section is subdivided by centuries, because there is less information on which to base a date.

Thirteenth Century

B.L. Add. 38128 (after 1285 and probably before 1314)

B.R. 4 (after 1285 and probably before 1314) John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy; Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy

Fourteenth Century

Musée Condé, Ms. 868

B.N. fr. 10136

B.N. fr. 24433 (flyleaves are fragments of the chronicle)

B.N. fr. 2600 (second quarter of the fourteenth century)

Fifteenth Century

B.L. Add. 15303 (early fifteenth century)

B.N. fr. n.a. 6225 (early fifteenth century)

B.N. fr. n.a. 6776 (extract)

B.N. fr. n.a. 10043

B.N. fr. n.a. 21876

B.N. fr. 1986 (extract)

B.N. fr. 2601–2602

B.N. fr. 2611–12

B.N. fr. 4933–35

B.N. fr. 4936

B.N. fr. 4937–38

B.N. fr. 4955 (1460)

B.N. fr. 4984 (1469)

B.N. fr. 4956 (extract)

B.N. fr. 4957 (extracts)

B.N. fr. 4979–83 (second half of fifteenth century)

B.N. fr. 15484

B.N. fr. 17271

B.N. fr. 23141

B.N. fr. 23142

B.N. fr. 23143

Turin, B.N. L.V. 12

Vienna, ÖNB 3431

Vienna, ÖNB 3300

Sixteenth Century

B.N. fr. 2846 (extract)

II—
Manuscripts not Consulted

Since catalogues do not always note whether manuscripts are illustrated, those manuscripts that I know to be decorated are marked by an asterisk. It should be kept in mind that others may be illustrated as well.

Fourteenth Century

Chartres, B.M. 271 (312)

*Genoa, Palazzo Durazzo Pallavicini, Ms. 168 (before 1350)

*Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson B 170 (fragment)

B.N. fr. 15486–87

Vat. Reg. 744St.-Omer, B.M. 707

Fifteenth Century

Aix-en-Provence, Bibl. Méjanes, 426 (1460)

Angers, B.M. 903

Cambridge, Mass., Harvard College Library, Ms. fr. 27

Dijon, B.M. 228 (after 1461)

Geneva, B.M., fr. 82

*Glasgow, Hunternian Museum, Ms. Hunter 203 (U.1.7)

Glasgow, Hunternian Museum 235–236 (U.3.8–U.3.9)

*Leningrad, Bibl. pub. Saltykov-Schedrin, fr. F.v.iv.1

*Leningrad, Bibl. pub. Saltykov-Schedrin Erm fr. 88 (c. 1450–60)

Madrid, Bibl. nat. vitr. 24–12 (second half of the fifteenth century)

*Manchester, John Rylands Library, fr. 62 (R. 18106)

*Marburg, Westdeutsche Bibliothek (formerly East Berlin, Staatsbibliothek, Hamilton 150)

Orléans, B.M. 513–14

Oxford, laud. misc. 745 (extract)

Vat. Reg. 689

Vat. Reg. 721

*Vat. Reg. 725 (extract)

Vat. Otto 2635

Rouen, B.M. Ms. 1145

Valenciennes, B.M. 636

Seventeenth Century

B.N. fr. 3952 (extract)

B.N. fr. 4310 (extract)

B.N. fr. 18542 (extract)

B.N. fr. 20351 (extract)

B.N. fr. 23153 (extract)

CATALOGUE OF MANUSCRIPTS

This catalogue describes the illuminated manuscripts of the Grandes Chroniques de France that formed the basis of my research. Each manuscript description is divided into several categories. In the Collation section, the numeral preceding the parentheses indicates the number of the gathering, the numeral within the parentheses refers to the first folio of the gathering, and the numeral that follows tells how many folios made up the gathering. When applicable, notes describe whether a folio was inserted into (tipped ) or missing from (lacks ) the gathering or whether an unused folio was cut (excised ) from the gathering. Detailed incipits are provided, since medieval inventories frequently quote either the first line of the second folio of the manuscript or the first line of the second folio of the chronicle's text, as well as the first line of the last folio. The explicits are useful for preliminary grouping of textual families.

The Miniatures section lists the folio number, text citation (which follows the text divisions in Viard's and Delachenal's critical editions), and subject of each picture. These text citations aid in the comparison of cycles in different manuscripts. I also note when miniatures have been cut out or when offsets indicate that a missing page had illustrations. Only when a miniature deviates from a normal, single-column width is its scale described; the abbreviation FPM indicates a full-page miniature and HI a historiated initial.

The Style section records the number of artists who worked on each chronicle. Any who worked on other copies of the Grandes Chroniques are cited in Appendix I. The Provenance section provides evidence derived from inventories, signatures, and heraldry about the earliest owners of these manuscripts. The References section lists publications relevant to the manuscripts. Full bibliographical references for works cited more than three times are provided in the Selected Bibliography. Publications that concentrate on manuscript style are noted in Appendix I.

The abbreviations T and R stand for text and rubric. The plus signs (+, ++, +++) refer to sequences of pictures that subdivide chapters.

Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, W. 138
Grandes Chroniques de France (from Philip Augustus to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–22(169)8; 23(177)10; 24(187)8–27(211)8; 28(219)10; 29(229)4, 4th excised; 30(232)8–33(256)8; 34(264)8, 8th excised. Incipits: This manuscript begins with signature j ; thus 8–9 gatherings are missing. It starts with the rubric ending the life of Louis VI and continues with the life of Philip Augustus. Fol. 269: l'enterrage du corps tant. . . . Explicit: fol. 269v: . . . foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Coronation (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3). 2. fol. 15 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Surrender of Tours or Le Mans. 3. fol. 31v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Pope Innocent III places hand on head of kneeling man as clerics watch (pope orders Amaury de Bene to cease heretical preaching?). 4. fol. 49 (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 5. fol. 87v (Philip III, 1) blank. 6. fol. 107 (Philip IV, 1) Philip IV with barons and clerics. 7. fol. 132 (Louis X, 1)

Coronation of Louis and Clementina of Hungary. 8. fol. 133v (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 9. fol. 138v (Charles IV, 1) Charles IV sends a message. 10. fol. 149v (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 11. fol. 189v (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John and Bonne of Luxembourg. 12. fol. 232 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.

STYLE: Two artists. I: fols. 107, 132, 133v, 138v, 149v, 232. II: fols. 1v, 15, 31v(?), 49, 189v.

REFERENCES: Seymour DeRicci and W. J. Wilson, Census of Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the United States and Canada (New York, 1937), 1:850 no. 522; Lilian M. C. Randall, France 875–1420 (Baltimore, 1989), 213–15 no. 79.

Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, W. 139
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8, lacks 2nd; 2(8)10; 3(18)10; 4(28)8–33(260)8; 34(268)6; 35(274)8–62(490)8. Incipits: Table of contents: fol. 1: R: Ci commence la table des grans chroniques. . . . T: Premierement le prologue de l' aucteur . . . ; fol. 2: -quist plusieurs cites et chasteaux . . . Text proper: fol. 20(i): R: Ce sont les grans croniques de france. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 21(ii): entente pour la aydier . . . ; current last folio: fol. 497(cccclxxix): a lui et qu'il lui auroit. . . . Explicit: fol. 497v: . . . son oroison devotement.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (preceding preliminary chapter list) Youth presents book to a seated cleric. 2. fol. 20 (prologue) four-part miniature: ducal army on march/ Elenus the poet dictating/ Battle led by duke/ Coronation of Pharamond (illustrates Book 1). 3. fol. 32 (II, 1) Clotilda divides realm among her four sons. 4. fol. 46v (II, 23) Caribert, Guntram, and Sigebert take their revenge on their brother Chilperic, who sought to take over the whole realm. 5. fol. 70v (IV, 1) Torture of Brunhilda (illustrates IV, 20). 6. fol. 83v (V, 1) King Dagobert supervises the building of the abbey of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 9). 7. fol. 97v (V, 20) Exemption of the abbey of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 21). 8. fol. 104v (V, 28) Death of Duke Gaifer of Aquitaine (?). 9. fol. 107v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Charlemagne, enthroned in a tent, receives a messenger. 10. fol. 120 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III. 11. fol. 126 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Meeting of Charlemagne and Constantine in Constantinople (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6). 12. fol. 135v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Charlemagne's vision of Saint James. 13. fol. 144 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. V, 2). 14. fol. 150v (Louis the Pious, 1) Louis the Pious visiting Pope Stephen IV (illustrates Louis the Pious, 9). 15. fol. 173v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 16. fol. 187 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis receives sword and main-de-justice from Empress Richilda (here seen as a queen) at his coronation. 17. fol. 190v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Louis III and Carloman. 18. fol. 196 (Louis IV, 1) Assassination of William Longsword by Count Arnold I. 19. fol. 200 (Lothaire, 1) Invasion of the palace of Otto II of Germany by Lothaire (illustrates Lothaire, 3). 20. fol. 202v (Hugh Capet, 1) Degradation of Arnulf, archbishop of Reims. 21. fol. 203v (Robert, 1) Robert sings responses with monks. 22. fol. 207 (Henry, 1) Messenger of William, duke of Normandy, tells Henry I's army of the defeat of Henry's allies by the Normans. 23. fol. 212 (Philip I, 1) Interview of Philip I and son Louis VI with Pope Pascal II (illustrates Philip I, 10). 24. fol. 222 (Louis VI, 1) Denial of coronation of Louis VI of France by the church of Reims. 25. fol. 244 (Louis VII, 1) Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine set off on a crusade (probably illustrates Louis VII, 2). 26. fol. 256v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Christological vision (youthful Philip Augustus wears a crown, angel swoops down). 27. fol. 269v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Philip Augustus routs Richard the Lionheart and his army (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 13 or 14). 28. fol. 285v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Battle of Bouvines (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10). 29. fol. 298 (Louis VIII, 1) Siege of a city, either La Rochelle (ch. 2) or Avignon (ch. 4). 30. fol. 301 (Saint Louis, 1) Death of Louis VIII at Montpensier (Louis is haloed;

angel brings a cross down from heaven). 31. fol. 337 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, mourns Louis IX at Tunis. 32. fol. 354v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I pays homage to Philip IV. 33. fol. 379 (Louis X, 1) Rebellion of Robert, count of Flanders. 34. fol. 380v (Philip V, 1) King and queen supervise wedding of a noble couple (illustrates Philip V, 2). 35. fol. 385 (Charles IV, 1) Visit of Queen Isabel and her son, the future Edward III, to France (illustrates Charles IV, 11). 36. fol. 394v (Philip of Valois, 1) Defeat of the Flemish (illustrates Philip of Valois, 5). 37. fol. 430 (John the Good, 1) Battle of Poitiers (illustrates John the Good, 19). 38. fol. 471 (Charles V, 1) Jousting tournament, Queen Jeanne of Bourbon in stands.

STYLE: Three artists decorated this manuscript. I: fols. 1, 20, 173v, 187, 190v, 200, 202v, 203v, 207, 212, 222, 256v, 269v, 285v. II (Virgil Master): fols. 32, 46v, 70v, 83v, 97v, 104v, 107v, 120v, 126, 135v, 144, 150v. III (Follower of the Virgil Master): fols. 196, 203v, 244, 298, 301, 337, 354v, 379, 380v, 385, 394v, 430, 471.

REFERENCES: Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, Illuminated Books of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (Baltimore, 1949), no. 71; DeRicci and Wilson, Census , 1:850 n. 523; David Diringer, The Illuminated Book (New York, 1958), 398, 408, pl. VII-21B; Randall, France 875–1420 , 215–18 no. 80.

Belgium, Private Collection, Excised Miniatures
Grandes Chroniques de France

MINIATURES: 1. (V, 1) French army routs Lombards. 2. (Lothaire, 1) Hugh the Great (here a king) places his son under the care of Richard, duke of Normandy. 3. (Robert, 1) Surrender of Melun. 4. (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and Bonne of Luxembourg.

STYLE: Second artist of B.N. fr. 823.

REFERENCES: Christie's Sales Catalogue, Valuable Early Printed Books and Manuscripts , Wednesday June 27, 1979, no. 148.

Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1917
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–47(353)8; 48(361)4; 49(369)8–68(521)8. Incipits: fol. A: R: Ci commence les grans croniques . . . T: Premierement le prologue . . . ; fol. B: -perich establi et de la discord . . . ; fol. 1: R: Cy apres commence le prologue . . . T: C'il qui ceste livre . . . ; fol. 2: R: Cy commence les chappitres. . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 3 (second of chronicle): de tout le monde . . . ; fol. 528: R: Ci commence le roy . . . T: L'an de grace. . . . Explicit: fol. 528v: . . . foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (I, 1) four parts: Capture of Helen/ Destruction of Troy/ Flight of Aeneas to Rome/ Presentation to Charles VI. 2. fol. 7v (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 3. fol. 10v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 4. fol. 14 (II, 1) Clotilda divides the realm among her four sons. 5. fol. 78 (V, 9) Dagobert gives part of his realm to his brother Caribert. 6. fol. 96 (V, 28) Three sons of Charles Martel. 7. fol. 99v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 8. fol. 114 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 9. fol. 132v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Charlemagne as he sleeps with his imperial crown beside him. 10. fol. 142v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Charlemagne receives gifts from the Saracen rulers. 11. fol. 149v (Louis the Pious, 1) Charlemagne gives Aquitaine to Louis. 12. fol. 174v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 13. fol. 189v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda gives Louis a scepter and sword. 14. fol. 199 (Louis IV, 1) Coronation. 15. fol. 206v (Robert, 1) Robert writes in his study. 16. fol. 227 (Louis VI, 1) Messengers arrive to stop the coronation of Louis VI but are too late. 17. fol. 250v (Louis VII, 1) Coronation. 18. fol. 263v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII's Christological vision.

19. fol. 305v (Louis VIII, 1) Louis VIII rides into a town to receive homage. 20. fol. 308v (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation, Louis is haloed (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 21. fol. 346 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at the deathbed of Saint Louis. 22. fol. 364v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip. 23. fol. 389 (Louis X, 1) Louis X rides to Flanders. 24. fol. 391 (Philip V, 1) The pope sends messengers to make peace between the French and the Flemish. 25. fol. 395v (Charles IV, 1) Marriage of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia. 26. fol. 405 (Philip of Valois, 1) Defeat of the Flemish (illustrates Philip of Valois, 5). 27. fol. 441v (John the Good, 1) Jousting (Burgundy versus opponent) observed by knights on horseback. 28. fol. 484 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 29. fol. 528 (Charles VI, 1) Charles VI's entry into Paris.

STYLE: Master of the Cité des Dames .

PROVENANCE: On fol. 1, arms of the Rolin family—lords of Autun, Aimeries, and Raismes—were added later. The male line of this family died out in 1569.

REFERENCES: Joachim Kirchner, Beschreibendes Verzeichnis der Miniaturen und des Initialschmuckes in den Phillipps-Handschriften (Leipzig, 1926) (Prussia, Koenigliche Bibliothek, Berlin. Beschreibende Verzeichnisse der Miniaturen—Handschriften, vol. 1). Leo Olschki, Manuscrits français à peintures des bibliothèques d'Allemagne (Geneva, 1932), 36, pl. 41.

Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 863
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)2, 1st lacks; 2(2)8–5(26)8; 6(34)6; 7(40)6; 8(46)8–10(62)8; 11(70)6; 12(76)6; 13(82)8–20(138)8; 21(146)6; 22(152)8–46(344)8; 47(352)10; 48(361)10, 10th canceled; 49(370)8–53(402)8; 54(410)4; 55(414)8–60(454)8; 61(462)5, 4th added. Incipits: fol. 1: lacks; fol. 2: force ne grief en france . . . ; fol. 3: quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of chronicle): -voia ses messages aux troiens . . . ; fol. 463: et tantost apres fu. . . . Explicit: fol. 463v: T: foison de biens. R: Explicit chronice regu(m) francie.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Flight from Troy/ Eleanus, the poet, dictating/ Battle between the French and the Romans/ Coronation of Pharamond. 2. fol. 12v (II, 1) Clovis and Clotilda enthroned; at the left, their four crowned sons sit on a bench. 3. fol. 24v (III, 1) A baron kneels before an altar holding a gold cross (no textual source). 4. fol. 43 (IV, 1) Kings Guntram and Childebert discuss in a landscape while their armies watch. 5. fol. 56v (V, 1) Construction of the abbey of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 9). 6. fol. 75v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Coronation of Charlemagne as king (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. I, 2). 7. fol. 81v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor. 8. fol. 86 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne, the pope, a bishop, and others kneel before an altar on which relics (a piece of wood, an arm, a piece of tunic, a part of the Crown of Thorns, and a nail) rest (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5). 9. fol. 91v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Charlemagne; three soldiers with swords and candles stand by his bed. 10. fol. 98v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 11. fol. 103v (Louis the Pious, 1) King Louis gives gold vessels to two bishops and a monk (illustrates Louis the Pious, 10?). 12. fol. 110v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy (two kings, one emperor). 13. fol. 121v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda presents Louis with a sword and scepter. 14. fol. 124v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Carloman and Emperor Charles, his cousin, make peace with the Normans. 15. fol. 136 (Robert, 1) King Robert presents a sequence he has written to the pope. 16. fol. 151v (Louis VI, 1) Louis VI flanked by an emperor and a king. 17. fol. 175v (Louis VII, 1) Conrad, the Holy Roman Emperor, and Louis VII worship at the Holy Sepulchre (illustrates Louis VII, 13). 18. fol. 187 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) King Philip gives barons a drink from a chalice. 19.

fol. 198 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Battle between Philip's and the English (here Norman) armies. 20. fol. 212 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Battle of Bouvines: Philip Augustus and soldier with Burgundian arms rout army of Otto III (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10). 21. fol. 232 (Louis VIII, 1) Louis VIII and his troops fire at Saracens from their ship. 22. fol. 272v (Philip III, 1) Louis IX besieges Tunis. 23. fol. 337 (Philip of Valois, 3) Count of Flanders surrenders to Philip of Valois (illustrates Philip of Valois, 5). 24. fol. 369 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 25. fol. 413v (Charles V, 1) Meeting of Charles V and Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor (illustrates Charles V, 60).

STYLE: Related to the Master of the Berry Apocalypse.

REFERENCE: Ministère de l'instruction publique et de beaux-arts, Catalogue général des manuscrits des bibliothèques publiques de France, Départements (Paris, 1897), 32:546–47.

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Ms. 1
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: A gathering containing the prologue is missing at the beginning. 1(1)8, 1st and 8th lack; 2(7)8–51(399)8; 52(407)6; 53(413)8–55(429)8; 56(437)6; 57(443)2, blank; 58(445)1, inscription and offset. Incipits: fol. 1: augustus et comment . . . ; fol. 2 (second folio of the chronicle): rent habite une piece . . . ; fol. 442: demourant du royaume. . . . Explicit: fol. 442: . . . foison de biens et c.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (I, 1) three quarters of a page: Flight from Troy. 2. folio lacks between fols. 6 and 7 (I, 16) offset. 3. fol. 8 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 4. fol. 11 (II, 1) Kings Clotaire and Childebert assassinate their nephews (illustrates II, 9). 5. fol. 24v (II, 25) Marriage of Sigebert and Brunhilda. 6. fol. 45v (IV, 1) Death of Gondovald (?) (if so, illustrates IV, 4). 7. fol. 57v (V, 1) Stag takes refuge in Saint-Denis from Dagobert and fellow hunters (illustrates V, 2). 8. fol. 70 (V, 20) Dagobert's sons Louis and Sigebert divide their father's treasure after his death. 9. fol. 74 (V, 25) Battle of Poitiers: Charles Martel routs Saracens. 10. fol. 76v (V, 28) Pope Stephen crowns Pepin (with imperial crown). 11. fol. 79v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) King Pepin has the pope crown Charlemagne and Carloman kings (illustrates V, 28). 12. fol. 90 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor. 13. fol. 96 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) King Charlemagne supervises construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 14. fol. 104 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to King Charlemagne and his mounted army. 15. fol. 112v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Saracen kings Marsile and Bagliant give presents to Ganelon. 16. fol. 119 (Louis the Pious, 1) King Louis enthroned with barons—clothing of one baron inscribed "Aelear"(?). 17. fol. 140 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy (French arms trimmed in red and white). 18. fol. 152v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Enthroned youth (instead of king) receives messengers (instead of the Empress Richilda) with sword and crown (instead of scepter). 19. fol. 155v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Louis III and Carloman. 20. fol. 160 (Louis IV, 1) Capture of Louis IV by the Danes (?) (if so, illustrates Louis IV, 4) (French arms trimmed with red and white). 21. fol. 164 (Lothaire, 1) King enthroned among barons; clothing of one baron inscribed "Aele." 22. fol. 166, (Louis V, 1) Coronation. 23. fol. 166 (Hugh Capet, 1) Deposition of Archbishop Arnoul. 24. fol. 167 (Robert, 1) Pope watches Robert place one of the sequences that he had written on the altar of Saint Peter's. 25. fol. 170 (Henry, 1) Henry besieges a town (French banner trimmed with red and white). 26. fol. 174v (Philip I, 1) Philip I repudiates his wife Berthe. 27. fol. 183 (Louis VI, 1) Battle of Louis VI and French army (French banner trimmed with white and green) and Emperor Henry and imperial army (pennon inscribed "vilone") (illustrates Louis VI, 17). 28. fol. 202v (Louis VII, 1) Louis VII supervises marriage of nobleman and lady—Raoul of Vermandois and Alix, sister of Eleanor of Aquitaine (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 29. fol. 213 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII's Christological vision. 30. fol. 224 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) French king and army chase the English from Le Mans or Tours (French arms trimmed in red

and white). 31. fol. 237 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) King supervises construction of abbey of Saint Victoire (?) (if so, illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 22). 32. fol. 248 (Louis VIII, 1) Translation of relics of Saints Riquier and Valery. 33. fol. 251v (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 34. fol. 282 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, at deathbed of Louis IX. 35. fol. 298 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I (uncrowned) pays homage to Philip. 36. fol. 319v (Louis X, 1) Rebellion of Robert, count of Flanders; French and Flemish armies face each other from different banks of the river Lis. 37. fol. 321 (Philip V, 1) Cardinals try to negotiate peace between France and Flanders (illustrates Philip V, 4). 38. fol. 325 (Charles IV, 1) Jourdain de Lille dragged away to be hanged in Paris (illustrates Charles IV, 5). 39. fol. 333v (Philip of Valois, 1) Battle of Cassel (French arms trimmed with red and white). 40. fol. 365v (John the Good, 1) Arrest of Raoul de Brienne, count of Eu and of Guines, by John the Good and troops (French arms trimmed in red and white). 41. fol. 369v (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 42. fol. 403 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 43. fol. 442 (Charles VI, 1) blank.

STYLE: Two artists (?). I: fols. 1, 8, 11, 24v, 45v, 57v, 70, 74, 76v, 79v, 90, 96, 104, 112v, 119, 140, 152v, 155v, 160, 164, 166 (two miniatures), 167, 170, 174v, 183, 202v, 213, 224, 237, 248, 251v, 282, 298, 319v, 321, 325, 333v, 365, 403. II: fol. 369v.

PROVENANCE: Mentioned in the inventory of Margaret of Austria in 1516.

REFERENCES: Joseph van den Gheyn, Histoire d'Espagne, histoire de France, histoire d'Italie , in Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique (Renaix, 1919), 10:124–25 n. 6927; Ministère de l'instruction publique, Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique, La Bibliothèque de Marguerite d'Autriche (Brussels, 1940), no. 89.

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Ms. 2
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–44(345)8; 45(353)11, 1st tipped to 2nd; 46(364)8–49(388)8; 50(396)8, 8th excised; 51(403)8–59(467)8; 60(475)10; 61(485)4. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: R: Le premier chapitre parle . . . T: Quatre cens et . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): piece de temps . . . ; fol. 488: aa costume a porter les roys. . . . Explicit: fol. 488v: . . . grant foyson de prisonniers.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) HI: Monk writing. 2. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Battle of Trojans (French) and Greeks (?)/ King Childeric ejected from Paris/ Construction of Sicambria/ Baptism of Clovis. 3. fol. 12v (II, 1) The four sons of Clovis divide the realm. 4. fol. 27v (III, 1) Marriage of King Chilperic and Fredegunda (they join left hands). 5. fol. 47v (IV, 1) King Guntram designates King Childebert as his heir. 6. fol. 59 (V, 1) Dagobert has all the Jews in his realm baptized (illustrates V, 12). 7. fol. 79 (V, 28) Coronation of Pepin. 8. fol. 82 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Coronation of Charlemagne as king (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. I, 2). 9. fol. 94 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne king (should be emperor) in Rome. 10. fol. 100v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne is charitable to the poor and supervises the construction of Aix-la-Chapelle (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1 and 2). 11. fol. 109v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Charlemagne as he sleeps. 12. fol. 118 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 13. fol. 125 (Louis the Pious, 1) Barons (should be Charlemagne) have the pope crown infant Louis king of Aquitaine. 14. fol. 147v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 15. fol. 160 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis receives messengers. 16. fol. 163 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) blank. 17. fol. 168 (Louis IV, 1) Queen Algive and young Louis IV sail from England to France. 18. fol. 172 (Lothaire, 1) Coronation. 19. fol. 175 (Robert, 1) Pope blesses as King Robert places sequences that he had written on the altar at Saint Peter's. 20. fol. 192v (Louis VI, 1) Messengers arrive too late to prevent the coronation of Louis. 21. fol. 213 (Louis VII, 1) King Louis, King John of Jerusalem, and Conrad the Holy Roman Emperor (here a king) together in Jerusalem (?) (if so, illustrates Louis VII,

13). 22. fol. 224v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII prays at an altar; above the bust of Christ appears. 23. fol. 236v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Army looks about in a valley. 24. fol. 251 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Debate over heresy of Amaury de Bene. 25. fol. 263 (Louis VIII, 1) Saints Valery and Richier appear to Hugh Capet. 26. fol. 267 (Saint Louis, 1) Louis VIII besieges Avignon. 27. fol. 323 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip IV. 28. fol. 347v (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 29. fol. 349 (Philip V, 1) Burning of lepers (illustrates Philip V, 7). 30. fol. 365 (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the French succession. 31. fol. 405v (John the Good, 1) John watches young men who will become knights praying at an altar. 32. fol. 410v (John the Good, 19) Cardinal of Perigord and a second cardinal attempt to negotiate peace between the French and English before the battle of Poitiers. 33. fol. 446v (Charles V, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: I: all miniatures. II: marginal figures, fol. 2.

PROVENANCE: On the parchment folio after fol. 488, written upside down, is a fifteenth-century inscription in cursive: "Prologue des croniques de France, achaté du gouverneur de Lille." Offsets show that this folio originally faced fol. 1. This book was listed in Philip the Good's inventory of 1467 as "Unes autres croniques de France couverte de cuir rouge, cloué à clouz dorez, historié, et est escripte à deux coulombes chacune page; le second feuillet commence pièce de temps , et le dernier, a conscue à port ."

REFERENCES: Jean Baptiste Joseph Barrois, Bibliothèque prototypographique ou librairies des fils du roi Jean, Charles V, Jean de Berri, Philippe de Bourgogne, et les siens (Paris, 1830), 205 no. 1412; Gheyn, Catalogue , 125–26 no. 6928.

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Ms. 3
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)2; 2(3)8–24(179)8; 25(187)8, 6th excised (?); 26(194)8–57(442)8; 58(450)5, binding too tight to determine construction. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ci commence les grans croniques . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: -ius occist le roy alarich . . . ; fol. 3: R: Comment les francois . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of text): de leur sang . . . ; fol. 453: tant ordinaires come. . . . Explicit: fol. 453: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Author portrait. 2. fol. 3 (I, 1) four parts: Trojans (French) march/ Battle of French and Romans (?)/ Founding of Paris by Marcomir/ Marcomir supervises coronation of his son Pharamond. 3. fol. 10 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 4. fol. 13 (II, 1) Clotilda splits realm among her four sons. 5. fol. 26v (III, 1) King Chilperic and Queen Galswintha in bed; at instigation of Fredegunda, Chilperic strangles his wife. 6. fol. 44v (IV, 1) King Guntram crowns his heir, Childebert, in a landscape. 7. fol. 55v (V, 1) Clotaire II send message to the Lombards. 8. fol. 76v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard and Turpin writing. 9. fol. 87v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne, who wears his arms (impaled French and imperial), emperor in Rome. 10. fol. 96v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Charlemagne rides out of a city with a cardinal, who receives messengers. 11. fol. 101v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Charlemagne and his knights. 12. fol. 109v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Two Saracen kings bring gifts to Charlemagne. 13. fol. 116 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne crowns the infant Louis while the queen holds Louis in bed. 14. fol. 136 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 15. fol. 147v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis the Stammerer and his son, Louis, accede to the barons (illustrates Louis the Stammerer, 2). 16. fol. 158v (Lothaire, 1) Conflict between Count Thibaut of Chartres and Duke Richard of Normandy at Lothaire's coronation (?) (if so, illustrates Lothaire, 3). 17. fol. 161 (Robert, 1) Soldiers enter Robert's study, where he is writing with clerics. 18. fol. 168v (Philip I, 1) Eudes Arpin, the count of Bourges, sells his county to Philip and goes on crusade. 19. fol. 178 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 20. fol. 233 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip supervises the burning of heretics. 21. fol. 244 (Louis VIII, 1) Saint Valery appears to Hugh Capet. 22. fol. 248 (Saint Louis, 1) Louis VIII and young

Louis IX supervise the burning of heretics in southern France. 23. fol. 281 (Philip III, 1) Body of Louis IX lies in state in a ship outside Tunis. 24. fol. 298 (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I of England to Philip. 25. fol. 322 (Louis X, 1) French battle the Flemish (?). 26. fol. 323v (Philip V, 1) Philip, king of France and Navarre, (wears arms) leads army in battle. 27. fol. 328 (Charles IV, 1) Charles rids himself of his first wife, Blanche of Artois, and marries Maria of Bohemia. 28. fol. 337v (Philip of Valois, 1) Queen supervises discussion of French succession between barons and bishops. 29. fol. 373 (John the Good, 1) Coronation of Jeanne of Burgundy; John knights the dauphin, Charles, who wears his arms. 30. fol. 378 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers—the English are marked with red crosses, the French with white ones. 31. fol. 414v (Charles V, 1) Charles V invests Philip the Bold with the duchy of Burgundy (Philip wears his arms).

STYLE: Two artists. I (Master of the Cité des Dames ): fols. 147v, 158v, 161, 168v, 178, 244, 248, 281, 298, 373, 378, 414v. II (Artist related to the Luçon Master): fols. 1, 3, 10, 13, 26v, 44v, 55v, 76v, 87v, 96v, 101v, 109v, 116, 136, 233, 322, 323v, 328, 337v.

PROVENANCE: Listed in Philip the Good's 1467 inventory as "Ung autre livre des dites croniques de France, intitulé au dehors Cy commence les grans Croniques et les fais des roys de France , escripte de lettre de forme, à deux coulombes, historié commençant au second feuillet de leur sang , et au dernier, tant ordine et come ."

REFERENCES: Barrois, Bibliothèque prototypographique , 206 no. 1419; Gheyn, Catalogue , 126–27; Leon Gilissen, M. Debae, M. A. Dewèvre, and A. Rouzet, De librije von Bourgondien en enkele recente aanwinsten van den koninklijke Bibliotheek Albert I (Brussels, 1970), 22, pl. 9; Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Le livre illustré en occident du haut Moyen-Âge à nos jours (Brussels, 1977), 53–54 no. 36.

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Ms. 5
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1321)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–4(25)8, a single leaf containing a miniature lacks after gathering 4; 5(33)8–43(337)8. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ci commence les croniques. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: de son regne . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): troiens. En Cartage . . . ; fol. 4: -ent en telle maniere . . . ; fol. 344: l'octave saint. . . . Explicit: fol. 344: T: fors que aus escos. R: Explicit.

MINIATURES: All are two-column miniatures unless otherwise noted. 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) three-column width: Two rows of nine kings. 2. fol. 2v (I, 1) King Pharamond and his court. 3. fol. 4v (I, 5) Clodion converses with men at arms. 4. fol. 7 (I, 11) Emperor (here a king) of Constantinople accords the aid of Theoderic to messengers from Rome. 5. fol. 8v (I, 13) Emperor (here a king) deliberates with the senate. 6. fol. 10 (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 7. fol. 12 (I, 18) Clovis reproaches Clotilda. 8. fol. 13 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 9. fol. 15v (I, 24) Clovis orders the duke of Cambrai executed. 10. fol. 17 (II, 1) The four sons of Clovis divide his realm. 11. fol. 21 (II, 6) King Thierry chases the troops of Childebert from Clermont. 12. fol. 24v (II, 11) Murder of Sigebert: Thierry sends a message to Theodebert. 13. fol. 27v (II, 16) Death of Saint Benedict. 14. fol. 31v (II, 20) Death of Pope Virgil. 15. fol. lacks (II, 23) offset present. 16. fol. 34 (II, 25) Marriage of Sigebert and Brunhilda. 17. fol. 35 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha while she sleeps. 18. fol. 39 (III, 5) Coronation of Childebert. 19. fol. 40v (III, 6) King Chilperic's messengers arrive before Emperor Tiberius. 20. fol. 41 (III, 7) Death of Meroveus. 21. fol. 42v (III, 8) Judgment of the archbishop of Rouen. 22. fol. 47 (III, 13) King Chilperic receives money sent by Emperor Maurice. 23. fol. 50v (III, 17) Childebert's and Chilperic's armies battle King Guntram's. 24. fol. 52 (III, 19) Queen Fredegunda (here a king) orders the murder of King Chilperic. 25. fol. 54 (III, 21) Conference between two kings. 26. fol. 56 (III, 24) King Guntram orders the death of Eberulphe. 27. fol. 59 (IV, 1) King Guntram and

King Childebert, his nephew, enthroned. 28. fol. 61 (IV, 4) King orders the murder of Gondovald. 29. fol. 63 (IV, 7) Bishops transport the reliquary containing the robe of Christ to Jerusalem. 30. fol. 63v (IV, 8) Fredegunda holds a swaddled and crowned infant and leads an army into battle. 31. fol. 64v (IV, 9) King Childebert sends army to Lombardy. 32. fol. 65 (IV, 10) King Childebert lies on a bier; his two sons divide the realm. 33. fol. 66 (IV, 11) Kings Theodebert and Theodoric defeat King Clotaire in battle. 34. fol. 66v (IV, 12) King Theodoric defeats King Clotaire in battle. 35. fol. 69v (IV, 17) Assassination of King Theodebert. 36. fol. 70v (IV, 19) Brunhilda and one of her nephews are brought before King Clotaire. 37. fol. 71 (IV, 20) King Clotaire orders torture of Brunhilda. 38. fol. 72v (IV, 23) Christ appears to Emperor Maurice. 39. fol. 75 (V, 1) Saxons executed at the order of King Clotaire. 40. fol. 87 (V, 17) Gascons implore King Dagobert's clemency. 41. fol. 91 (V, 22) Clovis II loses his wits because he attempted to remove a bone from the reliquary of Saint Denis. 42. fol. 94 (V, 25) Battle. 43. fol. 95 (V, 26) Battle of Poitiers. 44. fol. 97 (V, 28) Coronation of Pepin by a bishop (instead of the pope). 45. fol. 99 (V, 30) Death of Pepin. 46. fol. 100v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 47. fol. 103 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 4) Coronation of Charlemagne as king. 48. fol. 106v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 7) Charlemagne received in Rome by the pope. 49. fol. 114 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 9) Battle against the Huns. 50. fol. 114 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 51. fol. 117 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 4) Battle. 52. fol. 120 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 7) Emperor Charlemagne directs the celebration of a liturgical office. 53. fol. 122 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises the construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 54. fol. 125v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5) King Charlemagne receives the ambassadors from the Eastern emperor. 55. fol. 128 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 8) Emperor Charlemagne and nobles pray before the reliquary containing the Crown of Thorns. 56. fol. 132v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Emperor Charlemagne as he sleeps. 57. fol. 134v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 12) Prelate preaches at the invitation of Charlemagne. 58. fol. 142 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 59. fol. 144 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 3) Soldiers mourn over the dead body of Roland. 60. fol. 145v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5) Emperor Charlemagne and soldiers mourn over the bodies of Roland and his companions. 61. fol. 151 (Louis the Pious, 1) three-column miniature: At the left, Emperor Charlemagne speaks to barons; at the right, Charlemagne supervises the coronation of Louis as king of Aquitaine by the pope. 62. fol. 155 (Louis the Pious, 6) Battle against the Gascons. 63. fol. 160 (Louis the Pious, 11) King Louis orders the execution of Bernard of Lombardy and other traitors. 64. fol. 164 (Louis the Pious, 15) Battle against the Saracens. 65. fol. 167v (Louis the Pious, 18) King Lothaire receives presents sent by the emperor of Constantinople. 66. fol. 171 (Louis the Pious, 21) Emperor Louis receives messengers from Lothaire. 67. fol. 175 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 68. fol. 180 (Charles the Bald, 6) King Louis the German and Queen Angeberge. 69. fol. 184v (Charles the Bald, 10) King Louis, nephew of Charles the Bald, tortures men to determine if Charles's claims to rule are justified. 70. fol. 186v (Charles the Bald, 13) Vision of Charles the Bald. 71. fol. 189v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis supervises the distribution of gold objects (chalice and sword) to the barons to win their support. 72. fol. 193 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Louis III and Carloman. 73. fol. 195 (Louis the Stammerer, 7) Marriage of Louis, the "Faineant," and the nun whom he took from the abbey of Chiele. 74. fol. 195v (Charles the Simple, 1) Normans at sea. 75. fol. 198 (Raoul, 1) Coronation. 76. fol. 199 (Louis IV, 1) Coronation. 77. fol. 203 (Lothaire, 1) Coronation. 78. fol. 205 (Charles, 1) French forces battle those of Hugh the Great, father of Hugh Capet. 79. fol. 205v (Hugh Capet, 1) Battle. 80. fol. 206 (Robert, 1) King Robert puts a sequence he had written on the altar of Saint Peter's in the presence of the pope. 81. fol. 210 (Henry, 1) Henry receives homage of a youth (no source in text). 82. fol. 215 (Philip I, 1) King Philip speaks to barons. 83. fol. 224v (Philip I, 14) Philip, enthroned in his tent, receives a messenger. 84. fol. 226v (Louis VI, 1)

Coronation. 85. fol. 232 (Louis VI, 7) Siege of the castle of Puiset. 86. fol. 235 (Louis VI, 11) Battle with Count Tibault. 87. fol. 240v (Louis VI, 16) Abbot Suger and other monks of Saint-Denis carry messages from Louis VI to the pope. 88. fol. 243 (Louis VI, 19) The bishop of Clermont complains to King Louis. 89. fol. 246 (Louis VI, 22) Discussion among cardinals. 90. fol. 248v (Louis VI, 25) Louis VI arrives at Saint-Denis. 91. fol. 249v (Louis VII, 1) King Louis discussing with barons. 92. fol. 251 (Louis VII, 3) An army that includes the French king and the Holy Roman Emperor leaves on crusade. 93. fol. 256v (Louis VII, 15) Siege of Damascus. 94. fol. 259 (Louis VII, 21) The king lies in bed while three men discuss (no textual source). 95. fol. 261 (Louis VII, 26) Battle of the French king and the count of Clermont. 96. fol. 263 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII's Christological vision. 97. fol. 265 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 6) Philip banishes the Jews from the realm. 98. fol. 268 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 11) Philip Augustus invests Philip of Alsace with the Vermandois. 99. fol. 271v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 17) Battle. 100. fol. 274v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 22) Ambassadors sent by Henry II of England to Philip (?). 101. fol. 277v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Tours or Le Mans. 102. fol. 280v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 7) Assault on Saint-Jean-d'Acre. 103. fol. 283 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 9) King Philip discusses with barons. 104. fol. 285v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 13) Homage of Richard the Lionheart to Philip Augustus. 105. fol. 288 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 16) Philip Augustus invites the Jews back into France. 106. fol. 290v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 21) French and Venetians capture Constantinople. 107. fol. 294v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Heretical preaching of Amaury de Bene. 108. fol. 298 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 6) King Philip prepares to embark for England. 109. fol. 300v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 9+) Battle of Bouvines. 110. fol. 305 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 18) Philip and army return to camp. 111. fol. 308 (between the lives of Philip Augustus and Louis VIII) Interpolated text: "Ci endroit commencea parler du roi iehan de iherusalem. Et comment il passa en damiete et en ithalie pour requerre secours au pape. En l'an de l'incarnation nostre segneur . . . de cette cite." The king of Jerusalem and his army sail towards a city.

The following illustrate a different translation of the lives of Louis VIII, Saint Louis, and Philip III than was normally used in the Grandes Chroniques . I have assigned chapter numbers here that correspond to those in B. N. fr. 10132, the oldest chronicle with this text. Others include Castres, B.M., and Grenoble, Ms. 407 rés. 112. fol. 308v (Louis VIII, 1) Surrender of La Rochelle. 113. fol. 309v (Saint Louis, 1) Battle. 114. fol. 310v (Saint Louis, 2) Barons of France unite against Louis IX. 115. fol. 314 (Saint Louis, 18) Army of the Pastoureaux. 116. fol. 316 (Saint Louis, 20) Battle of Charles of Anjou (wearing arms: fleur-de-lis, diagonal white bar) and King Manfred. 117. fol. 317 (Saint Louis, 21) Battle of Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily (wearing French arms) against Conradin and Henry of Aragon. 118. fol. 318v (Philip III, 1) Battle. 119. fol. 321 (Philip III, 2) Battle of the French, led by Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily (arms: fleur-de-lis with diagonal white bar), and Peter of Aragon.

The texts that follow correspond to those in the critical edition. 120. fol. 322 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip. 121. fol. 322v (Philip IV, 6) Capture of Acre by the sultan of Babylon. 122. fol. 327 (Philip IV, 25) Exhumation of the relics of Saint Louis. 123. fol. 329v (Philip IV, 42) Battle of Courtrai. 124. fol. 333 (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 125. fol. 334v (Philip IV, 63) Templars taken to prison. 126. fol. 336v (Philip IV, 71) Enguerrand de Marigny harangues the barons for Philip IV. 127. fol. 338 (Philip IV, 75) Judgment of Enguerrand de Marigny. 128. fol. 340 (Louis X, 1) Louis rides with his army. 129. fol. 341v (Philip V, 1) Philip embraced by a baron as others watch.

STYLE: Master of the Roman de Fauvel (Geoffroy de Saint-Léger?).

PROVENANCE: Listed in the inventory of Philip the Good in 1467 as "Premierement unes croniques de France, anchienement couverte d'ais et de cuir blanc, à cloutz, historiée, et est

escripte à trois coulombes chacune page; commençant au premier feuillet De son regne et au dernier, l'octave saint Jehan ."

REFERENCES: Barrois, Bibliothèque prototypographique , 205 no. 1410; Gheyn, Catalogue , 128–30.

Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale Albert Ier, Ms. 14561–64
Recueil

CONTENTS: 1. fols. 1–5v Alexander, "Epitre Aristotle sur les merveilles de l'Inde." 2. fols. 5v–6v Perimenis, "Epitre a l'empereur sur les merveilles de l'Inde." 3. fol. 7–163 Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins through Charles the Bald, 7). 4. fols. 163–66v Chronique abrégée (from Charles the Bald through Saint Louis). 5. fols. 167–94 Chronique d'un ménestrel de Reims . 6. fols 195–210 Chronique Arlesienne 1295–1304 (of the war between Philip IV and Guy of Dampierre).

COLLATION: 1(1)6; 2(7)8–22(175)8; 23(183)12. Incipits: fol. 1: Me ai tous jours en memoire . . . ; fol. 2: Et a dont por che . . . ; fol. 210: -trer en la ville. . . .

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 HI: At the right, King Alexander hands a letter addressed "Aristotle" to a messenger; at left, the messenger, holding Alexander's letter to Aristotle, arrives in Aristotle's study, where Aristotle reads a codex inscribed "alisndre." 2. fol. 5v HI: Above, a man walks in a landscape that includes fruit trees and dragons; below, a man drives his horse across a stream whose shores hold fruit trees and are peopled with dragons. 3. fol. 7 (Prologue) HI: A monk takes dictation. 4. fol. 8 (I, 1) HI: Enthroned king in conversation with a queen and three youths. 5. fol. 19 (II, 1) HI: Clovis (here an emperor) divides realm among three crowned sons. 6. fol. 35v (III, 1) HI: Above, King Chilperic and Queen Galswintha are enthroned with Fredegunda beside the queen; below, Queen Fredegunda, who replaced Galswintha, with three handmaidens. 7. fol. 56 (IV, 1) HI: King Guntram and Childebert. 8. fol. 68v (V, 1) HI: Clotaire has Dagobert crowned (?) (looks as if Guntram associates Childebert with him as king—illustrates IV, 1). 9. fol. 91v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) HI: Emperor Charlemagne enthroned. 10. fol. 103v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) HI: Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope Leo III. 11. fol. 109v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) HI: Emperor Charlemagne discusses with bishops. 12. fol. 118v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) HI: Saint James appears to sleeping King Charlemagne; angels hold candlesticks. 13. fol. 124 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 4) HI: Battle of Roland and Ferragut. 14. fol. 127v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) HI: Battle of Roncevaux. 15. fol. 134v (Louis the Pious, 1) HI: Coronation of Louis as emperor. 16. fol. 155v (Charles the Bald, 1) HI: Battle of Fontenoy. 17. fol. 167 HI: In a castle, King Godfrey of Bouillon speaks to a queen; a boat full of soldiers prepares to leave.

STYLE: One artist, northern French (conversation with François Avril, January 1982).

PROVENANCE: The earliest owners are unknown. I have identified this manuscript as one that was listed in the royal library by Giles Malet in his inventory in 1373: "486 Les enseignemens de Aristote Alexandre, croniques de France, Godeffroy de Buillon, en prose, en françois, de lettre de forme, a deux coulombes. Comm. et adonc pourche . Fin tres en la ville . Couvert de deux aiz sanz cuir, a deux fermoirs de laton- 3 1."

REFERENCES: Chronique anonyme de la guerre entre Phelippe le Bel et Gui de Dampierre (1294–1304) d'après un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque Royale . Recueil des Chroniques de Flandres . . . , 4 (Brussels, 1865), 443–502; Léopold Delisle, Recherches sur la libraire de Charles V , 2:83 no. 486; F. Frocheur, "Histoire romanesque d'Alexandre le Grand ou recherches sur les differentes versions du pseudo-Callisthene, à propos d'un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque Royale de Belgique," Messager des sciences historiques et Archive des Arts de Belgique (Ghent, 1847), 392–436; Frédéric Lyna, "De randversiering in de Vlaamse verluchte handschriften tijdens het Gotisch tijdvak," De Tijdspeigel, Cultureel Maandblad voor Limburg 14(1959):5, pls. 74–95; Gheyn, Catalogue , 132–33 no. 6936.

Cambrai, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 682
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins through Louis VIII, then continued with the lives of Saint Louis and Philip III)

COLLATION: 1(C)6; 2(1)8–8(49)8; 9(59)12; 10(69)12; 11(81)10; 12(91)12; 13(103)8; 14(111)10; 15(121)12; 16(133)10; 17(143)12–19(167)12; 20(179)10–24(219)10; 25(229)12–28(264)12; 29(211)10; 30(281)10; 31(291)12; 32(309)12; 33(321)1; 34(331)10; 35(341)8; 36(349)8; 37(357)10; 38(367)12; 39(379)8; 40(381)10, 10th excised; 41(396)2. Incipits: fol. D: non obstant que au premier . . . ; fol. E. le x qui est . . . ; fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: Saint denis li glorieus . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): qui encore est apellee cornoualle . . . ; fol. 4: -lee lirrins . . . ; fol. 334 (original last folio): -tesse le vit . . . ; fol. 396 (current final folio): li monte plioit. . . . Explicit: fol. 396: . . . sans la dispensacion du souverain evesque.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) HI: King enthroned with sword. 2. fol. 1v (Prologue+) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 3. fol. 2v (I, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 4. fol. 3, 1st column (I, 1+) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 5. fol. 3, 2nd column (I, 2) HI: King enthroned with sword. 6. fol. 3v (I, 3) HI: King enthroned with sword. 7. fol. 4 (I, 4) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 8. fol. 5v (I, 6) HI: King enthroned with sword. 9. fol. 6 (I, 7) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 10. fol. 6v (I, 8) HI: King enthroned with sword. 11. fol. 7 (I, 9) HI: King enthroned with sword. 12. fol. 7v (I, 10) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 13. fol. 8 (I, 11) HI: King enthroned with sword. 14. fol. 8v (I, 12) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 15. fol. 9v (I, 13) HI: King enthroned with sword. 16. fol. 11 (I, 14) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 17. fol. 11v (I, 15) HI: King enthroned with sword. 18. fol. 12v (I, 16) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 19. fol. 13 (I, 17) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 20. fol. 14 (I, 18) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 21. fol. 14v (I, 19) King enthroned with sword. 22. fol. 15v (I, 20) HI: King enthroned with sword. 23. fol. 16v (I, 21) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 24. fol. 17v (I, 22) HI: King enthroned with sword. 25. fol. 18 (I, 23) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 26. fol. 18v (I, 24) HI: King enthroned with sword. 27. fol. 19 (I, 25) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 28. fol. 20v (II, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 29. fol. 21v (II, 2) HI: King enthroned with sword. 30. fol. 22v (II, 3) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 31. fol. 23 (II, 4) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 32. fol. 24v (II, 5) HI: King enthroned with sword. 33. fol. 25v (II, 6) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 34. fol. 26v (II, 7) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 35. fol. 28 (II, 8) HI: King enthroned with sword. 36. fol. 29 (II, 10) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 37. fol. 29v (II, 11) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 38. fol. 30v (II, 12) HI: King enthroned with sword. 39. fol. 31v (II, 13) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 40. fol. 32v (II, 14) HI: King enthroned with sword. 41. fol. 33 (II, 15) HI: King enthroned with sword. 42. fol. 34v (II, 16) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 43. fol. 35v (II, 17) HI: King enthroned with sword. 44. fol. 37 (II, 18) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 45. fol. 38v (II, 19) HI: King enthroned with sword. 46. fol. 39v (II, 20) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 47. fol. 40v (II, 21) HI: King enthroned with sword. 48. fol. 41v (II, 22) HI: King enthroned with sword. 49. fol. 42v (II, 23) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 50. fol. 45 (II, 25) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 51. fol. 46v (III, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 52. fol. 48 (III, 2) HI: King enthroned with sword. 53. fol. 50v (III, 3) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 54. fol. 74 (IV, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 55. fol. 90 (V, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 56. fol. 118 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 57. fol. 132v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 58. fol. 140v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) HI: Emperor enthroned with scepter and globe. 59. fol. 151v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 60. fol. 161 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 61. fol. 169v (Louis the Pious, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 62. fol. 195v (Charles the Bald, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 63. fol. 211 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 64. fol. 214v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) HI: King enthroned with sword. 65. fol.

216v (Louis III, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 66. fol. 217 (Charles the Simple, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 67. fol. 220v (Louis IV, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 68. fol. 225 (Lothaire, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 69. fol. 227 (Louis V, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 70. fol. 227 (Charles, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 71. fol. 228 (Robert, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 72. fol. 232v (Henry, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 73. fol. 238 (Philip I, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 74. fol. 251v (Louis VI, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 75. fol. 276 (Louis VII, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 76. fol. 277v (Louis VII, 3) HI: King enthroned with sword. 77. fol. 290v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) HI: King enthroned with sword. 78. fol. 304v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter. 79. fol. 331v (Louis VIII, 1) HI: King enthroned with scepter.

STYLE: One artist.

PROVENANCE: Raoul le Prêtre, archdeacon of Cambrai (died in 1443).

REFERENCE: Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, Catalogue général . . . Départements , 17:v, 259.

Castres, Bibliothèque Municipale
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to the end of the life of Philip Augustus, continued to the end of the life of Philip V, perhaps continued again to the end of the life of Charles IV, continued to the end of the life of Philip of Valois)

COLLATION: 1(1)8, first two lack; 2(9)8–35(273)8; 36(281)10, 10th excised; 37(290)8; 38(298)8; 39(306)10, 2nd and 10th excised; 40(314)8; 41(322)6; 42(328)–45(352)8; 46(360)6; 47(365)10; 48(375)8; 49(383)8; 50(391)8, last lacks; 51(399)6; 52(405)?, fol. 405 and flyleaf are all that remain. Incipits: fol. 3: -bre longuement furent expele Sicambrien . . . ; fol. 4: -voit i filz qui avoit nom Pharamont . . . ; fol. 289 (first ending): sergans a pie & a cheval . . . ; fol. 364 (second ending): -ne [crossed out] meselerie si que li siens . . . ; fol. 374 (third ending): -quitaine si s'escusa le roy . . . ; fol. ? (fourth ending): folio lacks. Explicits: fol. 289v (first ending): . . . et de son regne .xliij Explicit; fol. 364v (second ending): . . . et li autre barons [furent] pendus; fol 374 (third ending): . . . en moins de xiij ans fu [toute defaille & amortie] . . . ; fol. ? (fourth ending): folio lacks.

MINIATURES: Only those through fol. 364 are completed. 1. fol. 11 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 2. fol. 14v (II, 1) Two ships at sea approach a town. 3. fol. 29 (II, 23) Caribert receives the realm. 4. fol. 31 (III, 1) King Chilperic and his women. 5. fol. 48 (III, 20) Battle. 6. fol. 53 (IV, 1) King Guntram designates his nephew Childebert (here Clotaire) as his heir. 7. fol. 57 (IV, 8+) Battle of Childebert's and Fredegunda's forces. 8. fol. 58v (IV, 10) Queen Brunhilda with the sons of Childebert. 9. fol. 63v (IV, 20) King Clotaire orders the murder of Queen Brunhilda. 10. fol. 67 (V, 1) Battle. 11. fol. 73 (V, 9) King Dagobert founds the abbey of Saint-Denis. 12. fol. 82 (V, 20) Barons pay homage to Clovis II, son of Dagobert. 13. fol. 86v (V, 25) King Charles Martel supervises punishment and imprisonment of two men. 14. fol. 89 (V, 28) Siege of Laon. 15. fol. 92v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard and Turpin writing. 16. fol. 106 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Coronation of Charlemagne as emperor by Pope Leo III. 17. fol 113 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) King Charlemagne supervises the construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 18. fol. 117 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5) Emperor Charlemagne receives messengers with letters. 19. fol. 122v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 12+) The Fair of Lendit at Saint-Denis. 20. fol. 123v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Emperor and horsemen on field of battle. 21. fol. 128 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 5+) Aigolant refuses baptism from Charlemagne. 22. fol. 133 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Ganelon's gifts arrive at King Charlemagne's tent. 23. fol. 136v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5) Charlemagne finds Roland dead at Roncevaux. 24. fol. 139 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 7+) Vision of Archbishop Turpin. 25. fol. 142 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises the coronation of Louis as king of Aquitaine by the pope. 26. fol. 150 (Louis the Pious, 11) Emperor Louis

supervises the punishment of two men. 27. fol. 155 (Louis the Pious, 16) Nobles conspire against Louis. 28. fol. 157 (Louis the Pious, 18+) Imprisonment of Louis and his wife. 29. fol. 166 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 30. fol. 176v (Charles the Bald, 12) Vision of a monk of Saint-Denis. 31. fol. 177 (Charles the Bald, 13) Charles the Bald's vision of hell. 32. fol. 180 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda before Louis. 33. fol. 183 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of a king. 34. fol. 185 (Louis the Stammerer, 7) Knights ride into a town. 35. fol. 185v (Louis the Stammerer, 7+) Coronation of Odo Capet. 36. fol. 186 (Louis the Stammerer, 7++) Battle. 37. fol. 188 (Raoul, 1) Coronation of Raoul. 38. fol. 189 (Louis IV, 1) King, queen, and child in conversation with a bishop. 39. fol. 193 (Lothaire, 1) King Lothaire enthroned. 40. fol. 195 (Louis V, 1) Death of Lothaire. 41. fol. 195 (Charles) Charles and his wife in prison. 42. fol. 195v (Hugh Capet, 1) Hugh Capet enthroned. 43. fol. 196 (Robert, 1) King Robert offers a prayer on the altar. 44. fol. 199v (Henry, 1) Conversation between Henry and two kings. 45. fol. 204v (Philip I, 1) King Philip receives barons. 46. fol. 215 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation of Louis. 47. fol. 235v (Louis VII, 1) King supervises construction. 48. fol. 237 (Louis VII, 3) King Louis VII and Emperor Conrad are greeted by the emperor of Constantinople. 49. fol. 248v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) King Louis VII prays for an heir. 50. fol. 259 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 22) French and English armies flank a city. 51. fol. 261v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Attack on a town. 52. fol. 263 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 3) The testament of King Philip. 53. fol. 275 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 23) Siege of a town. 54. fol. 277 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Amaury de Bene teaches seated clerics. 55. fol. 282v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines. 56. fol. 285 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Capture of Ferrand. 57. fol. 288 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 20) Count Ferrand taunted as he is led to prison. 58. fol. 290 (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile.

The following represents a different translation of the lives of Saint Louis, Philip III, and Philip IV than was normally used in the Grandes Chroniques . I have assigned chapter numbers here that correspond to the structure of the text in B.N. fr. 10132. This text appears as well in B.R. 5 and Grenoble Ms. 407 rés. 59. fol. 293 (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation of Saint Louis. 60. fol. 346v (Philip IV, 1) Coronation of Philip IV. 61. fol. 347 (Philip IV, 2) Siege of Acre. 62. fol. 353v (Philip IV, 4) Battle of Courtrai. 63. fol. 361 (Louis X, 1) Coronation of Louis. 64. fol. 365 (Charles IV, 1) blank. 65. fol. 375 (Philip of Valois, 3) blank.

STYLE: Four artists. I (Master of the Roman de Fauvel ) (Geoffroy de Saint-Léger?), style of c. 1320–30s: gatherings 1–24, 26–35. II: gathering 25. III (Artist I of B.N. fr. 10132): gathering 36. IV: gatherings 37, 44, 45, 46.

PROVENANCE: On fol. 353v an added inscription states, "Ces croniques sunt Madame Jeanne d'Amboise, dame de Revel et de Thyphauges." Jeanne d'Amboise was the second wife of Guillaume Flotte, chancellor of France, whom she married sometime between 1339 and 1341.

REFERENCE: Edward Roesner, ed., Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, MS fonds français 146 (New York, forthcoming).

Chantilly, Musée Condé, Ms. 867
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8; 2(9)8; 3(17)2; 4(i[18])8–19(cxxi)8; 20(cxxix)8, 1st lacks; 21(cxxxvii)8–37(cclxv)8; 38(cclxxiii)8, 1st lacks; 39(cclxxxi)8–64(cccclxxxi)8; 65(cccclxxxix)2. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy commence la table de grans. . . . T: Premierement le prologue . . . ; fol. 2: en son tres par le conseil . . . ; fol. i(18): R: Ce sont les grans croniques de france. . . . T: C'il qui ceste livre commence . . . ; fol. ii(19): Paris si comme aucuns . . . ; fol. 490: -tume a porter les roys de France. . . . Explicit: fol. 490v: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (preceding preliminary chapter list) Cleric writing. 2. fol. i (18) (Prologue) four parts: Flight from Troy, and Coronation of Francion/ French versus Romans/ King Pharamond enthroned in tent/ Queen Basina joins King Childeric. HI: Baptism of Clovis (illustrate Book 1). 3. fol. xiii verso (30v) (II, 1) Clotilda divides realm among her four sons. 4. fol. xxviii verso (III, 1) Caribert, Guntram, and Sigebert take revenge on their brother Chilperic, who sought the whole realm (illustrates II, 23). 5. fol. li (IV, 1) Guntram gives lance to Childeric. 6. fol. lxiii verso (V, 1) Dagobert supervises building of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 9). 7. fol. lxxxvi verso (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Charlemagne and pope process into Saint Peter's (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1). 8. fol. cxxix lacks at the beginning of the life of Louis the Pious. 9. fol. clii (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 10. fol. clxvi (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda (as queen) presents sword to Louis. 11. fol. cc (Louis VI, 1) Messengers arrive too late to halt coronation of Louis. 12. fol. ccxxi (Louis VII, 1) Marriage of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine; Louis's departure for the crusades (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 13. fol. ccxxxiij (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Christological vision; youthful Philip Augustus wears a crown; angel swoops down. 14. fol. cclxxiij lacks at the beginning of life of Louis VIII. 15. fol. cclxxvi (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation of nimbed Louis IX in a church. 16. fol. cccx (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, King of Sicily, arrives at deathbed of haloed Saint Louis in Tunis. 17. fol. cccxxvij verso (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I of England to Philip IV. 18. fol. ccclii (Louis X, 1) Battle of Louis X against the Flemish. 19. fol. cccliij verso (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 20. fol. ccclviij (Charles IV, 1) Coronation. 21. fol. ccclxvii (Philip of Valois, 1) Battle of Philip against the Flemish (illustrates Philip of Valois, 5). 22. fol. ccciij verso (John the Good, 1) Battle of Poitiers (illustrates John the Good, 19). 23. fol. ccccxlvi (Charles V, 1) Charles V takes part in jousts; Queen Jeanne of Bourbon in stands. 24. fol. ccccxc verso (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: At least two artists illustrated this book. I (Virgil Master): fols. 1, i(18). II (Follower of the Virgil Master): the rest of the illustrations.

Geneva, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire, Comites Latentes Ms. 182 A and B (formerly)
Grandes Chroniques de France (vol. A: from origins to the end of the life of Raoul, chapter 2; vol. B: from Louis X to 1380)

COLLATION: Vol. A: 1(1)8; 2(9)8, lacks 1st and 2nd; 3(15)8, lacks 4th and 5th; 4(21)8–6(37)8; 7(45)8, lacks 5th; 8(52)8–13(92)8; 14(100)8, lacks 1st; 15(107)8; 16(115)8, lacks 3rd; 17(122)8; 18(130)8, lacks 4th; 19(137)8–21(153)8; 22(161)8, lacks 3rd; 23(168)3, all single leaves. gatherings 14 and 15 should follow gathering 19. Vol. B: 1(1)8–11(81)8; 12(89)10; 13(99)8–15(115)8; 16(123)10; 17(133)1; 18(134)8. Gathering 18 originally headed vol. B. Vol A: Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ci commence les tables des grans croniques. . . . T: Le premiers, des divers opinions . . . ; fol. 2: Le xiij comment le roy childebert . . . ; fol. 9 (first two folios of chronicle lack, this was the third): qui estoit deux maestres . . . ; fol. 170: et commanda que chascun lui fist. . . . Explicit: fol. 170v: . . . a Rouen a grant companie des gens. Vol. B: Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy commence la vie et les fais. . . . T: Apres phelippe le Bel . . . ; fol. 2: de Poitiers que tous ceulz . . . ; fol. 133: populaires alerent en la juerie de paris. . . . Explicit: fol. 133: . . . foison de biens [something scraped out]. R: Explicit. Gathering 18 of vol. B contains a prefatory paragraph, a table of contents for this volume, and a genealogy of the kings of France. When this was at the beginning of the manuscript, the incipits would have been the following: fol. 1 (now 134): R: Cy commence les nouvelles croniques. . . . T: La noble et plaisent memoire . . . ; fol. 2 (now 135): Nicolas buchet fut pendu. . . .

MINIATURES: Vol. A: 1. folio lacks at the beginning of Clovis's life (would have illustrated I, 15). 2. fol. 14 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 3. bifolium containing II, 1 lacks. 4. fol. 31v (II,

23) Four kings enthroned on a low bench. 5. folio lacks between fols. 48 and 49; text jumps from III, 18 to III, 22. 6. fol. 66v (V, 2) Dagobert supervises construction of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 9). 7. fol. 90v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Charlemagne in battle. 8. folio lacks between fols. 116 (end of Charlemagne, Bk. I) and 117 (beginning of Charlemagne, Bk. II). 9. folio lacks between fols. 132 (end of Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 2) and 133 (beginning of Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 3). 10. fol. 139 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 11. folio lacks between current fols. 99 (end of Charlemagne, Bk. V) and 100 (beginning of Louis the Pious, 1). 12. fol. 151 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 13. folio lacks between fol. 162 (beginning of Charles the Bald, 13) and 163 (end of Louis the Stammerer, 2) offsets. Vol. B: 1. fol. 14v (Philip of Valois, 1) HI: Barons discuss the royal succession. 2. fol. 49 (John the Good, 1) HI: King standing among nobles. 3. fol. 91 (Charles V, 1) HI: King standing among nobles. 4. fol. 132 (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Virgil Master.

REFERENCES: Sotheby's Sale Catalogue, Tuesday, 30 November 1976, Bibliotheca Phillippica: Medieval Manuscripts , new series, part XI, lot 870; Sotheby's Sale Catalogue, Tuesday, 20 June 1989, Western Manuscripts and Miniatures , lot 46, 66–71.

Grenoble, Bibliothèque Hoche, Ms. 407 Rés.
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins through Philip of Valois)

COLLATION: 1(1)10, 1st lacks, 10th excised; 2(i)8, 1st excised; 3(ix)8–13(lxxxix)8; 14(lxxxxvii)8, 2nd lacks; 15(cv)12; 16(cxvii)8–26(clxxxxvii)8; 27(ccv)8, there is a ccvii bis; 28(ccxii)8–45(cccxlviii)8; 46(ccclvi)8, 4th lacks; 47(ccclxiiii)8. Incipits: fol. 1: lacks; fol. 2: voie de droiture . . . ; fol. i: lacks; fol. ii: le premier parole comment . . . ; fol. iii (second folio of text): dedenz embatus . . . ; fol. cccxxi: ii x^me maiz quant il le . . . ; fol. ccclxxi: et de madame agnes fille. . . . Explicit: fol. cccxxi: . . . plus guere fors que aus escos; fol. ccclxxi verso: . . . lui regner pardurablement apres sa mort.

MINIATURES: 1. (Prologue) cut out. 2. fol. ii (I, 1) Battle. 3. fol. iiij (I, 5+) Siege of Cambrai or Tournai. 4. fol. ix verso (I, 16) Clovis sends messengers to King Gondebaut of Burgundy/ They speak to Clotilda. 5. fol. xi verso (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis/ Clovis founds a church in Paris dedicated to Saint Peter. 6. fol. xv (II, 1) Clovis divides realm among his sons/ King Theoderic of Italy puts Pope John in prison (illustrates II, 2). 7. fol. xxxij verso (III, 1) Chilperic strangles Galswintha as she sleeps. 8. fol. lvi (IV, 1) King Guntram designates Childebert as his heir. 9. fol. lxxi (V, 1) HI: Hunter kills a stag. 10. fol. lxxiij (V, 4) Dagobert's vision of Saints Denis, Rusticus, and Eleutherius. 11. fol. lxxxxiiij (V, 28) King Charles Martel and his three sons. 12. fol. lxxxxviij (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) cut out. 13. fol. cxij (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) HI: King Charlemagne and Pope Leo judge those who maltreated the pope. 14. fol. cxix verso (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) HI: Charlemagne gives alms to pilgrims (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 2)/ He supervises construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 15. fol. cxxx (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) HI: Saint James appears to Charlemagne as he sleeps. 16. fol. cxxxix verso (Charlemagne, Bk. V, ch. list) HI: Charlemagne receives gifts from Kings Marsile and Bagliant. 17. fol. cxl (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) HI: Charlemagne defeats the Saracens. 18. fol. cxlviij (Louis the Pious, ch. list) HI: Charlemagne gives Aquitaine to Louis. 19. fol. cxlix (Louis the Pious, 1) HI: Barons present Louis with documents. 20. fol. clxxiij (Charles the Bald, 1) HI: Battle of Fontenoy. 21. fol. clxxxvii (Louis the Stammerer, 1) HI: Queen (sic ) Richilda presents sword and scepter to Louis. 22. fol. clxxxx verso (Louis the Stammerer, 5) HI: Coronation [should be two kings]. 23. fol. clxxxxij (Louis the Stammerer, 7) HI: Marriage of Louis Fainéant and a nun of Chiele. 24. fol. clxxxxij verso (Louis the Stammerer, 7+) HI: Coronation of Odo Capet in presence of the queen and Charles the Simple. 25. fol. clxxxxij verso (Charles the Simple, 1) HI: Battle. 26. fol. clxxxxix verso (Lothaire, 1) HI: Battle. 27. fol. cci verso (Charles, 1) HI: Battle. 28. fol. ccii (Hugh Capet, 1) HI: Marriage of Philip Augustus and

Elizabeth of Hainaut. 29. fol. ccij verso (Robert, 1) HI: Robert presents sequences he has written to a cleric. 30. fol. ccvi (Henry, 1) HI: Battle. 31. fol. ccx (Philip I, 1) HI: King receives a messenger. 32. fol. ccxx verso (Louis VI, 1) HI: Coronation. 33. fol. ccxxxix (Louis VI, 23) HI: Death of Philip, killed by a boar. 34. fol. ccxli (Louis VII, 1) HI: Louis worships with two clerics. 35. fol. ccliij (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) HI: King of England (?) surrenders to Philip. 36. fol. cclxv (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) HI: King Philip battles the English king. 37. fol. cclxxxx verso (Louis VIII, 1) HI: Man enthroned.

The following illustrate a different translation of the lives of Saint Louis, Philip III, and Philip IV than was normally used in the Grandes Chroniques . I have assigned chapter numbers here that correspond to the structure of this text in B.N. fr. 10132. This text also occurs in Castres, B.M. and B.R. 5. 38. fol. cclxxxxi verso (Saint Louis, 1) HI: Louis departs for the Crusades. 39. fol. cclxxxxij verso (Saint Louis, 5) HI: Arms of France. 40. fol. ccci verso (Philip IV, 1) HI: Homage of English to Philip. 41. fol. cccii (Philip IV, 2) HI: City of Acre. 42. fol. cccviij (Philip IV, 4) HI: Battle of Courtrai. 43. fol. cccxi (Philip IV, 5) HI: Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 44. fol. cccxvij verso (Louis X, 1) HI: King receives a noble.

The texts that follow correspond to those in the critical edition. 45. fol. cccxxi verso (Charles IV, 1) HI: Coronation. 46. fol. cccxxv verso (Charles IV, 9+) HI: Marriage of Charles and Jeanne d'Evreux. 47. fol. cccxxix (Charles IV, 13) HI: Coronation of Jeanne d'Evreux. 48. fol. cccxlviij (Philip of Valois, 18) HI: Battle at sea. 49. fol. cccliij verso (Philip of Valois, 25) HI: Spanish king fights Saracens.

STYLE: At least three artists. I (Artist II of B.N. fr. 10132): fols. 2, 4, 9v, 11v, 15, 32, 56, 71, 73, 94, 112, 119v, 130, 139v, 140, 148, 149, 173, 187, 190v, 192, 192v, (2 miniatures), 199v, 201v, 202, 202v, 206, 210, 220v, 239, 241, 253, 265v, 290v, 317v. II: fols. 291v (2 miniatures), 301v, 302, 308, 311. III (Artist of Egerton 931—The Pontifical of Guillaume de Melun): fols 321v, 325v, 329, 348, 353v.

London, British Library, Add. Ms. 15269
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–20(153)8; 21(161)8, there is a 163 bis; 22(168)8–28(216)8; 29(224)12; 30(236)8–34(268)8; 35(276)6; 36(282)8–40(314)8; 41(322)4; 42(326)8–53(414)8; 54(422)10; 55(432)8–65(512)8; 66(520)4. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Le proesme de l'auteur qui translata. . . . T: Celui qui ceste oeuvre commence . . . ; fol. 2: R: Le premier chapitre parle. . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): aux troyens pour querre . . . ; fol. 523: loy par laquelle il avoit. . . . Explicit: fol. 532v: . . . foison de prisonniers.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Ruler leaving city in formal procession/ Duke enthroned, one attendant noble wears robe strewn with ps / Clovis's battle with the Alemanni/ Clovis bears shield with three toads/ Coronation of Clovis. 2. fol. 14 (II, 1) Baptism of Clovis (illustrates I, 20). 3. fol. 30 (III, 1) Marriage of Chilperic and Galswintha. 4. fol. 52 (IV, 1) Battle. 5. fol. 64v (V, 1) Stag takes refuge at Saint-Denis from Dagobert and other members of a hunting party (illustrates V, 2). 6. fol. 87v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Charlemagne, on horseback, meets the pope outside Rome (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. I, 7). 7. fol. 99v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Coronation of Charlemagne as emperor by Pope Leo III. 8. fol. 106v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) emperor of Constantinople shows Emperor Charlemagne relics (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 7). 9. fol. 115v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Charlemagne. 10. fol. 124v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Death of Roland (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. V, 3). 11. fol. 132 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne has the pope crown Louis king of Aquitaine. 12. fol. 153 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 13. fol. 164v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Emperor (sic ) offers Louis a sword. 14. fol. 170 (Charles the Simple, 1) Saint Benedict appears to Count Sigillophes. 15. fol. 174 (Louis IV, 1) Coronation of Louis IV. 16. fol. 178v (Lothaire, 1) Duke Richard's

men setting fire to a household in France (illustrates Lothaire, 3). 17. fol. 181v (Hugh Capet, 1) Army of the count of Flanders submits to Hugh Capet's army (?). 18. fol. 182v (Robert, 1) Battle between French and English armies. 19. fol. 187 (Henry, 1) King watches the chief of the Norman soldiers handle a lion that had captured a goat (illustrates Henry, 6). 20. fol. 193v (Philip I, 1) Pope receives an emperor, accompanied by nobles and a duke. 21. fol. 204v (Louis VI, 1) The pope receives a message (illustrates Louis VI, 16). 22. fol. 223v (Louis VII, 1) King supervises construction. 23. fol. 236 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) At left, an angel swoops down to Louis VII, who sleeps holding a chalice; at right, the queen sits on her bed, holding a swaddled baby. 24. fol. 249v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Tours or Le Mans. 25. fol. 266v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Battle of Bouvines (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 11). 26. fol. 283 (Saint Louis, 1) King enthroned at court; queen stands. 27. fol. 318 (Saint Louis, 98) Battle between Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily (bearing French arms) and Henry of Spain. 28. fol. 320v (Saint Louis, 105) Louis and his armies leave France in ships to go on crusade. 29. fol. 324v (Philip III, 1) French king and army attack a Saracen city. 30. fol. 342v (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I of England before Philip IV. 31. fol. 369v (Louis X, 1) Coronation of Pope John (illustrates Louis X, 8). 32. fol. 376v (Charles IV, 1) Battle between the English army and that of the count of Dauphinois. 33. fol. 389 (Philip of Valois, 1) Homage of Edward III to Philip VI (illustrates Philip of Valois, 6). 34. fol. 434 (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and Bonne of Luxembourg. 35. fol. 439 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 36. fol. 478 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.

STYLE: Second artist of B.N. fr. 823.

London, British Library, Add. Ms. 21143
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–63(497)8; 64(505)2. A gathering that contained the table of contents and the prologue lacks before the first gathering. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Le premier chapitre parle. . . . T: Quatre cens et . . . ; fol. 2 (second folio of chronicle): -quictes par le pris de leur . . . ; fol. 505: la dite ville de par. . . . Explicit: fol. 505v: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. (I, 1) two parts: Construction of Sicambria/ Coronation of Pharamond. 2. fol. 90 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) King Charlemagne and army ride against the Saracens. 3. fol. 136 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne has young Louis crowned king of Aquitaine. 4. fol. 160 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 5. fol. 173v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Battle. 6. fol. 189 (Robert, 1) A king supervises the coronation of a young man. 7. fol. 196v (Philip I, 1) Battle. 8. fol. 239v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Surrender of Tours or Le Mans (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1). 9. fol. 286 (Saint Louis, 1) Louis IX arrives in the Holy Land. 10. fol. 339v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I pays homage to Philip IV. 11. fol. 381 (Philip of Valois, 1) King Philip of Valois enthroned; barons and clerics discuss royal succession. 12. fol. 420 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 13. fol. 464v (Charles V, 1) Charles V on horseback and Jeanne of Bourbon in a litter enter a city.

STYLE: Principal artist of B.N. fr. 823.

London, British Library, Cotton Nero E. II
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: Burned with the rest of Mr. Cotton's collection, this manuscript is now bound in two volumes. Each folio is mounted in a paper frame, but the original structure can be reconstructed from catchwords. In the collation for vol. II, medieval foliation appears in brackets after the modern foliation. Vol. I (missing one gathering that contained the prologue): 1(1)8–10(73)8; 11(81)8, 1st lacks; 12(88)8; 13(96)8; 14(104)8, 6th lacks; 15(111)8–30(231)8; 31(239)8, 8th lacks. Vol II: 1(1[246])1 was the last folio of vol. I, gathering 31;

2(2[247])8–4(18[263])8; 5(26[271])8, 8th lacks; 6(33[278])8–12(81[326])8; 13(89[334])7, text continues without break; 14(96[341])8–31(232[477])8; 32(240[485])3, at least one folio lacks at the end. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy commence la table du premier livre. . . . T: Comment les francois sont . . . ; fol. 2: R: Comment les francois. . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of the chronicle): -ose entrer es lieux . . . ; last folio lacks. Explicit: last folio lacks.

MINIATURES: The following corrects and expands Meiss. Vol. I: 1. fol. 1 (Ch. list, Bk. I) Monk presents book to king. 2. fol. 2 (I, 1) two-column miniature: King Priam of Troy enthroned. 3. fol. 8v (I, 15) Baptism of Clovis (illustrates I, 20). 4. fol. 11v (I, 20) Clovis receives the French arms from heaven (no source in chronicle). 5. fol. 15v (II, 1) Clotilda divides the realm among her four sons. 6. fol. 31 (II, 23) The division of the realm among the four sons of Clothaire. 7. fol. 44v (III, 14) Battle of a nimbed monk and the devil. 8. fol. 48v (III, 19) Murder of King Chilperic by order of Fredegunda. 9. fol. 54v (IV, 1) King Guntram designates Childebert, his nephew, as his heir. 10. fol. 59v (IV, 10) In Brunhilda's presence, the two sons of Childeric divide the realm. 11. fol. 64v (IV, 20) Torture of Brunhilda. 12. fol. 67 (V, 1) Clotaire holds council; Dagobert cuts the beard of his teacher (illustrates V, 3). 13. fol. 72v (V, 9) King Dagobert receives a bishop. 14. fol. 73 (V, 9) Dagobert supervises the construction of Saint-Denis. 15. fol. 80v (V, 19) Bust of a woman. 16. folio lacks between fols. 80–81 (V, 22). 17. fol. 87v (V, 28) The sons of Charles Martel; Griffon thrown into a dungeon. 18. fol. 90v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) King Charlemagne blessed by the pope. 19. fol. 103 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 20. folio lacks between fols. 108–109 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1). 21. fol. 118 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James and an angel appear to the sleeping Emperor Charlemagne and show him the starry sky. 22. fol. 124 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8) Battle between Roland and Ferragut. 23. fol. 127 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Ganelon delivers his message to King Marsile. 24. fol. 129v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 4) Archbishop Turpin's vision of the death of Roland. 25. fol. 130 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5) Charlemagne and army find the body of Roland. 26. fol. 131 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 6) Funeral of Roland in the church of Saint Romain-de-Blaye. 27. fol. 131v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 7) Charlemagne returns to France. 28. fol. 133 (Louis the Pious, 1) Coronation. 29. fol. 156v (Charles the Bald, 1) Dream of Charles the Bald (illustrates Charles the Bald, 13). 30. fol. 169v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda presents Louis with a sword and scepter. 31. fol. 172v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Carloman and Louis III. 32. fol. 173v (Louis the Stammerer, 6) Carloman in his tent at the siege of Vienne. 33. fol. 174v (Louis the Stammerer, 7) The coronation of Odo Capet. 34. fol. 175 (Charles the Simple, 1) The archbishop of Rouen welcomes Rollo, the first duke of Normandy. 35. fol. 176 (Charles the Simple, 2+) Baptism of Rollo. 36. fol. 178 (Louis IV, 1) Bishop of Sens brings letter to the King of England. 37. fol. 182 (Lothaire, 1) Coronation. 38. fol. 184v (Robert, 1) Robert writing. 39. fol. 188 (Henry, 1) Veneration of a body claimed to be that of Saint Denis (illustrates Henry, 4). 40. fol. 192v (Philip I, 1) Philip I received by the pope (illustrates Philip I, 10). 41. fol. 202 (Louis VI, 1) Murder of Guy, lord of La Roche-Guyon (illustrates Louis VI, 4). 42. fol. 222 (Louis VII, 1) Battle of Louis VII and his father, Louis VI. 43. fol. 233v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) An angel speaks to Louis VII and Queen Alix. 44. fol. 241 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 17) Rollo the Tyrant sets out to capture Normandy. Vol. II: 45. fol. 1 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Tours or Le Mans. 46. fol. 4v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 6) Young, ailing Louis VIII, carried in a cart, praying to the reliquary of Saint Denis. 47. fol. 8 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 12) Richard of England pays homage to Philip Augustus. 48. fol. 10v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 16) Philip Augustus orders the despoiling of Normandy. 49. fol. 14 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 23) Surrender of Rouen to Philip Augustus. 50. fol. 16v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip Augustus supervises the punishment of heretics. 51. fol. 20v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 8) Albigensian prisoners led naked from Carcassone. 52. fol. 24 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Battle. 53. fol. 29

(Louis VIII, 1) Saint Valery appears to Hugh Capet. 54. folio lacks between fols. 32–33 (Saint Louis, 1). 55. fol. 36 (Saint Louis, 13) Louis IX venerates a relic. 56. fol. 40v (Saint Louis, 31) Battle between Louis IX and Henry III of England. 57. fol. 45 (Saint Louis, 45) Louis IX receives messengers from the Great Khan. 58. fol. 48v (Saint Louis, 54) French and Saracen armies in Egypt. 59. fol. 53 (Saint Louis, 70) Battle between the counts of Flanders and Holland. 60. fol. 56v (Saint Louis, 82) Louis IX gives provisions. 61. fol. 61 (Saint Louis, 95) Battle between Charles of Anjou and Conradin. 62. fol. 64 (Saint Louis, 105) Louis IX sailing to Tunis. 63. fol. 67v (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, fights the Saracens in Tunis. 64. fol. 72v (Philip III, 14) Tomb of Saint Louis. 65. fol. 73 (Philip III, 15) Coronation procession of Philip III. 66. fol. 80v (Philip III, 37) Philip III listens to Cardinal Collet. 67. fol. 85 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip. 68. fol. 88v (Philip IV, 12) Guy, count of Flanders, in secret meeting with Edward I of England. 69. fol. 93v (Philip IV, 33) Philip receives papal messengers. 70. fol. 95v (Philip IV, 38) Charles of Valois in the presence of Pope Boniface. 71. fol. 100v (Philip IV, 63) Knights Templar before pope and king. 72. fol. 105 (Philip IV, 70) Philip supervises the burning of the Master Templar. 73. fol. 109 (Louis X, 1) Calamities in the reign of Louis X. 74. fol. 110v (Philip V, 1) Burning of Jews under Philip V. 75. fol. 115 (Charles IV, 1) Dissolution of the marriage of Charles IV and Blanche. 76. fol. 124v (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 77. fol. 137 (Philip of Valois, 16) Battle of French and English armies. 78. fol. 143v (Philip of Valois, 25) cut out. 79. fol. 152v (Philip of Valois, 39) Battle of Crécy. 80. fol. 154v (Philip of Valois, 41) Charles of Blois battling the English. 81. fol. 160v (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 82. fol. 166 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 83. fol. 173v (John the Good, 47) Charles, king of Navarre, follows the biers of those decapitated at Rouen. 84. fol. 175v (John the Good, 58) Murders of the marshals of Clermont and Champagne. 85. fol. 181 (John the Good, 83) Meeting of Charles, regent of France, and Charles, king of Navarre, at which they swore a truce. 86. fol. 183 (John the Good, 89) Murder of Étienne Marcel and companions. 87. fol. 200v (John the Good, 140) Funeral of John the Good. 88. fol. 202v (Charles V, 1) Coronation. 89. fol. 205 (Charles V, 9) Bertrand Du Guesclin taken prisoner. 90. fol. 217 (Charles V, 21) Marriage of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of Flanders. 91. fol. 220v (Charles V, 30) Charles V makes Du Guesclin constable of France. 92. fol. 224v (Charles V, 46) Charles V holds council. 93. fol. 229v (Charles V, 66) Charles V feasts the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV, in the Grande Salle of the palace. 94. fol. 238v (Charles V, 102) Charles V receives the cardinal of Limoges. 95. fol. 242v (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: At least three artists. I (Boucicaut Master and assistants): Vol. I, fols. 1, 2, 8v, 11v, 15v, 31, 44v, 48v, 59v, 64v, 67, 72v, 73, 87v, 90v, 103, 118, 127, 129v, 130, 131, 131v, 135, 156v, 169v, 184v, 188, 192v, 202, 222, 233v, 241, and Vol. II, fols. 4v, 8, 10v, 14, 16v, 29, 36, 40v, 45, 48v, 53, 56v, 61, 64, 67v, 72v, 73, 80v, 85, 88v, 93v, 95v, 100v, 105, 109, 110v, 115, 124v, 137, 152v, 154v, 160v, 166, 173v, 175v, 200v, 202v, 205, 217, 220v, 229v, 238v, 242v. II: Vol. I, fols. 54v, 124, 175, 176, 178, 182, and Vol. II, fols. 1, 20v, 24, 181, 183, 224v. III (Egerton Workshop): Vol. I, fols. 172v, 173v, 174v.

PROVENANCE: Although not listed in any surviving inventory, this manuscript may have been royal. It displays the arms of France in vol. I, fol. 2, and vol. II, fol. 242v.

REFERENCES: Léopold Delisle, "Notes sur quelques manuscrits du Musée Britannique," Mémoires de la Société de l'histoire de Paris et de l'Ile de France 4(1878):183–238; Millard Meiss, The Boucicaut Master , Kress Foundation Studies in the History of European Art, no. 1 (London, 1968), 92–95, pls. 419–29.

London, British Library, Cotton Vitellus E II
Grandes Chroniques de France (fragments)
See Paris, Société des autographs des manuscrits français, Ex-Bute Ms.

London, British Library, Royal 16 G VI
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1270)

COLLATION: 1(1)2 (This added in the late fourteenth century); 2(3)12–9(87)12; 10(99)12, 1st is substituted folio; 11(111)12–21(231)12; 22(243)12, 1st substituted folio; 23(255)12–37(423)12; 38(435)12, 11v and 12 blank and unruled. Incipits: fol. 3: R: Prologue es gestes des roys de France. . . . T: C'il qui ceste . . . ; fol. 4: -cion elle fu . . . ; fol. 5: de lombardie qui par . . . ; fol. 6 (2nd folio of chronicle): terre qui a nom . . . ; fol. 445: sires d'erloses. . . . Explicit: fol. 445: . . . de miracles par les merites du bon roy.

MINIATURES: The following corrects and expands Warner. The foliation used corresponds to the modern foliation in the manuscript. 1. fol. 3 (Prologue) two-column miniature: Coronation of Pharamond—on pedestals to his right, a pagan ruler; to his left, two other kings of France. 2. fol. 4v (I, 1) two-column miniature: Priam sends Paris; rape of Helen; siege of Troy. 3. fol. 5v (I, 3) Valentinian sacks Troy. 4. fol. 7v (I, 6) two-column miniature: Huns sack Orléans; Saint Agnan's prayer. 5. fol. 9 (I, 10) two-column miniature: Queen Basina follows King Childeric; she sends him out into the night; his three visions. 6. fol. 10 (I, 11) Saint Severinus prophesies to Odoacer; fighting. 7. fol. 11 (I, 13) Senators plot with emperor against King Thierry; Ptolemy relates a fable to the emperor. 8. fol. 12v (I, 15) two-column miniature: King Clovis receives Saint Remi's messenger; he restores the urn; he slays the rash knight. 9. fol. 14 (I, 17) King Clovis sends Aurelian with a letter; Aurelian, Gondebald, and Clotilda. 10. fol. 15 (I, 18) two-column miniature: King Clovis defeats the Alemanni by prayer to Christ. 11. fol. 16 (I, 20) two-column miniature: Baptism of King Clovis. 12. fol. 17 (I, 21) King Alaric receives King Clovis's messenger. 13. fol. 18 (I, 22) two-column miniature: Clovis sends for a sign of victory; the church of Tours. 14. fol. 19 (I, 24) Kanacaire enthroned. 15. fol. 21 (II, 1) two-column miniature in four compartments: Kings Clodomire, Childebert, Theoderic, and Clotaire—the four sons of Clovis. 16. fol. 22 (II, 2) two-column miniature: Pope John before King Theoderic and Emperor Justinian. 17. fol. 23 (II, 3) Justinian sleeps, his head in Antonia's lap, shaded by an eagle. 18. fol. 24v (II, 5) Death of King Amaury. 19. fol. 25v (II, 6) two-column miniature: Theoderic and Childebert capture cities. 20. fol. 27v (II, 9) Kings Clotaire and Childebert send a messenger to Queen Clotilda after the arrival of their nephews. 21. fol. 29v (II, 12) Belisarius restores the crown to Justinian. 22. fol. 30v (II, 13) Saint Benedict, Pope Sylvester, and Emperor Justinian. 23. fol. 31v (II, 14) two-column miniature: King Clotaire receives envoys for peace; Clotilda prays for peace to Saint Martin at Tours. 24. fol. 32v (II, 15) two-column miniature: Religious procession at Saragossa; the king summons the bishop. 25. fol. 34v (II, 17) two-column miniature: Funeral of Queen Clotilda. 26. fol. 36 (II, 18) Battle of French and Saxons. 27. fol. 37 (II, 19) Burning of the Church of Saint-Martin at Tours. 28. fol. 38 (II, 20) two-column miniature: Arrest and abuse of Pope Virgilius by imperial soldiers. 29. fol. 38v (II, 21) Totila besieges Rome. 30. fol. 40v (II, 23) two-column miniature: Intrigues of King Clotaire's sons; Chilperic expelled from Paris. 31. fol. 42v (II, 25) Marriage of King Sigebert and Brunhilda. 32. fol. 43v (III, 1) two-column miniature: King Chilperic and his women; he strangles Queen Galswintha. 33. fol. 47 (III, 4) Murder of Sigebert. 34. fol. 49 (III, 5) King Childebert speaks to Saint Germain. 35. fol. 50 (III, 6) Emperor Tiberius finds God-given treasure. 36. fol. 50v (III, 7) two-column miniature: King Guntram murders two nephews; death of his own children. 37. fol. 52 (III, 8) King Chilperic holds council at Paris. 38. fol. 54 (III, 10) Peace of Guntram and Sigebert. 39. fol. 55v (III, 11) Fredegunda reproves King Chilperic; he burns his edicts. 40. fol. 58 (III, 13) two-column miniature: Emperor Maurice sends King Chilperic gold; he attacks the Lombards; they buy him off. 41. fol. 59 (III, 14) Leudastes submits to King Chilperic; his death. 42. fol. 62 (III, 15+/16) two-column miniature: Miracle at the altar; baptism of Jews; death of Pricus; Aetherius and the criminous clerk. 43. fol. 63 (III, 17) King Chilperic slays the count of Rouen. 44. fol. 64 (III, 18) two-column miniature: Witches

burnt and tortured; Mummolus hanged; Fredegunda melts her child's plate. 45. fol. 65 (III, 19) Murder of King Chilperic. 46. fol. 66 (III, 20) two-column miniature: Treasure put in sanctuary of Notre-Dame; Guntram entertains Fredegunda. 47. fol. 67 (III, 21) King Childebert and Gondoald; Boso escapes by swimming; Gondoald saluted as king. 48. fol. 69 (III, 23) A poor man warns Guntram; Fredegunda mutilates Olericus (i.e., clericus). 49. fol. 69v (III, 24) two-column miniature: Eberulph in sanctuary; he beats a clerk; he is murdered. 50. fol. 71 (III, 25) Gondoald and Mummolus ill-use Manulphus. 51. fol. 72v (IV, 1) two-column miniature: Guntram receives envoys from Childebert; he gives Childebert a lance; he counsels Childebert. 52. fol. 74 (IV, 3) Leudegesil confers with Mummolus outside a beseiged city. 53. fol. 75 (IV, 4) Gondoald's prayer as he is betrayed. 54. fol. 76 (IV, 5) Fredegunda's daughter brought back; a giant given to Guntram (no textual source). 55. fol. 77 (IV, 7) Bishops translate relics of Christ's robe; Guntram receives envoys. 56. fol. 78 (IV, 8) Fredegunda shows her child to the army. 57. fol. 80v (IV, 11) Apparition of an angel at the battle of Dormelles. 58. fol. 81 (IV, 12) two-column miniature: Battle of Étampes. 59. fol. 82v (IV, 14) Theoderic recalls Bishop Desiderius; King Theoderic receives the daughter of the Spanish king. 60. fol. 84 (IV, 16) Peace between Theoderic and Theodebert. 61. fol. 85 (IV, 17) Theodebert murdered in his treasury; his head thrown out. 62. fol. 85v (IV, 18) Quarrel of Theoderic and Brunhilda; Theoderic poisoned in his bath. 63. fol. 86 (IV, 19) two-column miniature: Capture of Brunhilda and of Theoderic's sons; Sigebert and Corbus killed. 64. fol. 87 (IV, 20) Execution of Brunhilda, dragged by hands and hair behind a horse. 65. fol. 88v (IV, 23) Maurice kneels to his son-in-law Philip; murder of Maurice and his family. 66. fol. 89v (IV, 24) two-column miniature: Death of Romhilda; her daughters save their honor. 67. fol. 90 (IV, 25) King Clotaire holds a council. 68. fol. 91v (V, 1) two-column miniature: King Clotaire defeats the Saxons; Lombards give him presents. 69. fol. 92 (V, 2) two-column miniature: Dagobert hunting; the stag takes refuge on the tombs of Rusticus and Eleutherius. 70. fol. 93v (V, 3) two-column miniature: Dagobert cuts his tutor's beard; he takes refuge at the tomb. 71. fol. 94v (V, 4) Dagobert's vision and reconciliation with King Clotaire. 72. fol. 95v (V, 5) two-column miniature: Ernulph reconciles Dagobert to Clotaire; Eusebius gives Adalwald a potion; death of Rodoald. 73. fol. 97 (V, 6) two-column miniature: Dagobert wounded; Clotaire at the Weser removes his helmet; he carries off Bertoald's head. 74. fol. 98 (V, 7) Godin accused by his stepmother; he is killed at table. 75. fol. 98v (V, 8) Council of Clichy; death of Ermenharius. 76. fol. 99v (V, 9) Dagobert founds Saint-Denis. 77. fol. 101 (V, 10) Dagobert does justice; Brunulph slain. 78. fol. 101v (V, 11) Dagobert and Ragintruda in bed. 79. fol. 102v (V, 12) two-column miniature: Phocas throws treasure into the sea; his death. 80. fol. 104 (V, 13) Envoys complain to the king of Sclavonia of the murder of merchants. 81. fol. 105 (V, 14) Gifts of Dagobert to Saint-Denis. 82. fol. 106 (V, 15) Gifts of Dagobert to Saint-Denis. 83. fol. 107 (V, 16) two-column miniature: Dagobert makes his testament. 84. fol. 108 (V, 17) Dagobert pardons the Gascons. 85. fol. 109 (V, 18) Dagobert's deathbed. 86. fol. 110 (V, 19) Ansoald's voyage; meeting with John the hermit; the hermit's vision. 87. fol. 111 (V, 20) Homage done to Clovis; Nantilda orders her affairs. 88. fol. 112 (V, 12) Clovis and Landry give exemption to Saint-Denis. 89. fol. 112v (V, 22) two-column miniature: Clovis takes a bone of Saint Denis's; he makes peace with the monks. 90. fol. 113v (V, 23) Bathilda founds Corbie and Chelles. 91. fol. 114v (V, 24) Ebroin defeats the Austrasians. 92. fol. 116 (V, 25) two-column miniature: Battle of Chilperic and Charles Martel. 93. fol. 117v (V, 26) two-column miniature: King Charles at the battle of Poitiers. 94. fol. 118v (V, 27) two-column miniature: Siege of Avignon. 95. fol. 119v (V, 27+) Deathbed of Charles Martel (here a king). 96. fol. 120 (V, 28) two-column miniature: Siege of Laon; agreement between the brothers. 97. fol. 121 (V, 29) Pepin defeats the Lombards. 98. fol. 122v (V, 30) Pepin holds a parliament; his army. 99. fol. 124 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) two-column miniature: Einhard and Turpin writing and in discussion with barons. 100. fol. 125 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 2) Battle. 101. fol. 126 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 3) Emperor

Charlemagne takes hostages of Tassilo of Bavaria. 102. fol. 127v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 4) two-column miniature: Battles in Aquitaine. 103. fol. 129 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 5) two-column miniature: Saxon raids; Fritzlar chapel miraculously saved from fire by angels. 104. fol. 130v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 6) two-column miniature: Emperor Charlemagne holds a parliament; Saxons submit to him; he has Saxons baptized. 105. fol. 131v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 7) two columns: Tassilo, duke of Bavaria, pays homage to Charlemagne. 106. fol. 132 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 7) two-column miniature: The pope says mass before Charlemagne and Hildegarde; he crowns Pepin and Louis, their sons. 107. fol. 133 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 8) Charlemagne kills surrendered Saxons. 108. fol. 133v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 8) Charlemagne defeats Saxons. 109. fol. 134v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 9) two-column miniature: Charlemagne at mass; he defeats the Bretons. 110. fol. 135v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 10) two-column miniature: Charlemagne divides his army in three; surrender of Tassilo. 111. fol. 137 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 11) two-column miniature: Charlemagne divides his army in two; he takes two castles. 112. fol. 138v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 12) two-column miniature: Charlemagne holds a parliament; he burns a town in Saxony; Constantine blinded. 113. fol. 140 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 13) two-column miniature: Pope Leo III maltreated; in sanctuary; rescued by Winigisius. 114. fol. 141v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) two-column miniature: Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope Leo III. 115. fol. 143 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 2) two-column miniature: Charlemagne moves the Saxons from beyond the Elbe; Leo celebrates a mass before Charlemagne. 116. fol. 144 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 3) two-column miniature: Charlemagne and scholars watch eclipses and transit of Mercury; plate and tents given to Charlemagne. 117. fol. 145v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 4) two-column miniature: Eardwulf, deposed king of Northumbria, visits Charlemagne; Charlemagne sends envoys with him to Rome. 118 fol. 147 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 5) two-column miniature: Charlemagne receives an envoy from Amor of Saragossa; parley; voyage of Pepin. 119. fol. 148v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 6) two-column miniature: Peace with Denmark; Charlemagne divides his army into three. 120. fol. 149v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 7) two-column miniature: Charlemagne has a lectionary written; the angel shows Saint John the river of crystal; Charlemagne crowns his son emperor. 121. fol. 151 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Charlemagne builds Aix-la-Chapelle. 122. fol. 151v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) two-column miniature: Charlemagne's bridge over the Rhine burnt; he gives orders to a bishop. 123. fol. 152v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 2) two-column miniature: Charlemagne welcomes pilgrims. 124. fol. 153v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 3) two-column miniature: Charlemagne welcomes Clement Scotus and a companion; he gives Tours abbey to Alcuin. 125. fol. 155 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 4) two-column miniature: Saracens sack Jerusalem; the patriarch before Constantine; Constantine sends envoys to Charlemagne. 126. fol. 156v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5) two-column miniature: Charlemagne receives the envoys; Turpin reads the letter in public. 127. fol. 157v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6) two-column miniature: The emperors meet; Jerusalem recovered. 128. fol. 158v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 7) Charlemagne takes council. 129. fol. 159 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 7) two-column miniature: The Crown of Thorns divided for Charlemagne. 130. fol. 160 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 8) two-column miniature: The wood of the Cross divided. 131. fol. 161 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 9) two-column miniature: The nail heals the sick. 132. fol. 161v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 10) two-column miniature: Return of Charlemagne from the East. 133. fol. 162v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 11) two-column miniature: The sick kneeling before the relics. 134. fol. 163 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 12) two-column miniature: Exhibition of relics by Charlemagne at the Fair of Lendit at Aix-la-Chapelle. 135. fol. 165 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) two-column miniature: Charlemagne's vision of the milky way; Saint James appears to Charlemagne. 136. fol. 166 (Charlemagne. Bk. IV, 2) two-column miniature: Charlemagne opens the way to Spain. 137. fol. 167 (Charlemagne. Bk. IV, 3) two-column miniature: Agolant and his Moors attack a castle. 138. fol. 168v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 4) two-column miniature: Charlemagne (bearing his arms) beseiges Agolant in Agen. 139. fol. 170 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 5) two-column miniature: Charlemagne and his court in camp.

140. fol. 171 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 6) Battle. 141. fol. 171v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 6) two-column miniature: Battle. 142. fol. 172v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 7) two-column miniature: Prowess of the giant Ferragut; Roland and Ferragut battle; Roland and Ferragut declare truce. 143. fol. 173 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8) Roland parleys with Ferragut; he slays Ferragut. 144. fol. 174v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 9) two-column miniature: Battle; Charlemagne takes the standard. 145. fol. 175v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 10) Charlemagne gives privileges to Compostela; he worships at Saint-James. 146. fol. 177 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) two-column miniature: Ganelon before Marsile and Baligans; their presents to Charlemagne. 147. fol. 178 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 2) Battle of Roncevaux. 148. fol. 178v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 2) two-column miniature: Roland binds his prisoner; battle. 149. fol. 179v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 3) Death of Roland in presence of his brothers. 150. fol. 180v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 4) two-column miniature: Baldwin and Turpin bring the news to Charlemagne; Charlemagne mourns over Roland. 151. fol. 181v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5) two-column miniature: Funeral of Roland; punishment of Ganelon. 152. fol. 182 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 6) Burial of the dead. 153. fol. 182v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 6) two-column miniature: Burial of the dead. 154. fol. 183 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 7) two-column miniature: Charlemagne in council at Saint-Denis; he honors Saint Denis, who holds the top portion of his cranium. 155. fol. 185 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 9) two-column miniature: Roland at Grenoble receives a messenger; he prays in a tent; slaughter of inhabitants. 156. fol. 185v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 10) two-column miniature: Raid of the Mansur of Cordova; he plunders Saint-James; punishment of the Saracens. 157. fol. 187v (Louis the Pious, 1) two-column miniature: Hildegarde and her children; birth of Louis the Pious; his baptism. 158. fol. 189 (Louis the Pious, 2) two-column miniature: Meeting of a king and Charlemagne; Charlemagne leaves Louis with Queen Fastrade. 159. fol. 189v (Louis the Pious, 3) two-column miniature: Charlemagne in council in Toulouse; Louis's bethrothal to Ermengarde; his marriage; coronation. 160. fol. 190v (Louis the Pious, 4) two-column miniature: Louis divides his army into three; surrender of Barcelona; priests enter the city. 161. fol. 192 (Louis the Pious, 5) two-column miniature: Passage of the Ebro; a bather discovers horse dung. 162. fol. 193 (Louis the Pious, 6) two-column miniature: Louis holds a parliament; Gascons summoned to yield; their punishment and submission. 163. fol. 194 (Louis the Pious, 7) two-column miniature: Deathbed of Charlemagne; news brought to Theodulph and to Louis; meeting of Theodulph and Louis. 164. fol. 195v (Louis the Pious, 8) two-column miniature: Messengers between Louis and Constantinople; Louis holds a parliament at Aix-la-Chapelle. 165. fol. 197 (Louis the Pious, 10) two columns: Accident to Louis on a stairway leading from his chapel; council at Aix-la-Chapelle. 166. fol. 198v (Louis the Pious, 11) two-column miniature: Louis has a prelate degraded and shorn; Bernard blinded; death of Marcoman of Brittany. 167. fol. 199v (Louis the Pious, 12) two-column miniature: Duke Borna complains to Louis; siege of a castle. 168. fol. 201 (Louis the Pious, 13) two-column miniature: Lothaire receives an envoy; Pope Paschasius crowns Lothaire emperor; Drogo chosen as bishop. 169. fol. 202v (Louis the Pious, 14) two-column miniature: Louis holds a parliament; submission of Bretons. 170. fol. 203v (Louis the Pious, 15+) two-column miniature: Louis receives a present of plate; Abbot Hilduin (haloed) of Saint-Denis translates saints Peter, Paul, and Marcellus. 171. fol. 205 (Louis the Pious, 16) Louis sends traitors to prison. 172. fol. 206v (Louis the Pious, 17) two-column miniature: Purgation of Judith; traitors pardoned. 173. fol. 207v (Louis the Pious, 18+) Louis's sons set Pope Gregory against him. 174. fol. 208 (Louis the Pious, 18+) Meeting of Louis and Gregory. 175. fol. 209v (Louis the Pious, 19) two-column miniature: Lothaire takes Louis from Soissons; envoys from Constantinople. 176. fol. 211 (Louis the Pious, 20) two-column miniature: Odo surprised; burning of Châlons. 177. fol. 212v (Louis the Pious, 21) two-column miniature: Treating for peace; sack of a town. 178. fol. 214 (Louis the Pious, 22) two-column miniature: Louis at Mass; the comet; Louis questions the astronomer. 179. fol. 215v (Louis the Pious, 23) two-column miniature: Louis receives messengers; Louis holds a parliament. 180. fol. 217 (Louis the Pious, 24) two-column

miniature: Louis, on sickbed, gives crown and sword to Lothaire and has an inventory of treasure made. 181. fol. 219 (Charles the Bald, 1) two-column miniature: Battle of Fontenoy. 182. fol. 220 (Charles the Bald, 2) two-column miniature: Charles, setting out on a journey, met by messengers. 183. fol. 221v (Charles the Bald, 3) two-column miniature: Louis the German sends a messenger. 184. fol. 222v (Charles the Bald, 3+) Messengers riding. 185. fol. 223 (Charles the Bald, 4) two-column miniature: Charles leaves Aix-la-Chapelle; his marriage with Richilda. 186. fol. 224 (Charles the Bald, 5) two-column miniature: Louis the German, on sickbed, receives messengers from the pope; Ratislaus blinded. 187. fol. 225v (Charles the Bald, 6) two-column miniature: Louis the German dictates an oath to his sons; Carloman, son of Charles the Bald, blinded. 188. fol. 227v (Charles the Bald, 7) two-column miniature: Messengers between Louis the German and the pope. 189. fol. 229 (Charles the Bald, 8) two-column miniature: Carloman, son of Louis the German, makes terms with Charles. 190. fol. 230v (Charles the Bald, 9) two-column miniature: Emperor Charles at the Council of Metz. 191. fol. 231v (Charles the Bald, 10) two-column miniature: Battle of Charles and Louis, his nephew. 192. fol. 232v (Charles the Bald, 11) King Charles receives two bishops as envoys. 193. fol. 233v (Charles the Bald, 12) Body of Charles taken to Saint-Denis by two bishops in presence of Louis the Stammerer. 194. fol. 234 (Charles the Bald, 13) Monk of Saint-Denis has a vision of Charles. 195. fol. 235v (Charles the Bald, 14) two-column miniature: Charles and monks; Charles gives a town to Saint Denis, who holds the top half of his head. 196. fol. 237v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) two-column miniature: Louis the Stammerer receives the sword and scepter from Empress Richilda; his coronation. 197. fol. 239 (Louis the Stammerer, 2) two-column miniature: The pope refuses to crown the queen; Assembly of pope and prelates at Troyes. 198. fol. 240 (Louis the Stammerer, 3) two-column miniature: Louis the Stammerer makes peace with his cousin Louis, son of Louis the German. 199. fol. 241 (Louis the Stammerer, 4) two-column miniature: Deathbed of Louis the Stammerer; regalia entrusted to Thierry. 200. fol. 242 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) two-column miniature: Coronation of Carloman and Louis III. 201. fol. 243v (Louis the Stammerer, 6) two-column miniature: Carloman returns from Vienne; the defeat of the Normans. 202. fol. 244v (Louis the Stammerer, 7) Translation of saints' relics (illustrates Louis the Stammerer, 6+). 203. fol. 245 (Louis the Stammerer, 7) Onslaught of Normans. 204. fol. 245v (Charles the Simple, 1) two-column miniature: Flight of Louis, son of Charles the Simple, and his mother; Normans burn a church; Saint Benedict appears to Sigillophus. 205. fol. 247 (Charles the Simple, 2) two-column miniature: Fight with the Normans; Charles the Simple gives his daughter to Rollo. 206. fol. 248 (Charles the Simple, 3 and Raoul, 1) two-column miniature: Armies in the sky and on earth; Charles imprisoned; Raoul crowned. 207. fol. 249 (Raoul, 2) two-column miniature: Duke William defeats a mutiny in camp. 208. fol. 249v (Louis VI, 1) two-column miniature: Red hosts seen in the sky; coronation. 209. fol. 250v (Louis IV, 2) two-column miniature: Duke William refuses the monks' charity; he is attacked by a boar; he accepts their gifts; he restores Jumièges. 210. fol. 251v (Louis IV, 3) Murder of Duke William (illustrates Louis IV, 2+). 211. fol. 252 (Louis IV, 3) Louis takes possession of the young Duke Richard. 212. fol. 253 (Louis IV, 4) two-column miniature: Louis receives a message; Surrender of Rouen. 213. fol. 253v (Louis IV, 5) Danes defeat the French. 214. fol. 255 (Lothaire, 1) Ansegisus expelled from the see of Troyes. 215. fol. 255v (Lothaire, 2) Duke Richard gives presents to his messengers (illustrates Lothaire, 1+). 216. fol. 256 (Lothaire, 2) Lothaire meets the duke at Eaune. 217. fol. 256v (Lothaire, 3) Raid of Danes. 218. fol. 257v (Louis V, 1) Lothaire drives Otho's army into the Aisne (illustrates Lothaire, 3+). 219. fol. 257v (Charles, 1) Coronation of Louis, son of Lothaire (illustrates Louis V, 1). 220 fol. 258 (Charles, 1) Bishop permits forces of Hugh Capet to capture Charles and his wife. 221. fol. 258 (Hugh Capet, 1) Council of Reims. 222. fol. 259 (Robert, 1) two-column miniature: Siege of Melun. 223. fol. 259v (Robert, 2) Deathbed of Duke Richard of Normandy. 224. fol. 260v (Robert, 3) two-column miniature: Odo,

count of Chartres, defeated; he disguises himself as a shepherd. 225. fol. 262 (Robert, 4) two-column miniature: Surrender of Auxerre; siege of Avalon. 226. fol. 263v (Henry, 1) two-column miniature: Henry I of France asks aid of Duke Robert of Normandy; horses presented to Henry; siege of a castle. 227. fol. 265v (Henry, 2) two-column miniature: Burning of Argentan; Battle of Val-es-Dunes; surrender of a castle. 228. fol. 266v (Henry, 3) two-column miniature: Duke William the Bastard defeats the French; he sends a herald to Henry. 229. fol. 267 (Henry, 4) Henry sends a protest to the emperor concerning Saint-Denis. 230. fol. 268v (Henry, 5) Abbot of Saint-Denis sends messengers. 231. fol. 269v (Henry, 6) Henry sends a bishop; his marriage to Anne. 232. fol. 270 (Philip I, 1) two-column miniature: Fulk of Anjou makes terms with Philip I; he defeats his brother Geoffrey; he imprisons him. 233. fol. 271 (Philip I, 2) Bertha in prison; Bertrande and Fulk of Anjou. 234. fol. 272 (Philip I, 3) Death of William Rufus. 235. fol. 272v (Philip I, 4) two-column miniature: Battle scene; complaint of Hughes de Clermont; siege of Clermont. 236. fol. 273v (Philip I, 5) Fight before a castle. 237. fol. 274v (Philip I, 6) two-column miniature: Disputes at Chateau Montaigu. 238. fol. 275v (Philip I, 7) Philip gives Louis Montlehery. 239. fol. 276 (Philip I, 8) Attack on Montlehery. 240. fol. 276v (Philip I, 9) two-column miniature: Robert Giscard and Boemond defeat two emperors in one day. 241. fol. 277v (Philip I, 10) Pope Paschasius meets Abbot Suger. 242. fol. 278v (Philip I, 11) Imperial envoys and the pope. 243. fol. 279 (Philip I, 12) The pope celebrates the eucharist for Emperor Henry. 244. fol. 280v (Philip I, 13) two-column miniature: Siege of Gournay-sur-Marne. 245. fol. 282 (Philip I, 14) Prowess of Louis VI. 246. fol. 282v (Philip I, 15) Funeral of Philip I. 247. fol. 284 (Louis VI, 1) two-column miniature: Messengers arrive too late to halt coronation. 248. fol. 284v (Louis VI, 2) Capture and imprisonment of Odo of Corbeil. 249. fol. 286 (Louis VI, 3) two-column miniature: Henry I of England receives French envoys near Gisors. 250. fol. 288 (Louis V, 4) Murder of Guy de Roche-Guyon. 251. fol. 289v (Louis VI, 5) Louis VI enters Meun. 252. fol. 290 (Louis VI, 6) Countess of Chartres appeals to Louis VI for help. 253. fol. 291 (Louis VI, 7) Siege of Puisat. 254. fol. 292 (Louis VI, 8) Louis defeats Count Thiebaud. 255. fol. 293 (Louis VI, 9) Bouchard, count of Corbeil, takes his spear from his countess. 256. fol. 294v (Louis VI, 10) Louis defeats Thiebaud's men. 257. fol. 295v (Louis VI, 11) Count Thiebaud surrenders to Louis. 258. fol. 296v (Louis VI, 12) Louis takes Crécy or Nouvion. 259. fol. 298 (Louis VI, 13) two-column miniature: Louis with his army; battle with Steven; burning of Gasny by the French. 260. fol. 299 (Louis VI, 14) Henry I of England sleeps with arms of France (sic ) at hand. 261. fol. 300v (Louis VI, 15) two-column miniature: Louis VI rides to meet Pope Gelasius; funeral of Gelasius. 262. fol. 301v (Louis VI, 16) Suger before Pope Calixtus. 263. fol. 302v (Louis VI, 17) two-column miniature: Louis VI receives news of imperial invasion; he sends a letter; he prays before Saint Denis, who holds the upper portion of his cranium. 264. fol. 303v (Louis VI, 18) Louis VI gives orders to his army. 265. fol. 304v (Louis VI, 19) two-column miniature: Bishop of Clermont complains to Louis VI; Louis attacks Clermont. 266. fol. 306 (Louis VI, 20) Murder of Charles, count of Flanders. 267. fol. 306 (Louis VI, 20) Murderers hanged. 268. fol. 307v (Louis VI, 21) Siege of Coucy. 269. fol. 308 (Louis VI, 22) Schism of cardinals. 270. fol. 309 (Louis VI, 23) Philip, son of Louis VI, killed by a boar. 271. fol. 310v (Louis VI, 24) Sickbed of Louis VI. 272. fol. 311 (Louis VI, 25) two-column miniature: Louis VI visits Saint-Denis. 273. fol. 312v (Louis VII, 1) two-column miniature: Louis VII returns to Paris from Aquitaine. 274. fol. 313v (Louis VII, 2) Deathbed of William, duke of Aquitaine. 275. fol. 314 (Louis VII, 3) Louis VII leads crusaders. 276. fol. 316v (Louis VII, 7) Crusaders in flight in a wood. 277. fol. 317 (Louis VII, 8) Funeral of Guy de Ponthieu. 278. fol. 317v (Louis VII, 9) Division of crusading army when crossing a mountain. 279. fol. 318v (Louis VII, 10) two-column miniature: Louis VII reaches the camp of the advance guard. 280. fol. 319 (Louis VII, 11) Louis VII marches to Antioch. 281. fol. 320 (Louis VII, 13) Council of princes in Jerusalem. 282. fol. 321 (Louis VII, 14) two-column miniature: The Emperor and his council; Louis

VII and his council. 283. fol. 321v (Louis VII, 15) Approach to Damascus. 284. fol. 322 (Louis VII, 16) two-column miniature: Siege of Damascus. 285. fol. 322v (Louis VII, 17) two-column miniature: Attempts to destroy the walls; Conrad slays a Turk. 286. fol. 323 (Louis VII, 18) Encampment before Damascus. 287. fol. 325 (Louis VII, 21) two-column miniature: Emperor Conrad sails away; Louis VII takes leave. 288. fol. 325v (Louis VII, 23) Divorce of Louis VII. 289. fol. 326v (Louis VII, 25) Coronation of Pope Alexander III. 290. fol. 327v (Louis VII, 26) Bishop of Clermont complains to Louis VII; Louis defeats the count of Clermont. 291. fol. 327v (Louis VII, 27) The count of Châlons attacks the monk of Cluny. 292. fol. 328v (Louis VII, 28) two-column miniature: The abbey of Vezelay attacked; complaint made to Louis VII. 293. fol. 329v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) two-column miniature: Louis VII and nobles pray for a son and Christ blesses them; birth of Philip Augustus. 294. fol. 330v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 2) two-column miniature: Louis VII holds a council; Philip on a boarhunt. 295. fol. 331 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3) Coronation of Philip Augustus with help of Henry II's son. 296. fol. 332v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 5) two-column miniature: Philip rides to Saint-Denis; Philip and Isabel at mass after their marriage. 297. fol. 333v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 6) Banishment of Jews. 298. fol. 334 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 8) Destruction of synagogues. 299. fol. 334v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 9) Philip opens a market. 300. fol. 335v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 10) Vision of Durand. 301. fol. 337 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 12) Philip visited by the patriarch of Jerusalem and the master of the Temple. 302. fol. 338 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 14) Philip receives petitions from abbeys of Burgundy. 303. fol. 340 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 17) two-column miniature: Voyage of Rollo; he attacks Rouen. 304. fol. 340v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 18) Philip visits Saint-Denis; resignation of Abbot William. 305. fol. 341 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 19) Philip receives an envoy; he gives his sister Margaret in marriage to the king of Hungary. 306. fol. 343v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 22) two-column miniature: Philip sends an envoy; the envoy received by Henry II and his queen. 307. fol. 344v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 23) Philip receives an envoy; Philip and Henry II take the cross. 308. fol. 345 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 24) Philip addresses the clergy. 309. fol. 345v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 25) Siege engine at Montrichard. 310. fol. 347 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) two-column miniature: Attack on Le Mans; Philip fords the Loire to attack Tours. 311. fol. 347v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 2) Coronation of Richard I; burning of Gisors. 312. fol. 348v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 3) Philip dictates his will; his army. 313. fol. 350 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 4) Meeting of Philip and Tancred. 314. fol. 350v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) two-column miniature: Philip arrives at Acre. 315. fol. 351v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 6) two-column miniature: Sickbed of Philip's son, Louis; procession with relics from Saint-Denis. 316. fol. 352v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 7) Capture of Acre. 317. fol. 353v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 8) two-column miniature: Philip at Saint-Denis with exhibition of relics. 318. fol. 354 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 9) Philip receives messengers. 319. fol. 355 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 10) Siege of Gisors. 320. fol. 356 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 11) two-column miniature: Philip assembles his army; attack on Rouen. 321. fol. 356v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 12) Battle with English. 322. fol. 357v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 13) Battle with Richard at Arques. 323. fol. 358v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 14) Attack on a town. 324. fol. 360 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 15) two-column miniature: Battle with Richard before Gisors. 325. fol. 361 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 17) Peter of Capua mediates between Philip and Richard. 326. fol. 361v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 18) two-column miniature: Arthur of Brittany does homage to Philip. 327. fol. 362 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 19) Philip and John make peace. 328. fol. 362v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 20) Arthur of Brittany (here a king) pays homage to Philip Augustus. 329. fol. 363v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 21) Death of Andronicus. 330. fol. 364v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 22) The pope sends legates; a legate before Philip. 331. fol. 365v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 23) two-column miniature: Submission of Normans; Philip attacks Rouen. 332. fol. 366 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 24) Siege of Loches. 333. fol. 367 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 25) two-column miniature: Fighting in Aquitaine. 334. fol. 368v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III,

1) two-column miniature: Amaury de Bene lectures at Paris; he retracts before the pope. 335. fol. 369v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 2) Philip fights with the count of Auvergne. 336. fol. 370v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 3) Treaty with the emperor renewed. 337. fol. 371v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 4) Attack on a castle. 338. fol. 372v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 5) Fighting in Lombardy. 339. fol. 373 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 6) two-column miniature: Philip awaits his fleet. 340. fol. 373v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 7) King John of England attacks a castle. 341. fol. 374v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 8) two-column miniature: The pope excommunicates the Albigenses; the crusade against them. 342. fol. 375 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 9) two-column miniature: Siege. 343. fol. 376v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) two-column miniature: Armies of Philip and John approach each other. 344. fol. 377 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 11) French on the march to Bouvines. 345. fol. 379 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 13) two-column miniature: Battle. 346. fol. 379v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Battle. 347. fol. 380v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 15) Battle between horse and foot soldiers. 348. fol. 381 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 16) Battle between foot and horse soldiers. 349. fol. 381v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 17) Flight of imperial army. 350. fol. 382v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 18) Philip reproaches Count Ferrand. 351. fol. 383 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 19) Prisoner before Philip. 352. fol. 384 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 20) two-column miniature: Battle scene; King returns to Paris, Count Ferrand carried as a prisoner. 353. fol. 385 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 22) two-column miniature: French battle with King John of England; Louis on the march. 354. fol. 386 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 24) Bishops at the funeral of Philip Augustus. 355. fol. 386v (Louis VIII, 1) two-column miniature: Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. 356. fol. 368 (Louis VIII, 2) two-column miniature: Louis holds a parliament; siege engine at Rochelle. 357. fol. 388v (Louis VIII, 3) Rochelle attacked from the sea. 358. fol. 389v (Louis VIII, 4) Siege of Avignon.

The following illustrate a different translation of Guillaume de Nangis's Vie de Saint Louis than was normally used in the Grandes Chroniques . I have assigned chapter numbers here that correspond to those given in Grandes Chroniques , ed. Viard, vol. 10. This text occurs as well in B.N. fr. 2615 and Cambrai, B.M. 682. 359. fol. 390v (Saint Louis, 1) two-column miniature: Coronation of Saint Louis; siege of a castle. 360. fol. 391v (Saint Louis, 2) Battle. 361. fol. 392v (Saint Louis, 3) Surrender of a castle. 362. fol. 393 (Saint Louis, 4) Restoration of Saint-Denis; monks hold the saint clou . 363. fol. 394 (Saint Louis, 5) two-column miniature: Thiebaud, count of Champagne, marches against Louis; Louis forgives him. 364. fol. 395 (Saint Louis, 6) two-column miniature: Louis receives the Crown of Thorns and other relics from Constantinople. 365. fol. 396 (Saint Louis, 7) Attack on a city on crusade. 366. fol. 397 (Saint Louis, 8) Louis sends an envoy; prelates in prison. 367. fol. 398 (Saint Louis, 9) Louis attacks the count de la Marche. 368. fol. 399 (Saint Louis, 10) two-column miniature: Battle with the English. 369. fol. 400 (Saint Louis, 10+) Siege of a castle by the Tartars. 370. fol. 401 (Saint Louis, 11) Election of Pope Innocent IV. 371. fol. 402 (Saint Louis, 12) Council of Lyons. 372. fol. 403 (Saint Louis, 12+) two-column miniature: The pope sends Odo to Paris; nobles take the cross. 373. fol. 403v (Saint Louis, 13) two-column miniature: Louis visits the pope. 374. fol. 404v (Saint Louis, 14) two-column miniature: Louis departs on his first crusade. 375. fol. 405 (Saint Louis, 15) Louis receives envoys. 376. fol. 406 (Saint Louis, 16) The king of Cyprus gives Louis a letter. 377. fol. 407 (Saint Louis, 17) Louis converses with envoys. 378. fol. 407v (Saint Louis, 18) Louis and the king of Cyprus dismiss the envoys. 379. fol. 408v (Saint Louis, 19) Louis receives Armenian envoys. 380. fol. 409v (Saint Louis, 20) two-column miniature: Attack on Damietta. 381. fol. 410v (Saint Louis, 21) two-column miniature: Capture of Damietta. 382. fol. 411 (Saint Louis, 22) two-column miniature: Louis sails from Damietta; battle. 383. fol. 412 (Saint Louis, 23) two-column miniature: Battle scene; deaths from pestilence. 384. fol. 413 (Saint Louis, 24) two-column miniature: Louis sick and a captive. 385. fol. 414 (Saint Louis, 25) two-column miniature: Louis leaves Damietta; voyages; arrives at Acre. 386. fol. 415v (Saint Louis, 26) two-column

miniature: Louis builds a fortress; goes on pilgrimage to Nazareth. 387. fol. 416v (Saint Louis, 27) two-column miniature: Massacre at Sidon; Louis buries the dead. 388. fol. 417 (Saint Louis, 28) Louis sails for France. 389. fol. 418 (Saint Louis, 28+) William, king of the Romans, killed. 390. fol. 418v (Saint Louis, 29) Louis makes officers swear to his établissements . 391. fol. 420v (Saint Louis, 30) two-column miniature: Punishment of a blasphemer; children caught in the forest of Coucy. 392. fol. 422 (Saint Louis, 32) Louis washes poor men's feet; feeding the poor. 393. fol. 423 (Saint Louis, 34) Nimbed Louis at confession; disciplined by his confessor. 394. fol. 423v (Saint Louis, 35) two-column miniature: Nimbed Louis feeding the poor (two scenes). 395. fol. 424v (Saint Louis, 37) Cure of scrofula. 396. fol. 425 (Saint Louis, 38) two-column miniature: Charles of Anjou addresses the men of Marseilles; his army. 397. fol. 426 (Saint Louis, 39) two-column miniature: Henry III visits Louis; Henry at Saint-Denis. 398. fol. 426v (Saint Louis, 39+) Louis receives a letter about the Holy Land. 399. fol. 427 (Saint Louis, 39+) two-column miniature: Attack of the Tartars in the Holy Land. 400. fol. 427v (Saint Louis, 40) Civil war in England. 401. fol. 429v (Saint Louis, 42) two-column miniature: Charles sails for Rome; the pope crowns him. 402. fol. 430v (Saint Louis, 43) Charles drives back Manfred. 403. fol. 431 (Saint Louis, 44) Battle of Benevento. 404. fol. 432 (Saint Louis, 45) two-column miniature: Defeat of Manfred. 405. fol. 433 (Saint Louis, 46) Charles of Anjou fights with Conradin. 406. fol. 433v (Saint Louis, 47) Armies divided by a river. 407. fol. 434v (Saint Louis, 48) two-column miniature: Charles defeats Henry of Spain. 408. fol. 436 (Saint Louis, 49) two-column miniature: Conradin and Henry brought prisoners to Charles (nimbed, perhaps Louis IX). 409. fol. 436v (Saint Louis, 50) Cardinal Simon preaches a crusade before nimbed Louis. 410. fol. 437v (Saint Louis, 51) Nimbed Louis sails on his second crusade. 411. fol. 438v (Saint Louis, 52) Landing at Cagliari; sick men carried ashore. 412. fol. 439v (Saint Louis, 54) Council on board ship; nimbed Louis. 413. fol. 440v (Saint Louis, 55) two-column miniature: Nimbed Louis lands at Tunis; French cut off by Saracens in a tower. 414. fol. 441 (Saint Louis, 56) Capture of Carthage. 415. fol. 442 (Saint Louis, 57) two-column miniature: Treacherous attack by Saracens. 416. fol. 442v (Saint Louis, 57) Entrenching the camp. 417. fol. 443v (Saint Louis, 58) Nimbed Louis instructs his son. 418. fol. 444v (Saint Louis, 59) two-column miniature: Deathbed of nimbed Louis.

STYLE: At least six distinct artistic styles. I (Mahiet [Master of the Vie de Saint Louis , B.N. fr. 5716]): gatherings 2, 5–14, 17, 19, 22–26, 38. II (Master of the Cambrai Missal [Cathedral of Cambrai]): gatherings 20–21. III: gatherings 3, 4, 30. IV: gatherings 15, 16, 18, 21 (except bifolium, fols. 234–39), 29, 31–37. V: gathering 28. VI: bifolium fols. 234–39 in gathering 21.

PROVENANCE: Arms in the margin of fol. 3 (France ancient, a bordure gueles are those born by John the Good before his coronation. An effaced inscription on fol. 445v is visible under ultraviolet light: "Jehan Ce rommant est monss. le Duc." There is an inscription on fol. 445 as well: "Cest livre est à moy Homfrey Duc de Gloucestre du don les exsecuteurs le seigneir de Faunhope." Warner notes that Humphery became duke of Gloucester in 1414 and died in 1447, and suggests that Humphrey probably acquired it after 1428 when Sir John Chandos, grandson of the lord of the manor of Fownhope County, died.

REFERENCES: Julius Gilson and Georges Warner, Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Old Royal and Kings Collections (London, 1921), 2:209–12, 4, pls. 99, 100; Delisle, "Notes sur quelques manuscrits."

London, British Library, Royal 20 C VII
Grandes Chroniques de France (from the life of Philip III, the Bold, to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–8(57)8; 9(65)7, binding too tight to determine which folio lacks; 10(72)8–13(96)8; 14(104)4, there is a 106 bis (blank and ruled recto and verso); 15(107)8–

28(211)8. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy commence l'ystoire du roy phelippe. . . . T: Nous avons du bon roy saint loys . . . ; fol. 2 R: Comment le roy loys de zecille. . . . T: Autres fors advint . . . ; fol. 3 bataille. Quant ceulz . . . ; fol. 216: R: Comment le roy Charles. . . . T: L'an mil. . . . Explicit: fol. 216v: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: The following corrects and expands Warner. 1. fol. 1 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou arrives at the deathbed of Saint Louis in Tunis. 2. fol. 1v (Philip III, 3) Charles of Anjou fights the Saracens. 3. fol. 2 (Philip III, 4) Philip builds a fort to control the food supply of Tunis. 4. fol. 2v (Philip III, 5) The king of Tunis and his army approach the French camp. 5. fol. 4v (Philip III, 7) Departure of the French from Tunis. 6. fol. 5v (Philip III, 10) Death of Tibault, king of Navarre. 7. fol. 6 (Philip III, 11) Philip and knights mourn over the body of Queen Isabella. 8. fol. 6v (Philip III, 12) Murder of Henry of Germany in the church at Viterbo. 9. fol. 7 (Philip III, 14) Funeral of Saint Louis, Queen Isabella, and others. 10. fol. 8 (Philip III, 15) two-column miniature: At right, the king is crowned; in center, he gives the sword, Joyeuse, to the count of Artois; at left, the Count carries it before him. 11. fol. 8v (Philip III, 16) Saint Louis instructs his sons from his deathbed. 12. fol. 8v (Philip III, 17) Philip fights with barons. 13. fol. 10 (Philip III, 19) Marriage of Philip with Mary of Brabant. 14. fol. 10v (Philip III, 20) two-column miniature: Coronation of Mary of Brabant; cleric kneels before nobles and clergy. 15. fol. 11 (Philip III, 21) Death of Ferdinand of Castile. 16. fol. 12 (Philip III, 22) The abbot of Saint-Denis consults a mendicant wise women. 17. fol. 13 (Philip III, 23) King of Castile receives envoys. 18. fol. 13v (Philip III, 24) two-column miniature: French troops encamped before a castle. 19. fol. 14v (Philip III, 25) Count of Artois in conversation with the king of Castile as a messenger arrives. 20. fol. 15 (Philip III, 26) Pierre de la Brosse hanged. 21. fol. 18 (Philip III, 37) Naval defeat of Charles, prince of Salerno. 22. fol. 19 (Philip III, 40) French destroy Genoa. 23. fol. 20v (Philip III, 43) two-column miniature: Defeat and fatal wound of Peter III of Aragon. 24. fol. 21v (Philip III, 45) Queen and nobles mourn Philip at his deathbed. 25. fol. 22v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I does homage to Philip. 26. fol. 23 (Philip IV, 3) Battle of Luxembourg. 27. fol. 23v (Philip IV, 4) two-column miniature: Charles of Salerno taken from prison and brought before Alfonso of Aragon. 28. fol. 24 (Philip IV, 5) Christians of Acre attack the Saracens. 29. fol. 24v (Philip IV, 6) Siege of Acre. 30. fol. 25v (Philip IV, 8) English landing in Normandy. 31. fol. 26 (Philip IV, 9) Battle of the count of Armagnac and the count of Foix. 32. fol. 26v (Philip IV, 10) English force at sea. 33. fol. 26v (Philip IV, 11+) Burning of the count of Auxerre. 34. fol. 27v (Philip IV, 13) Siege of Rions; Gascons hanged. 35. fol. 28 (Philip IV, 15) John, king of Scotland, brought before Edward I. 36. fol. 28v (Philip IV, 17) Capture of John of Saint-John and others by the French. 37. fol. 29v (Philip IV, 20) The count of Bar and others invade Champagne. 38. fol. 29v (Philip IV, 21) French besiege Lille. 39. fol. 30 (Philip IV, 22) Robert of Artois fights the Flemish. 40. fol. 30v (Philip IV, 25) Translation of Saint Louis; the pope swings a censer, and the king, cardinals, and others kneel below the tomb. 41. fol. 31 (Philip IV, 29) Baptism of the king of Tartary. 42. fol. 31v (Philip IV, 31) Murder of a bishop. 43. fol. 32 (Philip IV, 32) Guy of Flanders and his sons submit to Philip. 44. fol. 32 (Philip IV, 37) Jews of Magdeburg steal a child and crucify it. 45. fol. 33v (Philip IV, 41) Fighting at Bruges. 46. fol. 34 (Philip IV, 42) two-column miniature: Battle of Courtrai. 47. fol. 35 (Philip IV, 44) Army marching away from Arras. 48. fol. 36 (Philip IV, 47) Battle of Saint-Omer. 49. fol. 36v (Philip IV, 49) Council of Barons and clergy at Paris. 50. fol. 37 (Philip IV, 50+) Philip, son of Guy, count of Flanders, approaches Saint-Omer. 51. fol. 37 (Philip IV, 52) Deathbed of Pope Boniface VIII. 52. fol. 38 (Philip IV, 54) two-column miniature: Two apparitions of the Devil to Adam, a Cistercian conversus, and his servant. 53. fol. 39 (Philip IV, 55) Guy of Flanders, his son, William, and others riding. 54. fol. 39 (Philip IV, 56) Charles of Valois tortures a false prophetess. 55. fol. 39v (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 56. fol. 40v (Philip IV, 58) Funeral of Jeanne, queen of France and Navarre. 57. fol. 40v (Philip IV, 59) Coronation of

Pope Clement V. 58. fol. 41 (Philip IV, 60) Head of Saint Louis in a reliquary placed on the altar of Notre-Dame. 59. fol. 41v (Philip IV, 61) two-column miniature: Rioters pillage a house in Paris. 60. fol. 42v (Philip IV, 63) Arrest of the Templars. 61. fol. 43 (Philip IV, 64) Henry of Luxembourg crowned emperor (pope wrongfully portrayed as present). 62. fol. 44v (Philip IV, 65) Templars burnt. 63. fol. 45 (Philip IV, 66) Army sent against the archbishop of Lyons. 64. fol. 47 (Philip IV, 68) two-column miniature: Cardinal preaches to the kings of France, England, and Navarre; at right, procession of Paris citizens. 65. fol. 48 (Philip IV, 70) Burning of the grand master of the Templars and another. 66. fol. 49 (Philip IV, 73) Funeral procession of Philip the Fair. 67. fol. 51 (Philip IV, 76) Enguerrand de Marigny hanged. 68. fol. 52 (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 69. fol. 53 (Louis X, 7) Death of Louis X. 70. fol. 53v (Philip V, 1) Pope John XXII receives Flemish envoys. 71. fol. 55v (Philip V, 6) Third crusade of the Pastoureaux; Jews throw their children from a tower. 72. fol. 56v (Philip V, 7) two-column miniature: Burning of lepers as poisoners. 73. fol. 58 (Charles IV, 1) Pope receives messengers from the French king. 74. fol. 60 (Charles IV, 5) two-column miniature: Jourdain de L'Isle dragged at horses' heels. 75. fol. 60v (Charles IV, 6) two-column miniature: Discovery of a sorcerer's artifices at a crossroads. 76. fol. 62 (Charles IV, 9) King of Bohemia defeats Austrians and Saracens. 77. fol. 65v (Charles IV, 13) Coronation of Queen Jeanne. 78. fol. 66v (Charles IV, 14) Marsiglio of Padua and John of Jandun converse with Louis, duke of Bavaria. 79. fol. 68 (Charles IV, 15) Deathbed of Charles. 80. fol. 68 (Philip of Valois, 1) Discussion between barons and clerics. 81. fol. 68v (Philip of Valois, 2) Coronation of the antipope, Peter of Corvara. 82. fol. 70v (Philip of Valois, 5) two-column miniature: French and Flemish armies; at left, King Philip in his tent prepares for flight; at right, the hill of Cassel. 83. fol. 72v (Philip of Valois, 6) two-column miniature: Edward III does homage to Philip. 84. fol. 73v (Philip of Valois, 8) The sick come to the child of Pomponne to be healed. 85. fol. 74v (Philip of Valois, 9) The Franciscan antipope, Peter of Corvara, submits to the pope. 86. fol. 75 (Philip of Valois, 10) Burning of the damoiselle of Divion. 87. fol. 76v (Philip of Valois, 11+) Archbishop of Rouen preaches a crusade. 88. fol. 78v (Philip of Valois, 13) Doctors attend John, duke of Normandy. Numbers 89–122 are unfinished; figures are sketched, but only the grounds are painted in color. 89. fol. 81v (Philip of Valois, 17) Castle. 90. fol. 83v (Philip of Valois, 19) two-column miniature: Great naval force. 91. fol. 84v (Philip of Valois, 20) Armies of England and France. 92. fol. 88v (Philip of Valois, 25) Battle of Spaniards with Saracens. 93. fol. 89v (Philip of Valois, 28) two-column miniature: Mourners at the deathbed of John, duke of Brittany. 94. fol. 92v (Philip of Valois, 31) Philip mediates between Norman nobles. 95. fol. 93v (Philip of Valois, 32) Olivier de Clisson beheaded on a scaffold. 96. fol. 94 (Philip of Valois, 32+) Forgers of seals deprived of their hands on a scaffold. 97. fol. 95 (Philip of Valois, 33) two-column miniature: John, duke of Normandy and his suite. 98. fol. 95v (Philip of Valois, 34) Andrew, husband of Queen Johanna of Sicily, strangled in bed. 99. fol. 96 (Philip of Valois, 35) Mounted troops on the march in Normandy. 100. fol. 97v (Philip of Valois, 36) two-column miniature: English admitted into Lannion. 101. fol. 98v (Philip of Valois, 37) two-column miniature: Citizen of Compiègne dismembered on the scaffold. 102. fol. 99 (Philip of Valois, 38) English army attacks a town. 103. fol. 100v (Philip of Valois, 39) two-column miniature: French army besieges Aiguillon. 104. fol. 102 (Philip of Valois, 40) An advocate of Laon, disguised as a Praemonstratensian, arrested. 105. fol. 102v (Philip of Valois, 41) Traitor hanged after mutilation. 106. fol. 104 (Philip of Valois, 42) two-column miniature: Siege of La Roche Derrien. 107. fol. 107 (John the Good, 1) two-column miniature: Coronation of John and his queen. 108. fol. 107v (John the Good, 2) King John makes Charles d' Espagne constable. 109. fol. 108 (John the Good, 4) Meeting in the lists of Henry, duke of Lancaster, and Otto of Brunswick. 110. fol. 108v (John the Good, 5) Charles d'Espagne murdered in bed. 111. fol. 109v (John the Good, 7) The count d'Harcourt and his son reconciled to the king. 112. fol. 110 (John the Good, 8) King John and his army. 113. fol. 110 (John the Good, 9) King receives a

messenger from Navarre. 114. fol. 110v (John the Good, 10) King John takes leave of the dauphin. 115. fol. 111 (John the Good, 11) Challenge sent to the king of England. 116. fol. 111 (John the Good, 12) The king convokes the Estates. 117. fol. 111v (John the Good, 13) The dauphin does homage for Normandy. 118. fol. 112 (John the Good, 15) Revolt at Arras. 119. fol. 112v (John the Good, 16) two-column miniature: The king of France and his army; on right, the count of Harcourt and others being beheaded. 120. fol. 113 (John the Good, 17) The marshal of France arrests the chief rebels at Arras. 121. fol. 113 (John the Good, 18) Siege of Breteuil. 122. fol. 114 (John the Good, 19) two-column miniature: blank. 123. fol. 114v (John the Good, 20) Charles, son of John the Good, assembles the Three Estates. 124. fol. 116v (John the Good, 21) blank. 125. fol. 117 (John the Good, 23) blank. 126. fol. 117v (John the Good, 24) blank. 127. fol. 117v (John the Good, 25) blank. 128. fol. 117v (John the Good, 26) blank. 129. fol. 118 (John the Good, 27) blank. 130. fol. 118v (John the Good, 28) blank. 131. fol. 119 (John the Good, 31) blank. 132. fol. 120 (John the Good, 32) blank. 133. fol. 120v (John the Good, 33) blank. 134. fol. 120v (John the Good, 34) blank. 135. fol. 121 (John the Good, 35) blank. 136. fol. 121 (John the Good, 37) blank. 137. fol. 121v (John the Good, 38) two-column miniature: blank. 138. fol. 122 (John the Good, 39) blank. 139. fol. 122v (John the Good, 40) blank. 140. fol. 123 (John the Good, 42) blank. 141. fol. 124 (John the Good, 45) blank. 142. fol. 124v (John the Good, 46) blank. 143. fol. 125 (John the Good, 47) two-column miniature: blank. 144. fol. 125v (John the Good, 48) blank. 145. fol. 125v (John the Good, 49) blank. 146. fol. 126 (John the Good, 50) blank. 147. fol. 127 (John the Good, 52) blank. 148. fol. 127 (John the Good, 53) blank. 149. fol. 127v (John the Good, 55) blank. 150. fol. 128 (John the Good, 56) blank. 151. fol. 128 (John the Good, 58) blank. 152. fol. 129 (John the Good, 59) blank. 153. fol. 129v (John the Good, 61) blank. 154. fol. 131 (John the Good, 68) The regent, with his clerks, addresses the people of Champagne. 155. fol. 132 (John the Good, 69) Parisians remove crossbows from the Louvre. 156. fol. 132v (John the Good, 72) The regent converses with the king of Navarre. 157. fol. 133 (John the Good, 74) Outbreak of the Jacquerie. 158. fol. 133v (John the Good, 75) two-column miniature: Beheading of the bridgemaster and the king's carpenter at Paris; the executioner falling in a fit. 159. fol. 134 (John the Good, 77) Fight outside Meaux. 160. fol. 134v (John the Good, 78) The king of Navarre has the leader of the Jacquerie beheaded. 161. fol. 134v (John the Good, 79) The king of Navarre addresses the Parisians. 162. fol. 135v (John the Good, 82) The regent blockades Paris. 163. fol. 135v (John the Good, 83) The regent and the king of Navarre confer in a tent: 164. fol. 136 (John the Good, 84) Battle renewed. 165. fol. 136v (John the Good, 85) two-column miniature: Passage of the Seine by a bridge of boats and pillage of Vitry. 166. fol. 137 (John the Good, 86) two-column miniature: Battle on the bridge. 167. fol. 138 (John the Good, 87) two-column miniature: English at Paris imprisoned in the Louvre; at right, Parisians surprised by an English ambush at Saint-Cloud. 168. fol. 138v (John the Good, 88) English released from the Louvre. 169. fol. 139 (John the Good, 89) two-column miniature: The provost of merchants and others killed and stripped. 170. fol. 139v (John the Good, 90) Charles Toussac and Josseran de Mâcon beheaded. 171. fol. 139v (John the Good, 91) The regent is defied by the king of Navarre. 172. fol. 140 (John the Good, 92) Two traitors beheaded. 173. fol. 140 (John the Good, 93) Melun occupied by the English (banners of Saint George). 174. fol. 140v (John the Good, 94) Battle before a castle in Picardy. 175. fol. 140v (John the Good, 96) The king of Navarre with banner and his army. 176. fol. 140v (John the Good, 97) The chancellor of Navarre carried in irons on a door. 177. fol. 141 (John the Good, 98) Suburbs of Amiens burnt. 178. fol. 141v (John the Good, 99) Assault on a castle. 179. fol. 141v (John the Good, 102) Parisians appealing to the regent on behalf of prisoners. 180. fol. 142 (John the Good, 104) Two cardinals riding to Paris. 181. fol. 142v (John the Good, 105) English enter Lagny. 182. fol. 142v (John the Good, 106) English defeat before Troyes. 183. fol. 142v (John the Good, 107) English capture Auxerre. 184. fol. 143v (John the Good, 110) The regent communicates terms of

peace from England to the Parisians. 185. fol. 144v (John the Good, 112) The regent holds a council. 186. fol. 145v (John the Good, 114) The king of Navarre addresses the council. 187. fol. 145v (John the Good, 115) The regent addresses the people. 188. fol. 146v (John the Good, 118) The regent riding into Paris. 189. fol. 147 (John the Good, 119) two-column miniature: blank. 190. fol. 147v (John the Good, 120) blank. 191. fol. 158 (John the Good, 130) blank. 192. fol. 158v (John the Good, 131) blank. 193. fol. 159 (John the Good, 132) blank. 194. fol. 159v (John the Good, 133) blank. 195. fol. 160v (John the Good, 135) two-column miniature: blank. 196. fol. 161 (John the Good, 136) blank. 197. fol. 162 (John the Good, 138) blank. 198. fol. 162v (John the Good, 140) blank. 199. fol. 163 (John the Good, 141) blank. 200. fol. 163v (Charles V, 1) two-column miniature: blank. 201. fol. 164 (Charles V, 2) blank. 202. fol. 164 (Charles V, 3) blank. 203. fol. 164v (Charles V, 4) blank. 204. fol. 165 (Charles V, 5) blank. 205. fol. 166 (Charles V, 7) blank. 206. fol. 166v (Charles V, 8) blank. 207. fol. 167 (Charles V, 9) blank. 208. fol. 167 (Charles V, 10) blank. 209. fol. 168 (Charles V, 11) blank. 210. fol. 171v (Charles V, 14) blank. 211. fol. 172 (Charles V, 15) blank. 212. fol. 172 (Charles V, 16) blank. 213. fol. 173 (Charles V, 17) two-column miniature: blank. 214. fol. 173v (Charles V, 19) blank. 215. fol. 182 (Charles V, 21) Marriage of Philip, duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of Flanders. 216. fol. 184v (Charles V, 23) The duke of Lancaster sailing to Calais. 217. fol. 185 (Charles V, 24) Hill of Tournehem—English on left; Burgundians retiring on right. 218. fol. 185v (Charles V, 25) Duchess of Burgundy and ladies riding into Paris. 219. fol. 186 (Charles V, 29) English army with banner of Saint George. 220. fol. 186v (Charles V, 30) Bertrand de Guesclin girt with a sword by the king as constable. 221. fol. 187v (Charles V, 31) two-column miniature: The duke of Anjou leads Pope Gregory XI to the palace at Avignon; cardinals and others follow. 222. fol. 187v (Charles V, 33) Deathbed of Queen Jeanne. 223. fol. 187v (Charles V, 34) The king of Navarre does homage to the king of France. 224. fol. 188v (Charles V, 35) Two cardinal legates kneel before the king. 225. fol. 188v (Charles V, 36) Cardinal of Beauvais gives up the seals as chancellor of France. 226. fol. 189 (Charles V, 37) Birth of Louis, second son of Charles V. 227. fol. 189 (Charles V, 38) Heretical books and robes of the Turlupins burnt. 228. fol. 189v (Charles V, 39) Sea battle off La Rochelle. 229. fol. 190 (Charles V, 40) Poitevins surrender to the French. 230. fol. 190v (Charles V, 41) Baptism of Isabelle, daughter of Charles V. 231. fol. 191v (Charles V, 44) The duke of Anjou receives the keys of La Rochelle. 232. fol. 192 (Charles V, 46) Charles promulgates a law in Parliament. 233. fol. 192 (Charles V, 47) Coronation of Richard II. 234. fol. 193 (Charles V, 48) The duke of Anjou and Du Guesclin and army. 235. fol. 194 (Charles V, 50) The keys of a town surrendered to the duke of Anjou. 236. fol. 194v (Charles V, 52) Charles V receives a letter from the emperor. 237. fol. 195 (Charles V, 53) Charles sends messengers. 238. fol. 196v (Charles V, 55) The dukes of Berry and Burgundy and others riding. 239. fol. 196v (Charles V, 56) The duke of Bar meeting the emperor and the king of the Romans. 240. fol. 197 (Charles V, 57) The emperor and his son kneel before the relics at Saint-Denis. 241. fol. 197v (Charles V, 58) The magistrates of Paris greet the emperor. 242. fol. 198v (Charles V, 60) two-column miniature: The king, dukes of Berry, Burgundy and others meet the emperor and the king of the Romans. 243. fol. 198v (Charles V, 61) Procession of the emperor and king of France and others. 244. fol. 199 (Charles V, 66) Banquet of the emperor and king. 245. fol. 200 (Charles V, 81) two-column miniature: Funeral procession for Queen Jeanne of Bourbon. 246. fol. 200v (Charles V, 83/84) Charles V, seated, giving orders for the funeral. 247. fol. 201 (Charles V, 87) Deathbed of Pope Gregory XI. 248. fol. 201v (Charles V, 88) Charles V receives a letter. 249. fol. 201v (Charles V, 90) Charles, son of the king of Navarre, received by Charles V. 250. fol. 202v (Charles V, 91) Pierre du Tertre, the king of Navarre's secretary, writing his confession. 251. fol. 203v (Charles V, 92) Pierre du Tertre and Jacques de la Rue blindfolded on the scaffold. 252. fol. 204v (Charles V, 94) The king receives the bishop of Famagusta and a Dominican. 253. fol. 208v (Charles V, 97) Coronation of Robert of Geneva as Clement VII. 254. fol. 210 (Charles V, 101) The king receives the cardinal of

Limoges in state at the Louvre. 255. fol. 210v (Charles V, 102) The king addresses Breton barons. 256. fol. 211v (Charles V, 103) The king receives two cardinal legates. 257. fol. 212 (Charles V, 105) two-column miniature: The people of Ghent kill the bailiff of the count of Flanders. 258. fol. 212v (Charles V, 106) Revolt at Montpellier. 259. fol. 213 (Charles V, 106+) The duke of Anjou and a cardinal ride into Montpellier. 260. fol. 213v (Charles V, 107) Sentence against the University of Montpellier read from a scaffold. 261. fol. 214 (Charles V, 108) Surrender of Châteauneuf: Du Guesclin lying dead in bed. 262. fol. 214v (Charles V, 109) English armies at sea. 263. fol. 214v (Charles V, 110) Battle of the men of Ghent (banner inscribed "Gant") and the count of Flanders (banner with his arms). 264. fol. 215 (Charles V, 111) Deathbed of Charles V. 265. fol. 216 (Charles VI, 1) two-column miniature: Coronation. 266. fol. 216v (Charles VI, 2) The Jews of Paris plundered.

STYLE: Five artists. I: later repainting(?), fols. 2, 2v, 4v, 5v, 6, 6v, 7, 8, 8v. II (Virgil Master): fols. 1, 1v. III (Follower of the Virgil Master): gatherings 2, 6, 17, 18, 19. IV (Follower of the Virgil Master): gatherings 3, 9, 10, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28. V (Follower of the Virgil Master): gatherings 4, 5, 7, 8(?).

PROVENANCE: On fol. 134 is the name Richard Gloucestre, who (as Gilson and Warner suggest) was probably the duke of Gloucester, who became Richard III in 1483.

REFERENCE: Gilson and Warner, Catalogue of Western Manuscripts , 2:372–74, 4: pl. 117.

London, British Library, Sloane Ms. 2433, vols. A, B, and C
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: Original foliation is in brackets. Vol. A: 1(1)12–13(145)12; 14(157)12, 12th lacks. Vol. B: 1(1[168])1, last folio of previous gathering; 2(2[169])12–14(146[313])12; 15(158[325])12, 12th excised. Vol. C: 1(1[346])2; 2(3[348])12–10(99[434])12; 11(111[446])13, 13th added; 12(124[459])12–14(148[483])12; 15(160[495])4. Incipits: Vol. A: fol. 1: R: Ce sont les grans croniques. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: Le xvi^e comment . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): du roy Jehan . . . ; fol. 4: Redoublez que ilz. . . . Vol. C: fol. 163: de leur aage. . . . Explicit: fol. 163v: . . . foison de biens.

MINIATURES: Vol. A: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. fol. 3 (I, 1) four parts: Siege of a city/ Battle of French and Romans?/ Building of Sicambria/ Coronation of Pharamond. 3. fol. 5v (I, 7) Barons chase Childeric out of Paris. 4. fol. 6v (I, 10) King Chilperic prepares to tell Queen Basina about his visions. 5. fol. 11v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 6. fol. 15 (II, 1) Clerics and barons discuss before King Childebert. 7. (II, 9) blank, filled with text. 8. fol. 23 (II, 15) Childebert founds the abbey of Saint-Germain. 9. fol. 26 (II, 19) blank, filled with text. 10. fol. 30v (III, 1) Two soldiers watch King Chilperic strangle Queen Galswintha (here, without crown). 11. fol. 35 (III, 6) blank, filled with text. 12. fol. 42 (III, 14+) blank, filled with text. 13. fol. 44v (III, 18) Queen Fredegunda supervises burning of sorcerers. 14. fol. 51 (IV, 1) King Guntram receives Childebert whom he appointed as heir. 15. fol. 57v (IV, 14) blank, filled with text. 16. fol. 59 (IV, 16+) blank, filled with text. 17. fol. 60v (IV, 20) Queen Brunhilda tortured. 18. fol. 62v (IV, 24) blank, filled with text. 19. fol. 63v (V, 1) King Clotaire gives the Lombards a treaty. 20. fol. 67 (V, 6+) blank, filled with text. 21. fol. 69 (V, 9+) blank, filled with text. 22. fol. 71 (V, 12+) blank, filled with text. 23. fol. 78v (V, 22) Clovis II loses his senses because he tried to remove a bone of Saint Denis from the reliquary. 24. fol. 81 (V, 25) blank, filled with text. 25. fol. 82v (V, 27) blank, filled with text. 26. fol. 86v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1). 27. fol. 97v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 13) Men cut out the tongue of Pope Leo. 28. fol. 99 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) blank, filled with text. 29. fol. 102v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 5) blank, filled with text. 30. fol. 105v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne judges traitors. 31. fol. 112 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 10) Emperor Charlemagne raises a dead baby to life and cures it of its infirmities with relics brought

back from Constantinople. 32. fol. 114v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) blank, filled with text. 33. fol. 115v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 2) Walls of Luiserne fall down at Charlemagne's prayers. 34. fol. 120 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 7) Giant Ferragut carries off French barons. 35. fol. 121 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8+) Roland kills Ferragut. 36. fol. 121v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 9) Battle of French and Saracens. 37. fol. 123v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 38. fol. 126v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 4) blank, filled with text. 39. fol. 127v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5+) blank, filled with text. 40. fol. 132 (Louis the Pious, 1) King Charlemagne and barons take the infant Louis to Rome. 41. fol. 136 (Louis the Pious, 6) blank, filled with text. 42. fol. 140 (Louis the Pious, 11) Emperor Louis supervises execution of his nephew, Bernard, and other traitors. 43. fol. 155 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 44. fol. 165v (Charles the Bald, 12) blank, filled with text. Vol. B: 45. fol. 1v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Queen (sic ) Richilda presents sword and scepter to Louis. 46. fol. 5 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) blank, filled with text. 47. fol. 10v (Louis IV, 1) Coronation. 48. fol. 18 (Robert, 1) blank, filled with text. 49. fol. 22 (Henry, 1) blank, filled with text. 50. fol. 27 (Philip I, 1) blank, filled with text. 51. fol. 37v (Louis VI, 1) blank, filled with text. 52. fol. 54v (Louis VI, 20) blank, filled with text. 53. fol. 59v (Louis VII, 1) blank, filled with text. 54. fol. 70v (Louis VII, 27) blank, filled with text. 55. fol. 72 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Christ appears above an altar before which Louis VII, Queen Alix, and barons and ladies kneel in prayer. 56. fol. 82v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 22+) blank, filled with text. 57. fol. 85 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Surrender of Tours or Le Mans. 58. fol. 88 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) Abbot and monks of Saint-Denis bring relics to bedside of Philip Augustus's sick son. 59. fol. 89v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 8) Philip supervises execution of Jews. 60. fol. 100v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip speaks to courtiers. 61. fol. 105v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines. 62. fol. 113 (Louis VIII, 1) Louis besieges Avignon. 63. fol. 117 (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 64. fol. 122 (Saint Louis, 21) Louis IX carries Crown of Thorns and other relics brought from the Holy Land in procession. 65. fol. 139v (Saint Louis, 77) Louis IX cares for the poor. 66. fol. 148v (Saint Louis, 110) Attack on Carthage. 67. fol. 151 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at deathbed of Saint Louis. 68. fol. 156v (Philip III, 15) King of Scotland brought before English king, Edward I. 69. fol. 163 (Philip III, 35) blank, filled with text. Vol. C: 70. fol. 1 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I pays homage to Philip. 71. fol. 2v (Philip IV, 6) blank, filled with text. 72. fol. 7v (Philip IV, 25) Translation of Saint Louis, whose body is surrounded by angels. 73. fol. 10 (Philip IV, 42) Battle of Courtrai. 74. fol. 12 (Philip IV, 47) Battle of Saint-Omer. 75. fol. 14v (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 76. fol. 18v (Philip IV, 65) Burning of the Templars. 77. fol. 24v (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 78. fol. 26. (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 79. fol. 31 (Charles IV, 1) Marriage of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia. 80. fol. 40v (Philip of Valois, 1) At left, coronation; at right, barons discuss the succession. 81. fol. 43 (Philip of Valois, 5+) Battle of French and Flemish. 82. fol. 56v (Philip of Valois, 20) Battle of Saint-Omer. 83. fol. 69v (Philip of Valois, 39) Battle of Crécy. 84. fol. 78 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 85. fol. 82 (John the Good, 16) King supervises execution of rebellious Norman knights. 86. fol. 83 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 87. fol. 89v (John the Good, 40) blank, filled with text. 88. fol. 93v (John the Good, 58) Murders of the marshals of Clermont and Champagne and of Regnault d'Acy in the dauphin's presence. 89. fol. 99 (John the Good, 83) blank, filled with text. 90. fol. 107 (John the Good, 119) blank, filled with text. 91. fol. 116v (John the Good, 133) blank, filled with text. 92. fol. 122 (Charles V, 1) Entry of Charles into Paris after coronation. 93. fol. 128v (Charles V, 16) Baptism of Charles VI. 94. fol. 137 (Charles V, 21) Marriage of Philip the Bold and Margaret of Flanders. 95. fol. 142 (Charles V, 37) Baptism of Louis, second son of Charles V. 96. fol. 149v (Charles V, 60) Meeting of Charles V and his uncle, Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor. 97. fol. 157v (Charles V, 97) Cardinals and pope enter Fondi in the kingdom of Naples. 98. fol. 163 (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Netherlandish artist in Paris, c. 1410–20 (see Meiss).

REFERENCE: Millard Meiss, French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry: The Limbourg Brothers and Their Contemporaries (New York, 1974), 25 n. 62, and pl. 83.

London, Guildhall, Ms. 244
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8; 2(9)8; 3(17)8, 8th lacks; 4(29)8–18(136)8; 19(144)12; 20(156)8–43(340)8; 44(348)10, 1st excised; 45(357)8–61(485)8; 62(493)4. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy commence les croniques. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: conde raison si peut . . . ; fol. 3: emprindrent l'empereur . . . ; fol. 4 (2nd folio of text): assist et la prist . . . ; fol. 496: d'oise et la riviere de Marne. . . . Explicit: fol. 496v: T:  . . . consentirent et orent agreable. R: Cy finissent les croniques de France jusques au roy Charles VI^e de son nom.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) four parts: Horsemen, among them one French prince, ride/ Elenus the poet dictating/ Battle/ Figure clad in fleur-de-lis robe, crowned, receives crowd. 2. fol. 14 (II, 1) Clovis and Clotilda enthroned with their four crowned sons on a bench to the left. 3. fol. 29v (III, 1) Marriage of King Chilperic and Queen Galswintha. 4. fol. 51v (IV, 1) Battle between three kings and their armies—Guntram and Childebert against Gondoald(?) (if so, illustrates IV, 2). 5. fol. 65v (V, 1) King Dagobert supervises construction of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 9). 6. fol. 89v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1). 7. fol. 134 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Louis the Pious points out relics to clerics (illustrates Louis the Pious, 10?). 8. fol. 156v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 9. fol. 169v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Emperor (sic ) presents sword and scepter to Louis. 10. fol. 184 (Robert, 1) French king and army besiege Melun. 11. fol. 192v (Philip I, 1) Philip I and army besiege castle of Monmeliant. 12. fol. 202v (Louis VI, 1) Pope Gelasian greeted by French king as he flees from Rome to take refuge in France (illustrates Louis VI, 15). 13. fol. 223v (Louis VII, 1) Marriage of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 14. fol. 235v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) At left, angel swoops down to Louis VII sleeping in bed and holding a chalice; at right, Queen Alix sits in bed and midwives hold her baby. 15. fol. 275v (Louis VIII, 1) Louis VIII besieges La Rochelle (illustrates Louis VIII, 2). 16. fol. 279v (Saint Louis, 1) Louis VIII besieges Avignon. 17. fol. 313v (Philip III, 1) Saint Louis and army besiege Tunis(?). 18. fol. 331v (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I of England to Philip; battle scene in foreground. 19. fol. 355v (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 20. fol. 357v (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 21. fol. 362 (Charles IV, 1) Homage of a king (?). 22. fol. 272v (Philip of Valois, 1) Homage of Edward III of England to Philip (illustrates Philip of Valois, 6). 23. fol. 410v (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John; jousting in foreground. 24. fol. 416 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 25. fol. 455v (Charles V, 1) Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon stand during coronation ceremony.

STYLE: Four artists. I: fols. 14, 51v, 65, 89v, 184, 202v, 223v, 235v, 275v, 313v, 331v, 355v, 357v, 362, 410v, 455v. II: fols. 29v, 156v, 192v, 279v, 372v, 416. III: fol. 134. IV (Principal artist of B.N. fr. 823): fol. 169v.

REFERENCES: Neil Ripley Ker, Medieval Manuscripts in British Libraries (Oxford, 1969–), 1:69–70; P. W. Reeves, "The Guildhall Chronicles of the Kings of France," Guildhall Miscellany 2 (1953): 3–15.

Lyon, Bibliothèque de la Ville de Lyon, Ms. 880
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1350)

COLLATION: 1(1)8, 2nd and 6th lack; 2(7)8–35(271)8; 36(279)7, 7th added; 37(286)8–52(406)8; 53(414)5, 5th tipped to 1st. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ce sont les croniques . . . T: C'il qui ceste euvre . . . ; fol. 2 lacks; fol. 3 (second folio of the chronicle): lignie. Eneas qui . . . ; fol. 418: L'an de grace. . . . Explicit: fol. 418v: . . . pardurablement apres sa mort.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. folio lacks between fols. 1 and 2 (I, 1) offset. 3. fol. 3 (I, 4) Coronation of Pharamond. 4. folio lacks between fols. 4 and 5 (I, 10) offset. 5. fol. 7 (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 6. fol. 9v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 7. fol. 13 (II, 1) Four sons of Clovis enthroned. 8. fol. 21 (II, 14) Queen Clotilda prays in the Church of Saint-Martin at Tours. 9. fol. 30 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha as she sleeps. 10. fol. 33 (III, 4) Murder of Sigebert. 11. fol. 42 (III, 14) Bishops contradict King Chilperic's heresy. 12. fol. 52v (IV, 1) At left, kneeling king offers one of two enthroned kings a crown; at right, two other kings stand (? King Guntram designates his nephew, Childebert, as his heir). 13. fol. 63v (IV, 20) Torture of Queen Brunhilda. 14. fol. 66v (V, 1) Surrender of Saxons to Clotaire II. 15. fol. 70v (V, 6) Clotaire II kills Duke Bertold. 16. fol. 75 (V, 12) Emperor Heraclius (here a king) battles the Saracens. 17. fol. 81 (V, 19) Archbishop of Poitiers arrives to hear about the vision of Dagobert's death seen by John, a hermit. 18. fol. 85v (V, 25) Coronation, either Chilperic II, Clotaire IV, or Thierry IV. 19. fol. 86v (V, 26) Charles Martel battles Saracens. 20. fol. 92 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Emperor Charlemagne enthroned, holding globe and scepter (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. II). 21. fol. 102v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 12+) Charlemagne's son, King Pepin, defeats the king of the Huns. 22. fol. 105 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor at Rome. 23. fol. 108v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 5) Surrender of messenger from Saragossa. 24. fol. 111v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives the messenger of the Eastern emperor (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5). 25. fol. 121v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Charlemagne. 26. fol. 130v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) King (sic ) Charlemagne receives gifts sent by the Saracens. 27. fol. 138 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Louis enthroned holding orb and scepter. 28. fol. 159v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 29. fol. 182v (Lothaire, 1) King enthroned. 30. fol. 185 (Hugh Capet, 1) Coronation. 31. fol. 189 (Henry, 1) Queen Constance and her two sons at the deathbed of King Robert. 32. fol. 204 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 33. fol. 210v (Louis VI, 8) King Louis battles Count Thibaut. 34. fol. 239v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Queen sleeps in bed; King Louis VII sits in a chair and holds his swaddled infant. 35. fol. 245v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 12) Philip receives messengers from the Eastern emperor. 36. fol. 248 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 18) Philip speaks with monks of Saint-Denis. 37. fol. 253v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Le Mans or Tours. 38. fol. 256v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) Philip leads army into ships (? departure for Acre). 39. fol. 262 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 14) Capture of chateau of Aumale. 40. fol. 269 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Amaury de Bene preaching. 41. fol. 274 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines. 42. fol. 277v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Philip is knocked off his horse by footsoldiers with iron hooks. 43. fol. 282v (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation. 44. fol. 286 (Louis IX, 1) Nimbed Louis IX enthroned. 45. fol. 292 (Saint Louis, 23) Count Thibaut crowned king of Navarre. 46. fol. 298v (Saint Louis, 43) King Louis receives messengers from Tartaria. 47. fol. 304v (Saint Louis, 59) Louis leaves messengers in Damietta to guard his goods and prisoners. 48. fol. 311 (Saint Louis, 77) Nimbed Louis IX washes the feet of the poor. 49. fol. 315 (Saint Louis, 91) Charles of Anjou is crowned king of Sicily. 50. fol. 318 (Saint Louis, 98) Battle of Henry of Castile and Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily. 51. fol. 320 (Saint Louis, 105) King Louis and army enter ships to go on crusade. 52. fol. 323 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at Tunis. 53. fol. 325v (Philip III, 7) Kings of Tunis and France make peace. 54. fol. 329 (Philip III, 15) Coronation of Philip. 55. fol. 336v (Philip III, 35) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, pays homage to the pope. 56. fol. 340v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England, not crowned, pays homage to Philip. 57. fol. 342v (Philip IV, 6) Capture of Acre by the sultan of Babylon. 58. fol. 347v (Philip IV, 25) King Philip lifts the nimbed body of Saint Louis from his sepulchre as bishops watch. 59. fol. 350v (Philip IV, 42) Battle of Courtrai. 60. fol. 352v (Philip IV, 47) King discusses with Cardinal Le Moine (illustrates Philip IV, 46). 61. fol. 354 (Philip IV, 54) A monk battles the devil. 62. fol. 355v (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 63. fol. 362v (Philip IV, 69) Henry, the

Holy Roman Emperor, receives communion. 64. fol. 365v (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 65. fol. 370 (Charles IV, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Several artists took part. Among the most distinctive are: I (Principal artist of B.N. fr. 823): fols. 286, 311? II: fols. 75, 102v, 105, 130v, 185, 189, 245v, 253v, 315, 336v, 340v, 350v, 362v, 370. III: fols. 30, 70v, 318. IV: fol. 298v. V: fols. 85v, 108v, 248.

PROVENANCE: On the back flyleaf, below an illegible sixteenth-century inscription, is a signature. Delisle cites speculation that this is the signature of Charles VI or John of Berry. Unfortunately, it cannot be read, even with ultraviolet light.

REFERENCES: Léopold Delisle, Recherches sur la libraire de Charles V (Paris, 1907), 1:317–18; Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, Catalogue général . . . Départements 30:241.

Lyon, Bibliothèque de la Ville de Lyon, P.A. 30
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–10(73)8; 11(81)2; 12(83)9; 13(92)8–33(252)8; 34(260)4; 35(264)1; 36(265)8–41(297)8; 42(305)9, 6th tipped; 43(314)8–46(338)8; 47(346)3, 1st excised; 48(349)8–54(397)8; 55(405)6; 56(411)8–60(443)8; 61(451)6. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy commence les grans croniques. T: C'il qui ceste . . . ; fol. 2: france et com ment il . . . ; fol. 3: R: Comment les francois sont. . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of text): son filz. L'autre . . . ; fol. 456: d'aniou frere du. . . . Explicit: fol. 456v: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk presents book to king. 2. fol. 3 (I, 1) four parts: Horsemen ride out of a city/ Coronation of Pharamond/ Battle between French and Romans/ King supervises construction of Sicambria. 3. fol. 11 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 4. fol. 14v (II, 1) Clovis's four sons divide the realm. 5. fol. 19 (II, 9) Kings Clotaire and Childebert kill their nephews. 6. fol. 24 (II, 18) Battle between French, led by the king, and the Saxons. 7. fol. 26 (II, 21) King leads French army in battle. 8. fol. 29v (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha while she sleeps and two women watch. 9. fol. 35v (III, 8) King Chilperic assembles a council to condemn the archbishop of Rouen. 10. fol. 40v (III, 14) Prelates contradict King Chilperic's heresy. 11. fol. 44 (III, 18) Sorceresses burnt at the stake and tortured on wheels. 12. fol. 46v (III, 22) King Guntram insults the messengers of King Childebert, his nephew. 13. fol. 50 (IV, 1) Discussion of three kings. 14. fol. 53v (IV, 8) Queen Fredegunda holds her crowned baby and rides at the head of an army against King Childebert's army. 15. fol. 57v (IV, 16) King Theoderic defeats King Theodebert. 16. fol. 62v (V, 1) King Clotaire battles the Lombards. 17. fol. 75v (V, 20) Barons of France and Burgundy present Clovis II with gold. 18. fol. 84 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Coronation. 19. fol. 95v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor. 20. fol. 101v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises construction. 21. fol. 110v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James and four angels appear to Charlemagne as he sleeps; three bearded men are by his bed. 22. fol. 119 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 23. fol. 125v (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Louis receives scepter from kneeling queen (? miscopies Louis the Stammerer, 1). 24. fol. 146v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 25. fol. 158v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Woman (sic ) presents sword and scepter to the king. 26. fol. 180v (Philip I, 1) King and army sail to Holy Land. 27. fol. 190 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 28. fol. 211 (Louis VII, 1) Louis VII enters Paris. 29. fol. 223 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Christological vision of Louis VII. 30. fol. 235v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Siege of Tours or Le Mans. 31. fol. 250 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip supervises burning of heretics. 32. fol. 265v (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 33. fol. 295v (Philip III, 2) Philip and his army return to France in ships. 34. fol. 311 (Philip IV, 1) Battle between knights. 35. fol. 322v (Philip IV, 54) A monk battles the devil. 36. fol. 334 (Louis X, 1) Army rides in landscape. 37. fol. 335v (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 38. fol. 340 (Charles IV, 1) King discusses

with a baron. 39. fol. 349 (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the succession. 40. fol. 381 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 41. fol. 418 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 42. fol. 456 (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Two artists. I: fols. 1, 11, 14v, 19, 24, 26, 29v, 35v, 40v, 44, 46v, 50, 53v, 57v, 62v, 75v, 95v, 101v, 110v, 119, 125v, 146v, 211?, 223?, 265v, 295v, 311?, 322v?, 334, 340, 349. II: fols. 3, 84, 158v, 180v?, 190, 235v?, 250, 335v, 381, 418, 456.

REFERENCE: Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, Catalogue général . . . Départements , 31:13.

Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. Gall. 4
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to end of Philip Augustus, Bk. II)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–7(49)8; 8(53)8, skips foliation from 54–59; 9(65)8–33(257)8; 34(265)8, last lacks. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: le xx^e parle de la cause . . . ; fol. 3: son fils qui espousa . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of text): leur plut moult et moult . . . ; fol. 271: les gens qui habitoient. . . . Explicit: fol. 271v: . . . monsieur saint denis de France. R: Le premier chapitre parle comment. . . [rubric for Philip Augustus Bk. III, 1].

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2v (I, 1) four parts: Coronation of Pharamond/ Founding of Sicambria/ Battle scene/ Barons eject Childeric I from kingdom. 2. fol. 14v (II, 1) Execution of King Sigismund of Burgundy and his children. 3. fol. 31v (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha. 4. fol. 53 (IV, 1) King receives messengers. 5. fol. 66 (V, 1) Three men kneel before the two daughters of Romilde—the queen of Germany and the duchess of Bavaria (illustrates IV, 24+). 6. fol. 87 (V, 28) Grifon leads army against his brothers' forces. 7. fol. 90v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 8. fol. 103v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Emperor Charlemagne judges those who had conspired against Pope Leo III. 9. fol. 110 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) King Charlemagne supervises construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 10. fol. 120 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping King Charlemagne. 11. fol. 126 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8) Charlemagne and others watch Roland kill Ferragut. 12. fol. 129 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 13. fol. 137 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne has Louis crowned king of Aquitaine. 14. fol. 160 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 15. fol. 168v (Charles the Bald, 9) Charles the Bald supervises the baptism of the Normans. 16. fol. 174 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis leads an army on horseback. 17. fol. 177v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Boson and Charles. 18. fol. 183 (Louis IV, 1) Coronation. 19. fol. 187 (Lothaire, 1) Coronation. 20. fol. 190v (Robert, 1) King Robert supervises the siege of Melun. 21. fol. 209 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 22. fol. 224v (Louis VI, 19) King Louis accepts the surrender of Clermont. 23. fol. 231 (Louis VII, 1) Louis receives message of his father's death. 24. fol. 243v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Coronation. 25. fol. 253v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 22) Battle of English and French. 26. fol. 256v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Surrender of Le Mans or Tours. 27. offset on fol. 271v suggests that this manuscript originally continued past the second book of the life of Philip Augustus to include at least the third book of Philip's life.

STYLE: At least four artists participated. I: fols. 14v, 103v, 110. II: fols. 31v, 53, 66, 120, 126, 129?, 137?. III: fols. 87, 90v. IV (Follower of Virgil Master): fols. 2v?, 160, 168v, 174?, 177v, 183v, 187, 190v, 209v?, 224v?, 231?, 243v, 253v, 256v.

New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Ms. 536
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1384)

COLLATION: 1(1)2; 2(3)12–9(87)12; 10(99)12, 5th and 6th lack; 11(109)12; 12(121)12; 13(133)12, 8th lacks; 14(144)12, 5th lacks; 15(155)12; 16(167)4; 17(171)13, 13th tipped; 18(184)12–20(208)12; 21(220)6; 22(226)14; 23(240)12–33(360)12; 34(372)6, 5th excised. Incipits: fol. 1: R:

Cy commence les fais des roys. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of text): de methode si comme . . . ; fol. 376: ensuivant se parti. . . . Explicit: fol. 376v: . . . devant le corps du dit conte.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Three scenes with fugitives at sea (Helenos, Aeneas, and Antenor?)/ Presentation of book to Charles VI. 3. fol. 3 (I, 4) Construction of Paris. 4. fol. 4 (I, 7) Barons eject Childeric I from kingdom. 5. fol. 7 (I, 15) Clovis, on horseback, besieges Soissons. 6. fol. 9v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 7. fol. 12 (II, 1) Queen Clotilda divides realm among her four sons. 8. fol. 21v (II, 19) Burning of the monastery of Saint-Martin at Tours. 9. fol. 24 (II, 23) Division of the realm among the four sons of Clotaire. 10. fol. 26 (III, 1) Fredegunda watches King Chilperic strangle Queen Galswintha as she sleeps. 11. fol. 39v (III, 21) Escape of Gondoalz from prison. 12. fol. 43 (IV, 1) Kings Guntram and Childebert receive messengers. 13. fol. 54 (V, 1) Clotaire and French battle Lombards. 14. fol. 60 (V, 11) Baptism of Dagobert's illegitimate son, Sigebert. 15. fol. 65v (V, 20) Barons of France and Burgundy pay homage to Clovis, youthful heir to Dagobert. 16. fol. 67v (V, 23+) Coronation of Clotaire; his mother, Queen Bauthieut, watches. 17. fol. 69 (V, 25) Charles Martel imprisoned by his mother. 18. fol. 71 (V, 28) Surrender of Duke Hunan of Aquitaine. 19. fol. 73v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 20. fol. 83v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 21. fol. 89 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) King Charlemagne supervises construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 22. fol. 96v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to enthroned Charlemagne. 23. folio following fol. 102 lacks (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) offset. 24. fol. 107v (Louis the Pious, 1) King Louis enters Aquitaine. 25. fol. 126 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 26. fol. 137 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Council of barons with Louis. 27. folio lacks following fol. 139 (Louis the Stammerer, 5). 28. fol. 140v. (Louis the Stammerer, 7) Louis III abducts a nun from the convent of Chiele. 29. fol. 141 (Charles the Simple, 1) Archbishop of Rouen welcomes Rollo, the first duke of Normandy, who disembarks with his army. 30. fol. 143 (Louis IV, 1) Queen Algive and her son, Louis IV, receive message from a cardinal (sic ) in England. 31. fol. 146v (Lothaire, 1) Lothaire receives the barons. 32. folio lacks after fol. 147 (Louis V, 1 or Hugh Capet, 1) offset. 33. fol. 148 (Robert, 1) Robert writes in his study. 34. fol. 150v (Henry, 1) Henry and his army confront his mother and her army. 35. fol. 154v (Philip I, 1) Marriage of Philip I and Queen Berthe. 36. fol. 163 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 37. fol. 181 (Louis VII, 1) Young King Louis rides from Aquitaine to Paris. 38. fol. 191 (Philip Augustus Bk. I, 1) Christological vision of Louis VII. 39. fol. 201v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Surrender of Tours or Le Mans. 40. fol. 214 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip Augustus supervises the burning of heretics. 41. fol. 224 (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile, King John of Jerusalem in attendance. 42. fol. 228 (Saint Louis, 1) Louis VIII rides into a courtyard. 43. fol. 255 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at the deathbed of Saint Louis in Tunis. 44. fol. 268v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I (here a duke) pays homage to Philip. 45. fol. 286v (Louis X, 1) Louis X recalls the Jews into France. 46. fol. 287v (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 47. fol. 291 (Charles IV, 1) Pope performs marriage of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia. 48. fol. 299v (Philip of Valois, 2) Louis of Bavaria crowned king (sic ) by pope. 49. fol. 326v (John the Good, 1) John the Good knights men. 50. fol. 353v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 51. fol. 368v (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Master of the Cité des Dames .

REFERENCE: De Ricci and Wilson, Census , 2:1468 no. 536.

Oxford, Bodleian Library, Douce Ms. 217
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–30(233)8; 31(241)6; 32(247)8–41(319)8; 42(327)2; 43(329)8–56(433)8; 57(441)6, 6th excised. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre commence . . . ; fol. 2: R: Cy

commence la genealogie des roys . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 3 (2nd folio of text): divers noms car les uns . . . ; fol. 445: accompli son xii an. . . . Explicit: fol. 445: . . . et emmenerent grant foison de. R: Cy fenissent les croniques de France jusques au fais de Roy Charles VI^e qui contiennent ccccxliiij feullez.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (I, 1) four parts: Horsemen set out from city/ Elenus, the poet, dictating/ Battle/ Coronation of Pharamond? 2. fol. 12 (II, 1) Clovis and Clotilda enthroned with their four crowned sons seated on a bench to the left. 3. fol. 26v (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha. 4. fol. 45v (IV, 1) Battle (three kings): Guntram and Childebert against Gondoald? (if so, illustrates IV, 2). 5. fol. 57v (V, 1) King Dagobert supervises construction of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 9). 6. fol. 77v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 7. fol. 94 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne is greeted by the emperor of Constantinople outside the city walls (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6). 8. fol. 103v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James and an angel appear to the sleeping Emperor Charlemagne. 9. fol. 108v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 7) Emperor Charlemagne and King Marsile watch the battle between Roland and Ferragut. 10. fol. 112 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 11. fol. 120 (Louis the Pious, 1) King Louis, enthroned, points out relics to clerics (illustrates Louis the Pious, 10?). 12. fol. 141 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 13. fol. 153 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Emperor (sic ) presents sword and scepter to Louis. 14. fol. 174 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 15. fol. 192 (Louis VII, 1) Wedding of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 16. fol. 202v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) At left, queen reclines on a bed and is handed her baby by two midwives; at right, King Louis VII lies in bed and looks up at an angel who swoops down with a chalice. 17. fol. 214 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Siege of Acre (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5). 18. fol. 227v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip Augustus enthroned, surrounded by his court. 19. fol. 238v (Louis VIII, 1) Louis VIII besieges La Rochelle (illustrates Louis VIII, 2). 20. fol. 242v (Saint Louis, 1) Louis VIII besieges Avignon. 21. fol. 276 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, and army enter ships. 22. fol. 292 (Philip IV, 1) Battle. 23. fol. 313v (Philip V, 1) Wedding (illustrates Philip V, 2). 24. fol. 320 (Charles IV, 1) Coronation. 25. fol. 330 (Philip of Valois, 3) King Edward III of England pays homage to Philip (illustrates Philip of Valois, 6). 26. fol. 349 (Philip of Valois, 31) Philip hears complaints of Norman barons. 27. fol. 364 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 28. fol. 405v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.

STYLE: Two artists. I: related to the style of Jehan de Nizières—all miniatures but those on fols. 228–329. II: miniatures on fols. 228–329.

REFERENCE: Reeves, "Guildhall Chronicles," 3–15.

Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal, Ms. 5223
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–38(297)8; 39(305)4; 40(313)8–42(329)8; 43(337)10, 5th excised; 44(346)8–58(458)8; 59(466)6, 6th excised. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy sont les croniques des roys de France. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: R: Le premier chapitre. . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of text): Entre la grant mer et . . . ; fol. 470: Si comme l'en disoit. . . . Explicit: fol. 470: . . . lesquelx le consentirent et orent agreable.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Enthroned monk writes manuscript, others discuss/ Founding of Sicambria/ Battle/ Nobles watch monks present book to Charles VI. 2. fol. 14 (II, 1) Queen Clotilda divides realm among her four sons. 3. fol. 29 (III, 1) At the instigation of Fredegunda, King Chilperic slits the throat of Queen Galswintha as she sleeps. 4. fol. 49v (IV, 1) King Guntram dictates to a scribe as a second king watches. 5. fol. 62 (V, 1) French army routs the Lombards. 6. fol. 85 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Charlemagne enthroned with nobles; Einhard writes at left. 7. fol. 97v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo

III crowns Charlemagne king (sic ) in Rome. 8. fol. 104 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives relics (the saint clou ) from messengers (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 9). 9. fol. 112v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James, accompanied by two angels, shows sleeping Emperor Charlemagne the vision of the starry road. 10. fol. 121 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 11. fol. 128 (Louis the Pious, 1) Louis the Pious exiles Adalaric, a Gascon noble. 12. fol. 149v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 13. fol. 161 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Emperor (sic ) presents Louis with sword and scepter. 14. fol. 176 (Robert, 1) Robert besieges the city of Melun. 15. fol. 179v (Henry, 1) King and knights besiege a city. 16. fol. 184v (Philip I, 1) Battle, in which armies led by two kings defeat those led by two emperors. 17. fol. 194v (Louis VI, 1) Battle. 18. fol. 215 (Louis VII, 1) Wedding of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 19. fol. 227 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Coronation (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3). 20. fol. 239 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Siege of Le Mans or Tours. 21. fol. 253v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Suppression of Amaurian heresy. 22. fol. 264 (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation of Louis VIII. 23. fol. 268 (Saint Louis, 1) Siege of Avignon by Louis VIII. 24. fol. 301 (Philip III, 1) French king and army outside Tunis. 25. fol. 318 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip. 26. fol. 341v (Louis X, 1) Coronation of Louis X. 27. fol. 343 (Philip V, 1) Enthroned king surrounded by clerics and nobles. 28. fol. 347v (Charles IV, 1) King submits to another ruler (? Louis, son of the count of Nevers, pays homage to Charles for the county). 29. fol. 356v (Philip of Valois, 1) Knight pays homage to Philip of Valois (? surrender of the count of Flanders, illustrates Philip of Valois, 5). 30. fol. 392v (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good. 31. fol. 397v (John the Good, 19+) Battle of Poitiers. 32. fol. 433 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne de Bourbon.

STYLE: Principal artist of B.N. fr. 823.

PROVENANCE: This book was in the possession of Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy at the time of the inventory taken in 1420: "no. 239. Item. ung autre grant livre des cronicques de france couvert de drap de soye de damas noir, duquel les fermouers sont coupez et ostez, commencant ou ii^e fueillet Entre le grant mer et ou derrenier Si comme l'on disoit ."

REFERENCES: Georges Doutrepont, Inventaire de la "librairie" de Philippe le Bon (1420) (Brussels, 1906), 161–62 no. 239; Henri Martin, Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal (Paris, 1889), 5:165.

Paris, Bibliothèque de l'Institut, Ms. 324
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: original foliation given in brackets. 1(1[59])8, 1st and 2nd lack; 2(7[65])8; 3(15[81])8; 4(23[41])8, 2nd to 8th excised; 5(24[49])8; 6(32[48])1; 7(33[42])6; 8(43[73])8–12(71[113])8; 13(79[121])9, 9th (fol. 87[137]) tipped; 14(88[138])6; 15(94[144])9, 2nd tipped; 16(103[153])8–60(455[537])8; 61(463[545])8, 8th excised. The correct order of the text is gatherings 4, 7, 6, 5, 1, 2, 8, 3, 9–61. Before gathering 4, the text from the origins to the middle of III, 3 lacks. At the beginning of gathering 1, two folios containing from the middle of III, 18 to the middle of III, 20 are missing. In the current thirteenth gathering, between the eighth and ninth folios, eight folios containing the middle of Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6 to the middle of Charlemagne, Bk. III, 7 are missing. Finally, between gatherings 26 and 27, 30 folios containing the middle of Louis VI, 5 to Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 4 are missing. Incipits: missing. Explicit: fol. 469v [551v]: . . . grant foison de.

MINIATURES: Contains one historiated initial; in addition many initials three lines high contain faces. 1. fol. 109 [159] (Louis the Pious, 1) 6-line HI: Nude man holding a leaf over his nakedness presents a chalice to a bearded man on the other side of a table (?) (no textual source).

STYLE: At least two artists. I: fol. 109[159]. II: fol. 403[485].

Paris, Bibliothèque Mazarine, Ms. 2028
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–27(209)8; 28(217)9, 9th added(?); 29(226)10, 10th excised; 30(234)8–57(450)8; 58(458)8, 8th excised. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: le xviii^e chapitre comment la royne . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): garde car ilz . . . ; fol. 463: a plaisiers. Et alerent. . . . Explicit: fol. 463v: . . . le consentirent et orent agreable. Cy fenissent le fais de bon roy charles le quint.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (I, 1) large miniature: Flight from Troy; boats bear arms of France and Brittany. 2. fol. 14 (II, 1) Clotilda divides realm among her four sons. 3. fol. 31 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha; outside Fredegunda talks to nobles. 4. fol. 52v (IV, 1) King Guntram designates his nephew, Childebert, as his heir in Burgundy. 5. fol. 65v (V, 1) Treaty with the Lombards. 6. fol. 88 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 7. fol. 99v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives messengers from Constantinople. 8. fol. 106 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne, his queen, and their son supervise the construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 9. fol. 115 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Charlemagne and his army. 10. fol. 124 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Charlemagne receives Ganelon, who brings presents from the Saracens. 11. fol. 131 (Louis the Pious, 1) Charlemagne has the pope crown the infant Louis king of Aquitaine. 12. fol. 152v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy; arms of Burgundy, of Charlemagne, and France ancienne . 13. fol. 164v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda gives Louis scepter and sword. 14. fol. 178v (Robert, 1) King Robert dictates to scribe. 15. fol. 182 (Henry, 1) Queen Constance wants to crown her second son Robert, duke of Burgundy, as king of France instead of Henry. 16. fol. 186v (Philip I, 1) Eudes Arpin, count of Bourges, sells the county to Philip I and goes on crusade. 17. fol. 196 (Louis VI, 1) Louis receives messengers sent to prevent his coronation. 18. fol. 215v (Louis VII, 1) Mourners by the bier of Louis VI. 19. fol. 226 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII's Christological vision. 20. fol. 263 (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. 21. fol. 267 (Saint Louis, 1) Death of Louis VIII in Montpensier. 22. fol. 300 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at the deathbed of Saint Louis. 23. fol. 317 (Philip IV, 1) Duke Edward of England pays homage to Philip. 24. fol. 339 (Louis X, 1) Coronation of Louis X and Clemence of Hungary. 25. fol. 340v (Philip V, 1) Philip V talks to cardinal sent to negotiate peace between France and Flanders. 26. fol. 345 (Charles IV, 1) Marriage of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia performed by the pope. 27. fol. 354v (Philip of Valois, 1) A pregnant queen, barons, and clerics discuss the royal succession. 28. fol. 389v (John the Good, 1) John the Good knights a noble. 29. fol. 427v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.

STYLE: Two artists. I (Master of the Cité des Dames ): fols. 2, 14, 31, 124, 131, 152v, 164v, 178v, 182, 186v, 196, 215v, 226, 263, 267, 300, 317, 339, 340v, 345, 354v, 389v, 427v. II (Master of the Épistre Othéa ): fols. 52v, 65v, 88, 99v, 106, 115.

REFERENCES: Auguste Marie Louis Émile Molinier, Catalogue des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris, 1885–92), 2:328 no. 2028: Jean Porcher, Les manuscrits à peintures en France du XIII^e au XVI^e siècle (Paris, 1955), 76 no. 151.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 73
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–10(73)8; 11(81)4; 12(85)9, 1st tipped(?); 13(94)8–27(206)8; 28(214)4; 29(218)8; 30(226)3; 31(229)8–42(319)8; 43(327)7, 1st tipped (? has catchword on verso); 44(334)8–49(374)8; 50(382)2; 51(384)8–55(416)8; 56(424)8, 2nd lacks; 57(431)8–60(455)8. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Cy commence les grans. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: fist contre le roy alarich . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of text): des francois anemis des . . . ; fol. 462: de chastellet et sentre. . . . Explicit: fol. 462v: . . . lesquels le consentment et orent agrable.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Paris and Helen set sail for Troy/ Greeks arrive at Troy/ Flight from Troy/ Presentation of book to king. 2. fol. 13v (II, 1) Clovis and Clotilda divide realm among their three sons. 3. fol. 28v (III, 1) King receives message. 4. fol. 50 (IV, 1) Nobles kneel before King Guntram and his heir, his nephew King Childebert. 5. fol. 63 (V, 1) Saint Arnoul makes peace between King Clotaire and Dagobert (illustrates V, 5). 6. fol. 86v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 7. fol. 128v (Louis the Pious, 1) Charlemagne crowns young Louis king of Aquitaine. 8. fol. 150 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 9. fol. 163 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda brings a crown and main-de-justice to Louis. 10. fol. 171v (Louis IV, 1) Queen Algive receives French messengers asking her to bring her young son back to France. 11. fol. 195v (Louis VI, 1) Philip I mourned by nobles and clergy (illustrates Philip I, 15). 12. fol. 226v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Monks explain Louis VII's dreams about his son. 13. fol. 238v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Philip leads his troops. 14. fol. 263v (Louis VIII, 1) Birth of Louis VIII. 15. fol. 267 (Saint Louis, 1) Barons murmuring against the king (illustrates Saint Louis, 3?). 16. fol. 298v (Philip III, 1) Coronation. 17. fol. 313v (Philip IV, 1) Homage of King Edward I of England to Philip. 18. fol. 340v (Charles IV, 1) King sends messenger. 19. fol. 351 (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 20. fol. 386 (John the Good, 1) John knighting three nobles. 21. folio after fol. 424 lacks (Charles V, 1?).

STYLE: Follower of the Virgil Master.

PROVENANCE: The earliest known owner of this manuscript was Robert Jolivet, abbot of Mont Saint-Michel from 1410–44, who joined the English in 1420. He bought this book in 1438. Colophon (fol. 462): "Iste cronicas(?) sunt Robert abbet. montis sancti michaelis in periculo marie empte per eum anno domini m^mo cccc tricesimo ottavo." The manuscript probably passed to the abbey with other goods after his death; it stayed there until the seventeenth century.

REFERENCES: Léopold Delisle, Le cabinet des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Imperiale (Paris, 1891), 3:385; Henri Omont et al., Bibliothèque nationale. Catalogue général des manuscrits français (Paris, 1895–1918), Anciens fonds français 1:5 no. 73

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2597
Grandes Chroniques de France (from I, 14 to 1380)

COLLATION: First gathering of eight lacks; 1(1)8–49(385)8; 50(393)4; 51(397)8–55(429)8; 56(437)6; 57(443)2. Incipits: fol. 1: si se souffoy . . . ; fol. 2: Ou gestes en caves . . . ; fol. 442: s'en furent a ypre. . . . Explicit: fol. 442v: T: Et y mourut grant foison de leurs gens et de leurs chevaux. R: Explicit.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (I, 14) Pope Anastasis in purgatory with a bishop. 2. fol. 1v (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 3. fol. 2 (I, 16) Clotilda takes care of beggars. 4. fol. 4 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 5. fol. 7 (II, 1) Clovis and Clotilda enthroned with their four crowned sons seated at the right. 6. fol. 24v (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha. 7. fol. 49v (IV, 1) Battle. 8. fol. 64 (IV, 25) King Clotaire meeting with his barons. 9. fol. 65 (V, 1) King Dagobert supervises construction of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 9). 10. fol. 79v (V, 20) Clovis II riding with nobles. 11. fol. 86 (V, 28) Pepin battles his brothers. 12. fol. 89v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Charlemagne crowned emperor by a bishop (sic ) (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1). 13. fol. 103 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Charlemagne crowned emperor by a bishop (sic ). 14. fol. 110 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Meeting of Emperor Charlemagne and Emperor Constantine at Constantinople (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6). 15. fol. 114 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5) Arrival of messengers from Constantinople (?). 16. fol. 120v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James and an angel appear to Charlemagne. 17. fol. 130v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 18. fol. 138 (Louis the Pious, 1) King Louis points out relics to clerics (illustrates Louis the Pious, 10?). 19. fol. 162 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 20. fol. 179 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Emperor (sic ) presents Louis

with a scepter. 21. fol. 199 (Hugh Capet, 1) Battle, one army led by king. 22. fol. 223 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 23. fol. 246v (Louis VII, 1) Marriage of Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 24. fol. 260v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) At left, two midwives present the queen, who lies in bed, with her baby; at right, an angel swoops down to the king, who sleeps in his bed. 25. fol. 275 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Siege of Acre (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5). 26. fol. 292 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip Augustus enthroned at court. 27. fol. 305 (Saint Louis, 1) King enthroned in tent receives message. 28. fol. 338 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, and army enter ships. 29. fol. 346 (Philip IV, 1) Battle. 30. fol. 360 (Louis X, 1) Wedding of Louis and Clemence of Hungary. 31. fol. 371 (Philip of Valois, 1) Coronation of Jeanne of Navarre and Louis of Evreux as king and queen of Navarre. 32. fol. 393 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 33. fol. 417v (Charles V, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Artist of Épistre Othéa (Cambridge Newnham College Library, Ms. 900 [5]).

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français 1:435 no. 2597.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2604
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)12–43(505)12; 44(517)4, 2nd excised. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: le iii^e comment et . . . ; fol. 3: in ans astamus . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of chronicle): en cesse seconde . . . ; fol. 518: sant royal et. . . . Explicit: fol. 518v: . . . grant foison de leurs biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. fol. 2v (I, 1) four parts: Coronation of Pharamond/ Foundation of Sicambria/ King and soldiers ride out of a city/ Battle of French and Romans. 3. fol. 12v (I, 20) two miniatures: Clovis defeats Alemanni (illustrates I, 18)/ Baptism of Clovis. 4. fol. 16v (II, 1) King Clovis and Queen Clotilda enthroned, their four sons seated at the left. 5. fol. 34 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha while she sleeps. 6. fol. 57v (IV, 1) King Guntram receives messengers. 7. fol. 72v (V, 1) King Clotaire receives messengers. 8. fol. 98 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 9. fol. 111 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) King Charlemagne condemns those who deposed the pope. 10. fol. 118 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Construction of architecture commissioned by Charlemagne. 11. fol. 128 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to the sleeping Emperor Charlemagne. 12. fol. 137 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Two groups of footsoldiers—the left has one king; the right, two kings. 13. fol. 145 (Louis the Pious, 1) King Charlemagne brings Louis to a bishop (sic ) to be crowned king of Aquitaine. 14. fol. 168v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 15. fol. 182 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Knights riding. 16. fol. 195 (Lothaire, 1) Enthroned King Lothaire receives bishops. 17. fol. 205 (Philip I, 1) Hooded cleric brings noble child to Philip I. 18. fol. 215v (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 19. fol. 236 (Louis VII, 1) Louis receives homage of a young man (no textual source). 20. fol. 248v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Coronation (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3). 21. fol. 261v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Surrender of Tours or Le Mans to Philip. 22. fol. 278 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Enthroned and haloed bishop places hand on the head of a figure kneeling before him as clerics watch (Pope orders Amaury de Bene to cease heretical preaching?). 23. fol. 291 (Louis VIII, 1) Before an enthroned king, a young king (at the left), backed by bishops, points at a haloed bishop (at the right) who blesses a second bishop (no textual source). 24. fol. 295 (Saint Louis 1) Coronation (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 25. fol. 330v (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at the deathbed of Louis IX. 26. fol. 349 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip. 27. fol. 374 (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 28. fol. 381 (Charles IV, 1) King Charles, enthroned at court, receives three men and a dog; the foremost man opens a box, which contains a second dog (no textual source). 29. fol. 392v (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 30. fol. 432v (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and Bonne of Luxembourg. 31. fol. 476v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.

STYLE: Three artists. I: fols. 16v, 34. II: fols. 1, 2v, 12v. III: fols. 57v, 72v, 98, 111, 118, 128, 137, 145, 168v, 182, 195, 205, 215v, 236, 248v, 261v, 278, 291, 295, 330v, 349, 374, 381, 392v, 432v, 476v.

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français . 1:435–36 no. 2604.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2606
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–18(137)8; 19(145)12; 20(157)8–25(197)8; 26(205)8, there is a 206 bis; 27(212)8; 28(220)8; 29(228)13, 13th tipped; 30(241)12; 31(253)12; 32(265)8–37(305)8; 38(313)6; 39(319)8–45(367)8; 46(375)2; 47(377)1?; 48(378)8–52(410)8; 53(418)9, 1st tipped (?); 54(427)8–57(451)8; 58(459)8, there is a 460 bis; 59(466)8–62(490)8; 63(498)6, 6th excised. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Le proheme de l'aucteur qui translata. . . . T : Celui qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: que il ot fondemment . . . ; fol. 3: que ils furent moult . . . ; fol. 502: du roy notable. . . . Explicit: fol. 502v: . . . et emmencerent grant foison de.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Ruler leaving city in formal procession/ Duke enthroned/ Clovis's battle with the Alemanni (angel appears with fleur-de-lis; Clovis bears shield with three toads) / Baptism of Clovis. 2. fol. 13v (II, 1) Clotilda divides realm among her four sons. 3. fol. 30 (III, 1) Chilperic leads French army against the Saxons. 4. fol. 51 (IV, 1) Battle, both armies are led by a king. 5. fol. 61 (IV, 20) Brunhilda brought before Clotaire II. 6. fol. 64 (V, 1) Stag hunted by King Dagobert and companions finds refuge in the church of Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 2). 7. fol. 87 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Charlemagne, already wearing imperial crown, is on horseback and meets the pope, who rides a mule, outside Rome (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. I, 7). 8. fol. 99v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Coronation of Charlemagne as emperor by Pope Leo III. 9. fol. 106v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives messages from the emperor of Constantinople (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5). 10. fol. 116 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Charlemagne and others watch Roland battle Ferragut (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 7). 11. fol. 122 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8) Theological discussion between Roland and Ferragut. 12. fol. 125 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) At right, Charlemagne receives the messages from Ganelon; at left, Kings Marsile and Bagliant lean over the walls of a city. 13. fol. 133 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne has the pope crown Louis king of Aquitaine. 14. fol. 156v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 15. fol. 170 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) French army at sea in four ships. 16. fol. 179 (Louis IV, 1) Duke William of Normandy and other barons supervise the coronation of Louis. 17. fol. 183v (Lothaire, 1) Coronation of Lothaire; Lothaire and his queen led into palace by a duke. 18. fol. 186v (Robert, 1) Marriage of Robert's son. 19. fol. 191 (Henry, 1) King and other nobles kneel before an altar with an elaborate reliquary on it (illustrates Henry, 4). 20. fol. 196v (Philip I, 1) William the Conqueror lands in England. 21. fol. 206v (Louis VI, 1) Pope (sic ) crowns Louis VI; at right, a monk gives the barons whatever they want to ensure that Louis's coronation takes place. 22. fol. 229 (Louis VII, 1) Louis VII marries Eleanor of Aquitaine (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 23. fol. 241 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII's Christological vision. 24. fol. 254 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Tours or Le Mans. 25. fol. 270 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Surrender of a city to Philip. 26. fol. 277 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 13) Battle of Bouvines: Philip Augustus fights Otto III, the Holy Roman Emperor. 27. fol. 282 (Louis VIII, 1) King and army besiege La Rochelle (illustrates Louis VIII, 2). 28. fol. 285v (Saint Louis, 1) Louis VIII establishes prelates in their churches. 29. fol. 312 (Saint Louis, 93) Battle in which Count Charles of Anjou (here king of France) captures Marsile. 30. fol. 319v (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at deathbed of Saint Louis outside Tunis. 31. fol. 337v (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I of England before Philip IV. 32. fol. 361v (Louis X, 1) King points out hanged man to horsemen riding with him. 33. fol. 363 (Philip V, 1) Burning of lepers (illustrates Philip V, 7). 34. fol. 367v (Charles

IV, 1) Either homage of Louis, son of the count of Nevers (illustrates Charles IV, 4) or Queen Isabelle of England and her son, the future Edward III, visiting Isabelle's brother, Charles IV (illustrates Charles IV, 11). 35. fol. 379 (Philip of Valois, 1) Homage of Edward III of England to Philip (illustrates Philip of Valois, 6). 36. fol. 419 (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and Bonne of Luxembourg. 37. fol. 424v (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 38. fol. 461v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 39. fol. 502 (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: At least two artists. I (Second artist of B.N. fr. 823): fols. 2, 13v, 30, 51, 61, 84, 87, 99v, 106v, 116, 122, 125, 133, 156v, 170, 179, 183v, 186v, 191, 196v, 206v, 229v, 241, 254, 270, 277, 282, 285v, 312, 319v, 337v, 379, 419, 424v, 461v, 502. II (Principal artist of B.N. fr. 823): fols. 361v, 363, 367v.

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français , 1:436 no. 2606.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2608
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)12–25(289)12; 26(301)12, there is a 304 bis; 27(312)12; 28(324)12; 29(336)12, bifolium (4th and 9th folios) misbound—should be reversed; 30(348)12–34(396)12; 35(408)12, bifolium (6th and 7th folios) misbound—should be reversed; 36(420)12; 37(432)12, there is a 432 bis; 38(443)12–45(527)12; 46(539)6. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ce sont des croniques. . . . T: C'ils qui ceste . . . ; fol. 2: Le quint parole . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): princes de Troye . . . ; fol. 4: la tene sespandment . . . ; fol. 543: ensuivant xi^e jour. . . . Explicit: fol. 543: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk presents chronicle to Saints Louis and Denis. 2. fol. 2v (I, 1) four parts: Greeks landing in Troy/ Siege of Troy/ Coronation of Pharamond/ Battle of French and Romans. 3. fol. 4 (I, 4) Construction of the city of Paris. 4. fol. 6v (I, 10) King Chilperic tells Queen Basina of his three visions. 5. fol. 10 (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 6. fol. 13 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 7. fol. 17 (II, 1) Four sons of Clovis enthroned. 8. fol. 26 (II, 14) Queen Clotilda prays in the Church of Saint-Martin at Tours. 9. fol. 36v (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha. 10. fol. 39v (III, 4) Murder of Sigebert. 11. fol. 50 (III, 14) Bishops contradict King Chilperic's heresy. 12. fol. 61 (IV, 1) At right, a young and an old king enthroned; the younger king points to the head of the older king, who offers a crown to an old king kneeling before him. At the left, two other kings watch (should be King Guntram designates his nephew, Childebert, as his heir). 13. fol. 73v (IV, 20) Torture of Queen Brunhilda. 14. fol. 77 (V, 1) Surrender of Saxons to Clotaire II. 15. fol. 81v (V, 6) Clotaire II kills Duke Bertold. 16. fol. 86v (V, 12) King (sic ) Heraclius battles Saracen. 17. fol. 93 (V, 19) At right, the hermit John tells the archbishop of Poitiers of his vision; at left, the vision: Dagobert tormented by devils in a boat. 18. fol. 98 (V, 25) Charles Martel escapes from prison. 19. fol. 99v (V, 26) Charles Martel battles Saracens. 20. fol. 105 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Emperor Charlemagne enthroned; holds sword and orb (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1). 21. fol. 117 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 12) Charlemagne's son, King Pepin, defeats the king of the Huns. 22. fol. 119v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Emperor Charlemagne, enthroned with Pope Leo III, judges those who had tortured the pope. 23. fol. 124 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 5) Surrender of messengers from Saragossa. 24. fol. 127v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises construction. 25. fol. 138 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Emperor Charlemagne and shows him the starry sky. 26. fol. 147v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives gifts sent by the Saracens. 27. fol. 155v (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Louis enthroned, holding orb and scepter. 28. fol. 180 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 29. fol. 207v (Lothaire, 1) King Lothaire enthroned. 30. fol. 210v (Hugh Capet, 1) Coronation. 31. fol. 214v (Henry, 1) Queen Constance and one of her sons at King Robert's deathbed. 32. fol. 230v (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 33. fol. 237 (Louis VI, 8) King Louis battles Count

Thibault. 34. fol. 265 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) While Alix sleeps, Louis VII kisses the infant Philip, and a midwife prepares his bath. 35. fol. 271 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 12) Philip receives a messenger from the Eastern emperor. 36. fol. 274 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 18) Philip speaks with the abbot and monks of Saint-Denis. 37. fol. 279 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Le Mans or Tours. 38. fol. 282 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) Philip Augustus and army load into ships (departure for Acre?). 39. fol. 288 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 14) Capture of the chateau of Aumale. 40. fol. 295v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Amaury de Bene preaching. 41. fol. 301v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines. 42. fol. 304 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Philip Augustus's battle with Count Ferrand. 43. fol. 308 (Louis VIII, 1) Louis VIII reads message brought by a messenger. 44. fol. 311v (Saint Louis, 1) Nimbed Louis IX enthroned, holding fleur-de-lis scepter in a cloth-draped hand; angels hover above. 45. fol. 318 (Saint Louis, 23) Count Thibault crowned king of Navarre. 46. fol. 325 (Saint Louis, 43) Coronation (no textual source). 47. fol. 331 (Saint Louis, 59) Louis IX sails from Egypt. 48. fol. 337 (Saint Louis, 77) Nimbed Louis IX washes the feet of the poor. 49. fol. 339 (Saint Louis, 98) Battle of Henry of Castile and Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, who wears fleur-de-lis. 50. fol. 341 (Saint Louis, 91) Charles of Anjou engages a ship to take him to Rome for his coronation. 51. fol. 346 (Saint Louis, 105) Nimbed Louis IX and army enter ships to go on crusade. 52. fol. 349v (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, disembarks at Tunis and receives message of Louis's death. 53. fol. 352 (Philip III, 7) Kings of France and Tunis make peace. 54. fol. 355v (Philip III, 15) Coronation of Philip III. 55. fol. 363v (Philip III, 35) A king and nobles watch Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, seek support of pope against the king of Aragon. 56. fol. 367v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I pays homage to Philip. 57. fol. 369v (Philip IV, 6) Capture of Acre by the sultan of Babylon. 58. fol. 375 (Philip IV, 25) Philip IV and others carry the coffin of Saint Louis on their shoulders. 59. fol. 377v (Philip IV, 42) Battle of Courtrai. 60. fol. 379v (Philip IV, 47) Battle of Saint-Omer. 61. fol. 381 (Philip IV, 54) Battle between a monk and the devil. 62. fol. 382v (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 63. fol. 390 (Philip IV, 69) Henry, the Holy Roman Emperor, receives communion. 64. fol. 395 (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 65. fol. 400 (Charles IV, 1) Marriage of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia. 66. fol. 449v (John the Good, 1) King John watches bishop crown Jeanne of Burgundy queen. 67. fol. 454 (John the Good, 16) Charles, king of Navarre, is brought before King John as a prisoner; rebellious Normans are executed. 68. fol. 455v (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 69. fol. 466v (John the Good, 58) At left, King (sic ) Charles accepts a hood with Étienne Marcel's colors (red and blue); at right, Marcel's men kill the marshals of Clermont and Champagne. 70. fol. 473 (John the Good, 83) King (sic ) Charles and Charles, king of Navarre, swear a truce. 71. fol. 475v (John the Good, 89) Death of the provost of merchants. 72. fol. 481v (John the Good, 119) English king and his forces fight the French outside Reims. 73. fol. 483v (John the Good, 124) Treaty of Brétigny. 74. fol. 495v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 75. fol. 503 (Charles V, 16) Baptism of Charles VI. 76. fol. 521v (Charles V, 47) Coronation of Richard II of England.

STYLE: At least two artists. Bohemian style, from the time of King Wenceslaus. I: fols. 4, 13, 77, 98, 99v, 105, 117, 119v, 138, 279, 282, 288, 295v, 301v, 304, 308, 311v, 318, 325, 331(?), 337, 339, 341, 346, 349v, 352, 355v, 363v, 367v, 369v, 375, 377v, 379v, 381, 382v, 390, 395v, 400, 449v, 454, 455v, 466v, 473(?), 475v, 481v(?), 483v, 495v, 503, 521v. II: fols. 1, 2v, 6v, 10, 17, 26, 36v, 39v, 50, 61, 73v, 81, 86v, 93, 124(?), 127v(?), 147v, 155v(?), 180, 207v, 210v, 214v, 230v, 237(?), 265, 271, 274(?).

PROVENANCE: Charles VI was the first owner. On fol. 1, his emblems, two winged stags with crowns around their necks, hold a crowned shield of france moderne . The manuscript passed into the collection of John of Berry, who inscribed it on fol. 543: "Ce livre est au duc de Berry. Jehan." Later the manuscript was in the collection of Jean du Mas, Seigneur de l'Isle (died 1495) who added his arms (d'or à la fasce de gueules, accompagnée de trois besants

d'azure ) and his badge (a pilgrim staff and pouch) on fol. 2v. Meiss mistakenly identified these as the arms of Aimeri de Rochechouart.

REFERENCES: Millard Meiss, French Painting in the Time of Jean de Berry: The Late Fourteenth Century (London, 1969), 314, 400 n. 30; Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français , 1:436 no. 2608; Marcel Thomas, The Golden Age: Manuscript Painting at the Time of John, Duke of Berry (New York, 1979), 73, pl. 17; Unpublished notes, Section Codicologique, Institut de Recherches et d'Histoire des Textes, Paris.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2613–14
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: original foliation in brackets. Vol. I: 1(1)8–30(233)8; 31(241)5; 32(246)8; 33(254)6. Vol. II: 1(1[259])8–30(233[491])8. Incipits: Vol. I: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: les Romains . . . ; fol. 3: R: Le premier chapitre. . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of chronicle): moult fut liez . . . ; fol. 258: complier son. . . . Vol. II: fol. 278: franc et environ. . . . Explicit: Vol. II: fol. 278v: . . . et orent agreable.

MINIATURES: Only those on fol. 3 were completed; the rest are blank. 1. fol. 3 (I, 1) four parts: Trojans work in and around their city/ Greeks land at Troy/ Battle between Greeks and Trojans and destruction of Troy/ Greeks found a new settlement. 2. fol. 16 (II, 1) blank. 3. fol. 33v (III, 1) blank. 4. fol. 56v (IV, 1) blank. 5. fol. 71 (V, 1) blank. 6. fol. 96v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) blank. 7. fol. 110 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) blank. 8. fol. 117v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) blank. 9. fol. 127v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) blank. 10. fol. 137v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) blank. 11. fol. 145v (Louis the Pious, 1) blank. 12. fol. 170 (Charles the Bald, 1) blank. 13. fol. 184v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) blank. 14. fol. 198 (Lothaire, 1) blank. 15. fol. 201v (Robert, 1) blank. 16. fol. 206 (Henry, 1) blank. 17. fol. 211 (Philip I, 1) blank. 18. fol. 223 (Louis VI, 1) blank. 19. fol. 246 (Louis VII, 1) blank. Vol. II: 20. fol. 259 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) blank. 21. fol. 299v (Louis VIII, 1) blank. 22. fol. 303v (Saint Louis, 1) blank. 23. fol. 340 (Philip III, 1) blank. 24. fol. 361 (Philip IV, 1) blank. 25. fol. 388v (Louis X, 1) blank. 26. fol. 390v (Philip V, 1) blank. 27. fol. 396 (Charles IV, 1) blank. 28. fol. 407v (Philip of Valois, 1) blank. 29. fol. 448v (John the Good, 1) blank. 30. fol. 494v (Charles V, 1) blank.

PROVENANCE: On fol. 3, four shields fill the intercolumnar margin. The second and fourth are arms borne by a branch of the Chatillon family—their regular arms (de gueules a trois pals de vair au chef d'or ) with a small shield at the top containing the arms of Birenne (d'azur semé de billettes d'or au lion d'or brochant sur le tout ). The first and third shields show these arms impaled with the arms (trois aigles d'or azure bec et serrés de gueules ) of Frederic Linange, who married Marie of Blois, daughter of Guy de Chatillon, count of Blois, in 1347. (Heraldic research conducted by Mme. Hélène Loyau, Section Codicologique, Institut de la Recherches et de l'Histoire des Textes, Paris.)

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français , 1:436 no. 2613–14.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2615
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins through the life of Philip III(?), continued through the life of Philip V, then through 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–23(177)8; 24(185)8, 1st lacks; 25(193)8–32(249)8; 33(257)8, 6th lacks; 34(265)8–40(313)8; 41(321)10; 42(331)4, 1st lacks; 43(334)8–46(358)8; 47(366)6; 48(372)8–50(388)8; 51(396)4, 1st excised; 52(399)8; 53(407)8; 54(415)10; 55(425)2, 2nd excised. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: a la pucelle . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of text): la fourmenz mouteplies . . . ; fol. 261 (possible first ending): aider et si ne. . . . Second ending gone (end of life of Philip V); fol. 425: En l'an. . . . Explicit: fol. 261v (possible first explicit): T:  . . . sans la dispencasion de son evesque soverain. (Later added: la maniere que je vous ai

dit dessus. R: Ci fini l'istoire de phe. filz s. loys.); fol. 425v: T: orent agreable. R: Cy fini l'ystoire du roi Charles le cinquiesme. Cy apres parle du couronnement Charles le sisimesime et de K.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Abbot dictates to two monks. 2. fol. 3 (I, 4+) Coronation of Pharamond. 3. fol. 3v (I, 5+) Coronation of Clodio. 4. fol. 4 (I, 6) Coronation of Meroveus. 5. fol. 4v (I, 7) Coronation of Childeric. 6. fol. 7v (I, 15+) Coronation of Clovis. 7. fol. 9v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 8. fol. 12v (II, 1) King Childebert receives acclamation of three bishops and three noblemen (his brothers?). 9. fol. 21v (II, 18+) King Clotaire enthroned; two nobles and two bishops in attendance. 10. fol. 24 (II, 23+) Coronation of Caribert; crown supported by three bishops and three nobles (his brothers?). 11. fol. 28 (III, 5) King enthroned. 12. fol. 39 (III, 20) Queen Fredegunda holds her son and sits by her brother-in-law, King Guntram; barons pay homage to the child. 13. fol. 40 (III, 22) Guntram, enthroned, receives two messengers. 14. fol. 46v (IV, 8+) Battle: Fredegunda holding her second son, Clotaire, rides with knights against the army of Childebert. 15. fol. 48 (IV, 11+) Battle between the forces of Kings Theodebert and Theoderic and those of King Clotaire II. 16. fol. 56 (V, 5) Clotaire II crowns Dagobert king of Austrasia. 17. fol. 58v (V, 9+) Coronation of Dagobert as king of France. 18. fol. 66 (V, 20) Coronation of Clovis II. 19. fol. 67v (V, 23+) Coronation of Clotaire. 20. fol. 67v (V, 23++) Coronation of Theoderic. 21. fol. 68 (V, 23+++) Coronation of Childeric. 22. fol. 69 (V, 24+) Coronation of Clovis III. 23. fol. 69 (V, 24++) Coronation of Childebert. 24. fol. 69v (V, 24+++) Coronation of Dagobert. 25. fol. 70 (V, 25+) Coronation of Chilperic II. 26. fol. 70v (V, 25++) Coronation of Thierry IV; Charles Martel present, among others. 27. fol. 72 (V, 27+) Charles Martel gives his realm to his sons Pepin and Carloman, who are enthroned with him. 28. fol. 72 (V, 28) Surrender of Grifon's army to that of his brothers, Pepin and Carloman. 29. fol. 72v (V, 28+) Pope Stephen crowns Pepin. 30. fol. 74v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, ch. list) Bishop crowns the two sons of Pepin, Charlemagne and Carloman. 31. fol. 79v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 7+) Charlemagne supervises the pope as he crowns Charlemagne's two sons, Pepin and Louis. 32. fol. 85v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Charlemagne crowned by nobles and clergy. 33. fol. 90v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 7) Charlemagne crowns Louis emperor. 34. fol. 115v (Louis the Pious. 7+) Charlemagne crowns Louis emperor. 35. fol. 124 (Louis the Pious, 19+) Nobles and bishops reinvest Louis with imperial regalia. 36. fol. 126 (Louis the Pious, 22+) Emperor Louis the Pious and bishops crown Charles king of Neustria. 37. fol. 133 (Charles the Bald, 8+) Pope crowns Charles emperor. 38. fol. 137v (Louis the Stammerer, 1+) Coronation of Louis as king. 39. fol. 139 (Louis the Stammerer, 5+) Coronation of Boson and Charles. 40. fol. 140v (Louis the Stammerer, 7+) Coronation of Louis III. 41. fol. 141 (Louis the Stammerer, 7++) Coronation of Odo Capet. 42. fol. 141 (Louis the Stammerer, 7+++) Coronation of Charles the Simple. 43. fol. 143 (Raoul, 1+) Coronation of Raoul. 44. fol. 143v (Louis IV, 1) Coronation of Louis IV. 45. fol. 146v (Lothaire, 1) Coronation of Lothaire. 46. fol. 148 (Louis V, 1) Coronation of Louis V. 47. fol. 148v (Hugh Capet, 1) Coronation of Hugh Capet. 48. fol. 149 (Robert, 1) Coronation of Robert. 49. fol. 151v (Henry, 1) Coronation of Henry. 50. fol. 154v (Philip I, 1) Coronation of Philip. 51. fol. 161 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation of Louis. 52. fol. 173 (Louis VI, 23+) Coronation of Louis VII by pope. 53. folio lacks after fol. 184 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3) offset. 54. fol. 214v (Louis VIII, 1+) Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile by bishops and nobles; John of Brienne, king of Jerusalem, is present.

The following illustrates a second translation of Guillaume of Nangis's life of Saint Louis, which appears in B.N. fr. 2615, Cambrai, B.M. 682, and B.L. Royal 16 G VI. Chapter numbers given here correspond to the edition of the text in Grandes Chroniques , ed. Viard, vol. 10. 55. fol. 217 (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation of Louis IX; a king not required by the text is present.

The following texts correspond to those in the critical edition. 56. fol. 252 (Philip III, 15) Coronation of Philip. 57. folio lacks after fol. 262 (Philip IV, 1). 58. fol. 279 (Louis X, 1) Coronation of Louis. 59. fol. 280v (Philip V, 1) Coronation of Philip by bishops; at right, sergeants-at-arms; at left, sergeant-at-arms with hand on the shoulder of a crowned child, John the "Postume." 60. fol. 284 (Charles IV, 1) King, queen, and nobles outside a town. 61. fol. 295 (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 62. fol. 334 (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John. 63. fol. 347 (John the Good, 43) Bishops counsel the regent, Charles, to yield to the requests of Charles, king of Navarre. 64. fol. 355v (John the Good, 77) The French defeat the rebel army of the Jacquerie. 65. fol. 364 (John the Good, 114) Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, speaks before the council of the regent, Charles. 66. fol. 367v (John the Good, 124) Dictation of the Treaty of Brétigny to a scribe. 67. fol. 382v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 68. fol. 399 (Charles V, 21) Marriage of Philip, duke of Burgundy, and Margaret of Flanders; Philip wears a robe strewn with p s and marguerites .

STYLE: Nine different artists. I (The Royal Master): gatherings 1–8, 12, 15, 28(?). II (The Royal Master [?]): gatherings 21, 22. III (Master of the Roman de Fauvel [Geoffroy de Saint-Léger?]): gathering 35. IV (Painter D of the Vie de Saint Denis , The Sisinnius Master): gathering 32. V: gatherings 9–11, 19, 20. VI: gatherings 16–18. VII: gathering 16. VIII: Repainted faces on fol. 79v (gathering 10). IX: gatherings 36, 37, 43–47, 49, 52.

REFERENCES: Charlotte Lacaze, The "Vie de Saint Denis" Manuscript (New York, 1979), 237–39; Carla Lord, "Three Manuscripts of the Ovide Moralisée," Art Bulletin 57 (1975): 161–75; Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français , 1:436 no. 2615; Joan Diamond Udovitch, "The Papeleu Master: A Parisian Manuscript Illuminator of the Early Fourteenth Century" (Ph.D. diss., New York University, 1979) 2 vols.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2616–20
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: Original foliation (Roman numerals) is used here; it continues throughout the four volumes B.N. fr. 2616: 1(1)2; 2(3)6; 3(9)8–10(65)8; 11(73)4; 12(77)8; 13(85)4. B.N. fr. 2617: 1(89)4; 2(93)8–9(149)8. B.N. fr. 2618: 1(157)8–11(237)8; 12(245)2, two single leaves. B.N. fr. 2619: 1(247)8, 1st and 2nd excised (bound in previous volume); 2(253)10, 10th excised; 3(262)8–14(350)8; 15(358)2; 16(360)10, 4th, 8th, and 9th excised; 17(368)10, 7th excised; 18(401)8; 19(409)1. B.N. fr. 2620: 1(410)4, 1st excised (bound in previous volume); 2(413)8–5(437)8; 6(445)10; 7(455)8–10(479)8; 11(487)4. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il que ceste euvre commence . . . ; fol. 2: derechief theodore . . . ; fol. 3: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of text): damement se ferirent . . . ; fol. 490 sur ce ilz eussent. . . . Explicit: fol. 490: . . . et emmenerent grant foison de.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 3 (I, 1) four parts: Ruler leaving city in formal procession/ Duke enthroned/ Battle between two armies/ Coronation of Pharamond(?). 2. fol. 15 (II, 1) Four sons of Clovis enthroned. 3. fol. 31 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles sleeping Queen Galswintha with a scarf. 4. fol. 52 (IV, 1) King Guntram sits up in bed, extends hand to his heir, King Childebert. 5. fol. 65v (V, 1) Dagobert cuts the beard of his teacher (illustrates V, 3). 6. fol. 81 (V, 22) Clovis II loses his senses because he took one of the bones from the reliquary of Saint Denis. 7. fol. 91v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 6) Coronation (?) (no relation to text). 8. fol. 101v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 9. fol. 108 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne sits in judgment of his son, Pepin, who wears a robe strewn with p s. 10. fol. 114 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 8) Emperor Charlemagne prays before relics (the Crown of Thorns and nails). 11. fol. 115v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 10) Emperor Charlemagne takes leave of the emperor of Constantinople. 12. fol. 118 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to the sleeping

Emperor Charlemagne. 13. fol. 123v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 7) Charlemagne and armies watch Roland fight Ferragut (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8). 14. fol. 135v (Louis the Pious, 1) Coronation. 15. fol. 145 (Louis the Pious, 13) Pope Pascal crowns Lothaire as Holy Roman Emperor. 16. fol. 157v (Charles the Bald, 1) King receives cardinals and nobles. 17. fol. 169v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda gives Louis a sword and main-de-justice . 18. fol. 172v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Louis's sons, Charles and Boson. 19. fol. 181 (Lothaire, 1) Lothaire's expedition against Emperor Otto (illustrates Lothaire, 3). 20. fol. 183v (Robert, 1) City surrenders to Robert. 21. fol. 191 (Philip I, 1) Battle. 22. fol. 201 (Louis VI, 1) Siege of a city. 23. fol. 221v (Louis VII, 1) Surrender of a city (no textual source). 24. fol. 234 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII prays for an heir before an altar. 25. fol. 247 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Battle. 26. fol. 262v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip supervises the burning of heretics. 27. fol. 274 (Louis VIII, 1) Saint Valery appears to Hugh Capet. 28. fol. 278 (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation. 29. fol. 312v (Philip III, 1) Battle. 30. fol. 330v (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward of England to Philip. 31. fol. 357 (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 32. fol. 362v (Charles IV, 1) Wedding of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia. 33. fol. 373v (Philip of Valois, ch. list) Coronation. 34. fol. 413 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 35. fol. 452v (Charles V, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Three artists. I (Second artist of B.N. fr. 823): fols. 3, 15, 31, 52, 65v, 101v, 108, 114, 115v, 118, 123v, 135v. II: fols. 81, 91v, 181, 183v, 191, 201, 221v, 234, 247, 262v, 274, 278, 312v, 330v, 357, 362v, 373v, 413, 452. III (Follower of the Virgil Master): fols. 145, 157v, 169v, 172v.

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français , 1:436 nos. 2616–20.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2813
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1350, continued to 1375, and then to 1379)

COLLATION: See Hedeman, "Valois Legitimacy," 110–15. Incipits: Former vol. I: fol. 1: R: Ce sont les croniques. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: Le xix comment et par . . . ; fol. 3 no text; fol. 4: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 5 (second folio of chronicle): de tout le monde . . . ; fol. 263: sa terre et. . . . Former vol. II: fol. 265: no text; fol. 266: le xl du miracle . . . ; fol. 267: il vint pres . . . ; fol. 492: il nomma lois . . . Explicits: Former vol. I: fol. 263v: . . . son pere le bon roy philippe. Former vol. II: fol. 492: . . . et sur la vraye croix.

MINIATURES: 1: fol. 3v (Facing I, 1) Full-page miniature: Coronation. 2. fol. 4 (I, 1) four parts: Greeks landing in Troy/ Siege of Troy/ Founding of Sicambria/ French defeat Romans. 3. fol. 5v (I, 4) Founding of Paris. 4. fol. 7v (I, 10) King Childeric's three visions. 5. fol. 10 (I, 15) King Clovis slays the rash knight. 6. fol. 12v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 7. fol. 15v (II, 1) Four sons of Clovis enthroned. 8. fol. 23 (II, 14) Clotilda prays in the Church of Saint-Martin at Tours. 9. fol. 31 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles his sleeping wife, Queen Galswintha, with a scarf. 10. fol. 33v (III, 4) Murder of Sigebert. 11. fol. 41v (III, 14) Bishop contradicts Chilperic's heresy. 12. fol. 50v (IV, 1) King Guntram designates his nephew, King Childebert, as his heir. 13. fol. 60v (IV, 20) Torture of Queen Brunhilda. 14. fol. 63 (V, 1) King Clotaire battles the Lombards. 15. fol. 66v (V, 6) King Clotaire kills Duke Bertoald. 16. fol. 70v (V, 12) Emperor Heraclius, a Saracen ruler, and their armies battle on a bridge. 17. fol. 76 (V, 19) John, a hermit, tells the bishop of Poitiers of his vision. 18. fol. 80 (V, 25) Charles Martel receives a messenger. 19. fol. 81 (V, 26) Charles Martel (here a king) defeats Saracens. 20. fol. 85v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) two miniatures: Einhard writing/ Coronation of Charlemagne. 21. fol. 90v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 7) Charlemagne supervises the coronation by the pope of his sons, Pepin and Louis. 22. fol. 95v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 13) Romans gouge out eyes and cut tongue of Pope Leo. 23. fol. 97 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor. 24. fol. 102 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 7) Council of bishops dispute dogma in Charlemagne's presence. 25. fol. 103v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne enthroned with globe and scepter.

26. fol. 105v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 4) Eastern emperor dispatches a bishop with a letter. 27. fol. 106v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5) The messenger from the Eastern emperor arrives before Charlemagne. 28. fol. 108 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 7) Charlemagne and Eastern emperor kneel before the Crown of Thorns. 29. fol. 109v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 9) A bishop carries the saint clou to Emperor Charlemagne. 30. fol. 112v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Emperor Charlemagne. 31. fol. 114v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 3+) Battle against Saracens. 32. fol. 115v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 5) Disputation between King Agolant and King (sic ) Charlemagne. 33. fol. 116v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 6) King (sic ) Charlemagne routs the Saracens. 34. fol. 118 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8) Battle between Roland and Ferragut. 35. fol. 119 (Charlemagne, Bk IV, 9) Saracens attempt to frighten the French knights' horses. 36. fol. 121 (Charlemagne, Bk V, 1) two miniatures: Emperor Charlemagne receives presents from the Saracen kings/ Battle of Roncevaux. 37. fol. 122 v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 3) Nimbed Roland, lying on the battlefield, makes his confession and angels bear away his soul. 38. fol. 123v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 4) Archbishop Turpin's vision of King Marsile in hell. 39. fol. 124 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5) two miniatures: Battle of footsoldiers/ Execution of Ganelon. 40. fol. 128 (Louis the Pious, 1) two miniatures: Emperor Charlemagne supervises the coronation of his son Louis as king of Aquitaine by the pope/ Louis with his advisors. 41. fol. 132v (Louis the Pious, 8) Emperor Louis receives a message from the emperor of Constantinople. 42. fol. 136v (Louis the Pious, 12) Pope crowns Michael as emperor of Constantinople. 43. fol. 139 (Louis the Pious, 15) King (sic ) Louis enthroned with nobles and bishops. 44. fol. 140v (Louis the Pious, 17) Emperor Louis chastises his son Pepin. 45. fol. 142 (Louis the Pious, 18) Emperor Louis, imprisoned at Soissons, leans out of a tower to hook the sword from the belt of one of his sleeping guards. 46. fol. 148 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 47. fol. 149 (Charles the Bald, 2) King Charles, enthroned with his queen, receives messengers. 48. fol. 150v (Charles the Bald, 4) Messengers swear upon a Bible to keep conventions. 49. fol. 152v (Charles the Bald, 6) Charles receives messengers. 50. fol. 154v (Charles the Bald, 8) Pope crowns Charles emperor at Rome. 51. fol. 156 (Charles the Bald, 10) Charles defeats his nephew Louis, king of Germany. 52. fol. 160 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda presents two swords (sic ) to Louis. 53. fol. 161 (Louis the Stammerer, 2) Pope dines with King Louis. 54. fol. 161v (Louis the Stammerer, 3) Peace between King Louis of France and King Louis of Germany. 55. fol. 164 (Louis the Stammerer, 6) Carloman receives messengers. 56. fol. 165 (Charles the Simple, 1) The Normans disembark. 57. fol. 166v (Charles the Simple, 2+) Baptism of Rollo. 58. fol. 168 (Louis IV, 1) Coronation. 59. fol. 169 (Louis IV, 2+) Arnoul, count of Flanders, and his henchmen. 60. fol. 171v (Lothaire, 1) Coronation. 61. fol. 173v (Louis V, 1) HI: Louis receives a messenger. 62. fol. 173v (Charles, 1) HI: Charles receives a messenger. 63. fol. 174 (Robert, 1) Robert beseiges Melun. 64. fol. 177 (Henry, 1) Henry and his army confront his mother and her forces. 65. fol. 179v (Henry, 6) The chief of the Norman soldiers throws a lion over the walls of the palace. 66. fol. 182 (Philip I, 1) Philip enthroned with his queen and children. 67. fol. 187 (Philip I, 10) Pope Pascal in council with Philip. 68. fol. 191v (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 69. fol. 194 (Louis VI, 4) A lord is murdered in his castle. 70. fol. 195v (Louis VI, 6) Hugh du Puisat complains to the king. 71. fol. 200 (Louis VI, 12) Traitors are hanged. 72. fol. 201v (Louis VI, 14) Louis VI in battle. 73. fol. 202v (Louis VI, 15) King kneels before the pope, who took refuge in France. 74. fol. 206v (Louis VI, 20) Murder of Charles, count of Flanders, in church at Bruges. 75. fol. 208 (Louis VI, 22) Cardinals and bishops discuss. 76. fol. 211 (Louis VII, 1) Coronation. 77. fol. 212v (Louis VII, 3) The Holy Roman Emperor, the French king, and others ride off on crusade. 78. fol. 216v (Louis VII, 13) Louis receives a messenger. 79. fol. 221 (Louis VII, 26) Battle between Louis VII and the duke of Clermont. 80. fol. 223 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) two miniatures: Louis VII's Christological vision/ Louis VII and Queen Alix pray before an altar with a crucifix; Louis holds up a diminutive Philip Dieudonné . 81. fol. 223v (Philip

Augustus, Bk. I, 3) Coronation. 82. fol. 227v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 12) Philip receives messengers from the Holy Land. 83. fol. 230 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 18) Philip visits with the monks at Saint-Denis. 84. fol. 234v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Le Mans or Tours. 85. fol. 237 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) Siege of Acre. 86. fol. 238v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 7) Surrender of Acre. 87. fol. 242 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 14) Philip routs King Richard of England and his army. 88. fol. 245v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 21) Barons capture Constantinople. 89. fol. 248v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Amaury de Bene preaches heresy. 90. fol. 252v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 8) Albigensian Crusade. 91. fol. 253v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines. 92. fol. 256 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Victorious army rides away. 93. fol. 258v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 20) Philip returns to Paris. 94. fol. 260v (after the life of Philip Augustus, before presentation poem) Monk presents book to king. 95. fol. 261 (Louis VIII, 1) Saint Valery appears to Hugh Capet. 96. fol. 265 (folio before the ch. list for the life of Saint Louis) FPM (six scenes): Birth of Louis IX/ Education of Louis IX/ Louis IX feeds the leper monk at Royaumont/ Louis IX washes the feet of the poor/ Louis IX buries the crusaders' bones at Sidon/ Louis IX whipped by his confessor. 97. fol. 265v (ch. list, life of Saint Louis) Monk writing. 98. fol. 266v (Saint Louis, 1) two miniatures: Surrender of Avignon/ Coronation of Louis IX (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 99. fol. 269v (Saint Louis, 10) Death of Saint Isabel, daughter of the king of Hungary. 100. fol. 274v (Saint Louis, 31) Battle of the French and English. 101. fol. 277 (Saint Louis, 38) Louis IX visits the Pope. 102. fol. 278v (Saint Louis, 44) King of Cyprus receives John of Brienne's letter. 103. fol. 281 (Saint Louis, 52) Siege of Damietta. 104. fol. 285v (Saint Louis, 69) Nimbed Louis IX sails back to France with his troops. 105. fol. 288v (Saint Louis, 77) Louis IX washes the feet of the poor. 106. fol. 290 (Saint Louis, 84) Henry III of England pays homage to Louis IX. 107. fol. 294 (Saint Louis, 91) Charles of Anjou is crowned king of Sicily. 108. fol. 295 (Saint Louis, 93) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, defeats King Manfred. 109. fol. 296v (Saint Louis, 98) Battle of Henry of Castile and Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily. 110. fol. 298v (Saint Louis, 105) King and army set sail. 111. fol. 299v (Saint Louis, 110) Capture of Carthage. 112. fol. 302 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, at the deathbed of Louis IX. 113. fol. 304 (Philip III, 7) Meeting of kings of Tunis and France. 114. fol. 307 (Philip III, 15) Coronation of Philip. 115. fol. 313v (Philip III, 31) Pope and cardinals meet with Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily (wears French arms). 116. fol. 318 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip. 117. fol. 324 (Philip IV, 25) Philip supervises the translation of the relics of Saint Louis. 118. fol. 326 (Philip IV, 42) Battle of Courtrai. 119. fol. 328 (Philip IV, 47) Battle of Saint-Omer. 120. fol. 329 (Philip IV, 54) A monk battles the devil. 121. fol. 330v (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 122. fol. 339 (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 123. fol. 340v (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 124. fol. 344 (Charles IV, 1) Marriage of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia. 125. fol. 350 (Charles IV, 13) Queen Isabelle of England takes leave of her brother, Charles IV. 126. fol. 353v (Philip of Valois, 1) Coronation. 127. fol. 355v (Philip of Valois, 5) Battle with the Flemish. 128. fol. 357 (Philip of Valois, 6) Edward III of England prepares to pay homage to Philip of Valois. 129. fol. 357v (Philip of Valois, 6+) two-column miniature: Edward III of England pays homage to Philip of Valois. 130. fol. 368 (Philip of Valois, 19) Naval battle between French and English. 131. fol. 385v (Philip of Valois, 42) Siege of La Roche Derain. 132. fol. 393 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 133. fol. 394 (John the Good, 3+) two-thirds of a page: Meeting of the Order of the Star/ Feast of the Order of the Star. 134. fol. 395 (John the Good, 6) King John pardons Charles, king of Navarre. 135. fol. 397 (John the Good, 14) John meets with the Third Estate. 136. fol. 398 (John the Good, 16) King John supervises the execution of rebellious Normans. 137. fol. 399 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 138. fol. 399 bis (John the Good, 20) two miniatures: The dauphin meets with the Estates General/ Footsoldiers. 139. fol. 401 (John the Good, 23) Robert of Clermont defeats forces of Philip of Navarre in Normandy. 140. fol. 402v (John the Good, 31) Robert le Coq, Bishop of

Laon, preaches in parlement. 141. fol. 404v (John the Good, 37) Charles, dauphin of France, speaks to the provost of merchants. 142. fol. 405v (John the Good, 40) Charles, king of Navarre, speaks to clerics. 143. fol. 407 (John the Good, 49) Charles, king of Navarre, speaks to the Parisians at the markets. 144. fol. 409v (John the Good, 58) two miniatures: Sergeants-at-arms of Étienne Marcel/ Étienne's soldiers murder the Marshals of Clermont and Champagne in the presence of the dauphin, Charles, who accepts a hood with Étienne Marcel's colors (red and blue). 145. fol. 414 (John the Good, 74) Beginning of the Jacquerie. 146. fol. 414v (John the Good, 77) Defeat of the Parisian forces at Meaux. 147. fol. 415 (John the Good, 79) Charles, king of Navarre, preaches in the town hall. 148. fol. 416 (John the Good, 83) The regent, Charles, and Charles, king of Navarre, swear a truce. 149. fol. 417 (John the Good, 86) Battle between the armies of the regent and of Paris. 150. 436v (John the Good, 136) King John's entry into Paris. 151. fol. 438 (John the Good, 138) two-column miniature: John the Good returns to London. 152. fol. 439 (Charles V, 1) two miniatures: Peers support the crown at the coronation of Charles V/ Peers support the crown at the coronation of Jeanne of Bourbon. 153. fol. 439v (Charles V, 4) Burgos surrenders to Bertrand du Guesclin. 154. fol. 442 (Charles V, 10) Residents of Viterbo maltreat pope's men. 155. fol. 446v (Charles V, 16) two-column miniature: Baptismal procession for Charles VI. 156. fol. 447 (Charles V, 17) Charles supervises the execution of King Peter of Spain. 157. fol. 460v (Charles V, 34) Charles, king of Navarre, pays homage to Charles V. 158. fol. 467 (Charles V, 52) Charles V receives letter from Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor, announcing his visit. 159. fol. 467v (Charles V, 53) Entry of Emperor Charles IV and his son Wenceslaus, king of the Romans, into Cambrai. 160. fol. 467v (Charles V, 53+) Charles IV, wearing his imperial insignia, reads the seventh lesson during the Christmas mass. 161. fol. 468v (Charles V, 55) Messengers from the dukes of Burgundy and Berry meet the emperor and his son. 162. fol. 469 (Charles V, 58) one-and-one-half-column miniature: The provosts of Paris and of the merchants greet Charles IV, who is carried in a litter. 163. fol. 470 (Charles V, 60) two-column miniature: Meeting between Charles V and the emperor and his son. 164. fol. 470 (Charles V, 60+) Sergeants-at-arms. 165. fol. 470v (Charles V, 61) two-thirds of a page: Entry into Paris of King Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles IV, and Wenceslaus. 166. fol. 471v (Charles V, 63) Charles V greets the seated emperor with a kiss. 167. fol. 472 (Charles V, 64) Parisians give presents to Charles IV and Wenceslaus. 168. fol. 473v (Charles V, 66) two-thirds of a page: Great feast in the Grande Salle of the Palace. 169. fol. 475 (Charles V, 68) Emperor Charles IV meets with members of the University of Paris. 170. fol. 476v (Charles V, 69) Emperor Charles IV makes offers to Charles V in a meeting with the king's council. 171. fol. 477 (Charles V, 70) The emperor visits Queen Jeanne of Bourbon. 172. fol. 478 (Charles V, 72) two miniatures: The emperor has Wenceslaus swear loyalty to Charles V/ The emperor arrives at the abbey of Saint-Mor-des-Fosses (illustrates Charles V, 73). 173. fol. 478v (Charles V, 74) The emperor and his son receive presents from Charles V. 174. fol. 479 (Charles V, 76) Charles V and the emperor Charles IV exchange rings. 175. fol. 480 (Charles V, 79) Charles V stands by the dauphin, who receives letters from the emperor. 176. fol. 480v (Charles V, 82) two-column miniature: Funeral procession of Jeanne of Bourbon.

STYLE: Several artists took part; the most distinctive are: I (Master of the Coronation of Charles VI): fols 3v, 4. II (Follower of the Coronation Master): fols 265, 394, 473v. III (Follower of the Coronation Master): fols. 436, 438. IV (Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V ): fols. 326, 328, 329, 330v, 339, 340v, 344, 350, 355v, 368, 439, 439v, 480v. V (Follower of the Master of the Bible of Jean de Sy): fols. 103v, 105v, 106v, 108, 109v, 112. VI (Perhaps principal artist of B.N. fr. 823): fols. 149, 150v, 154, 160, 161, 161v, 165, 179, 194, 195v, 200, 201, 227v, 230. VII: fols. 66v, 156, 164, 173v, 174, 177.

PROVENANCE: The two volumes of this text were executed for Charles V; his colophon, scraped away by a later owner, is legible with ultraviolet light on fol. 263v (see Fastes

du gothique ). This manuscript is not mentioned in inventories of Charles V. It may have belonged to John of Berry after his brother's death. Delachenal quotes an entry from an inventory at Bourges (now lost) c. 1416 that describes this manuscript: "No. 49 Un livre des croniques de France, en deux volumes écrit en française de lettres de forme, très notablement historié et enluminé au commencement et en plusieurs lieux. Au commencement du deuxième feuillet du premier volume est écrit de tout le monde et au commencement du troisième feuillet de l'autre volume il vint près. "

REFERENCES: Roland Delachenal, ed., Grandes Chroniques de France (Paris, 1910–20), 3:viii–xxv; Delisle, Recherches , 1: 312–14 no. 90; Paris, Grand Palais, Fastes du gothique , (Paris, 1981), 329–31 no. 284, 338–39 no. 294; Anne D. Hedeman, "Copies in Context: The Coronation of Charles V in his Grandes Chroniques de France ," in Coronations: Medieval and Early Modern Monarchic Ritual , ed. János Bak (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1990), 72–87; idem, "Restructuring the Narrative," Studies in the History of Art 16 (1985): 171–81; idem, "Valois Legitimacy," Art Bulletin 66 (1984): 97–117; Avril, Gousset and Guenée, Les Grandes Chroniques; Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français , 1: 494 no. 2813; Paris, Bibilothèque Nationale, La librairie de Charles V (Paris, 1968), 112 no. 195; Claire Richter Sherman, The Portraits of Charles V of France (New York, 1969), 41–44; Marcel Thomas, "La visite de l'Empereur Charles IV," Congrès Internationale des bibliophiles (Vienna, 1971), 85–98.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 2814
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1223).

COLLATION: 1(1)8–29(233)8. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: la victoire qu'il ot . . . ; fol. 239: mesme temps par. . . . Explicit: manuscript has been misplaced (and unavailable for consultation) since 1980.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Presentation of manuscript to king.

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens fonds français , 1:494 no. 2814.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 6466–67
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: Vol. I: 1(2)8; 2(10)6; 3(15)8–12(87)8; 13(95)4; 14(99)8–27(203)8; 28(211)4; 29(219)8; 30(227)8; 31(235)4; 32(239)8–34(255)8; 35(263)1, three-quarters blank substituted folio. Vol. II: 1(2)8, first 13 lines scraped (contained text transcribed on fol. 263 of vol. I); 2(10)8–19(146)8; 20(154)2; 21(156)8–36(276)8; 37(284)1. Incipits: Vol. I: fol. 2: de la genealogie . . . ; fol. 3: comment childeric . . . ; fol. 15: text begins, but has been cut out. Vol. II: fol. 284: R: de la loy. . . . T: Parce que le roy. . . . Explicit: fol. 284: . . . et emmerent grand foison de biens.

MINIATURES: All have been cut out; they were positioned as follows: 1. fol. 2 (Table of Contents) two-column miniature. 2. fol. 16 (I, 1) two-column miniature. 3. fol. 17 (I, 6). 4. fol. 17v (I, 6?). 5. fol. 17v (I, 7). 6. fol. 18 (I, 8). 7. fol. 19 (I, 10). 8. fol. 21v (I, 14). 9. fol. 22 (I, 15). 10. fol. 22 (I, 16). 11. fol. 25 (I, 20). 12. fol. 28 (II, 1). 13. fol. 44 (II, 23). 14. fol. 69v (IV, 1). 15. fol. 80v (IV, 20). 16. fol. 83 (IV, 25). 17. fol. 83v (V, 1). 18. fol. 90 (V, 9). 19. fol. 99 (V, 20). 20. fol. 106 (V, 28). 21. fol. 109 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1). 22. fol. 123v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1). 23. fol. 126v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 3?). 24. fol. 128 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 4). 25. fol. 131 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1). 26. fol. 135 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6). 27. fol. 141v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1). 28. fol. 148 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 7). 29. fol. 152 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1). 30. fol. 159v (Louis the Pious, 1). 31. fol. 185v (Charles the Bald, 1). 32. fol. 200v (Louis the Stammerer, 1). 33. fol. 204v (Louis the Stammerer, 5). 34. fol. 210 (Louis IV, 1). 35. fol. 215 (Lothaire, 1). 36. fol. 218v (Robert, 1). 37. fol. 239v (Louis VI, 1). Vol. II: 38. fol. 2 (Louis VII, 1). 39.

fol. 15 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1). 40. fol. 28v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1). 41. fol. 44 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1). 42. fol. 57v (Louis VIII, 1). 43. fol. 60v (Saint Louis, 1). 44. fol. 95v (Philip III, 1). 45. fol. 113 (Philip IV, 1). 46. fol. 139 (Louis X, 1). 47. fol. 141 (Philip V, 1). 48. fol. 145 (Charles IV, 1). 49. fol. 156 (Philip of Valois, 1). 50. fol. 196 (John the Good, 1). 51. fol. 235 (Charles V, 1).

STYLE: The few corners of miniatures that remain recall the style of the Master of the Cité des Dames .

PROVENANCE: A scraped signature of John of Berry on fol. 285 enabled me to identify this manuscript, which was originally one volume, as manuscript 970 in the inventory of 1413 published by Guiffrey: "Item un livre des croniques de France, escript en francoys, de lettre de court, très bien historié en plusieurs lieux; et au commencement du second fueillet de la table dudit livre a escript comment Childerich couvert de veluiau noir, deux fermouers de laton, et V bouilons de mesmes su chascune aiz; lequel livre Jehan de la Barre, receveur general de toutes finances en languedoc et duchée de Guienne, donna à Monseigneur, ou mois d'avril apres Pasques án mil cccc et huit."

REFERENCES: Jules Guiffrey, ed., Inventaires de Jean de Berry (1401–1416) 2 vols. (Paris, 1894–96) 1: 257, no. 970; Omont, Catalogue général, Ancien supplément français , 1:38 nos. 6466–67.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 10132
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins through life of Philip Augustus [1223], continued with translation of Guillaume de Nangis through Louis X [1316], then continued again with a French translation and continuation of the chronicle of Jean de Saint-Victor to 1329)

COLLATION: 1(1)6; 2(7)12; 3(19)8–23(179)8; 24(187)8, all blank, unruled, different quality of parchment; 25(195)8–30(235)8; 31(243)8, all blank, unruled, different quality of parchment; 32(251)8; 33(259)8; 34(267)8, 3rd–6th lack; 35(271)8–44(343)8; 45(351)12; 46(363)8–48(379)8; 49(387)4; 50(391)8; 51(399)8; 52(407)8, 3rd lacks; 53(414)4, blank, ruled. Incipits: fol. 1: Ci commence les croniques . . . ; fol. 2: Ci commence li chapitres . . . ; fol. 19 (first folio with contemporary numeration): R: Ci commence les grans croniques. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 20: tenue qu'en nule autre . . . ; fol. 21 (second folio of chronicle): avec luis des essillez . . . ; fol. 400 (first ending): et cardinaus . . . ; fol. 413 (second ending): et fist. . . . Explicits: fol. 400 (original ending): . . . le dessus dit Robert Conte d'Artois. fol. 413v: . . . et aussi celle folle renomee de ces enstant cella.

MINIATURES: Directions to the illuminator, given in lower margins of many folios, are recorded below (with abbreviations expanded). 1. fol. 19 (Prologue) two-column miniature: Destruction of and flight from Troy. 2. fol. 20v (I, 1) Tree of Jesse iconography; left half of tree has uncrowned heads, right half crowned (derives from rubric for prologue). 3. fol. 23 (I, 5) King Clodion beseiges a city. 4. fol. 32 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 5. fol. 36v (II, 1) Clovis and Clotilda divide the realm between their four sons. 6. fol. 57 (III, 1) Chilperic strangles his wife, Queen Galswintha, as she sleeps. 7. fol. 84 (IV, 1) King Guntram, in bed, crowns queen, who leans over him (no textual source). 8. fol. 102v (V, 3) Young crowned Dagobert cuts the beard of his teacher. 9. fol. 127v (V, 28) Pepin, crowned and with bared sword, stands on the back of a lion; three barons kneel at the left. 10. fol. 132 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Emperor (sic ) Charlemagne's son, King Pepin, accused of treason, is brought before Charlemagne under armed guard (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. I, 11). 11. fol. 147 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne, who kneels outside a church, emperor. Direction: "Comment li reis Charlemagne entre en l'eglise s'pierre de rome. Comment li pape asist asist [sic ] le couronne empereale sour le chief et il est a genous devant le pape." 12. fol. 155v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) King Charlemagne supervises construction. Direction: "Comment un roy fier et orguilleus fait fonder une chapelle noble et real." 13. fol. 159v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 4) Emperor Constantine of

Constantinople sends messengers to Charlemagne asking for help against the Saracens. Direction: "Comment un empereur siet en un faudestuel et baille letres a chevaliers qui sont devant lui a genous." 14. fol. 160 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5) King (sic ) Charlemagne receives messenger from Constantinople. Direction: "[trimmed]. . . Charlemagne le grant." 15. fol. 165 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 10) Outside Constantinople, King Charlemagne bids farewell to Emperor Constantine; an assistant holds relics. 16. fol. 167v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, before ch. list) Battle between four knights. Direction: trimmed. 17. fol. 168v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) King Charlemagne sleeps; above, starry sky. Direction: "Comment Charlemagne est [then portion crossed out: a toutes ses os contre surazin et assaut une cite et le sarracen sont] en son lie et voit en son dormant un grant chemin ou ciel qui s'en aloit vers espaigne et vers gallice." 18. fol. 174 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 6) Emperor Charlemagne in discussion with Agolant (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 5). 19. fol. 180v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 20. fol. 220 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of two kings and knights. Direction: "Une grant bataille de chevaliers et de rois et d'autre gent." 21. fol. 233v (Charles the Bald, 13) Vision of Charles the Bald; angel shows Charles hell. 22. fol. 237 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis, uncrowned, sends messengers. Direction: "Comment il envoie ses mesaires as barons pour avoir l'otroi de la corone sanf danit [?] et. . . . " 23. fol. 241 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Outside a church, a bishop receives Louis and Carloman. Direction: "Comment l'en couronne ii enfans en une abbaie et les couronne une evesque et plusieurs barons qui i sont." 24. fol. 252v (Lothaire, 1) Bier of Louis IV surrounded by mourners. Direction: "Comment i roy est en biere et grant luminaure entour et grant plente de dames et de chevalier et de clergie." 25. fol. 255 (Louis V, 1) King stands in a landscape. 26. fol. 255 (Charles, 1) Coronation. Direction: "Comment l'en couronne un ieune roy." 27. fol. 255v (Hugh Capet, 1) Marriage of Philip Augustus and Elizabeth of Hainault. Direction: "Comment i roy espeuse une dame et la plusieurs chevaliers et plente de clergie." 28. fol. 256 (Robert, 1) Knights approach a castle. Direction: "Comment il asist clos et fors murs et diave tout entour et avec lui a grant plent. . . . " 29. fol. 260v (Henry, 1) Army besieges a castle. Direction: "Comment un guene chevalier chevache avec grant plente de gent en vers un chastel." 30. fol. 266v (Philip I, 1) A woman sleeps; midwives hold baby. Direction: "Commens une dame gist d'enfant et comment les femmes qui avec li sont le recoivent entre lor bras." 31. fol. 275 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. Direction: "comment il fu [trimmed]." 32. fol. 299 (Louis VII, 1) King Louis VII supervises a building campaign. Direction: "Comment il fait fonda. . . [trimmed]." 33. fol. 301 (Louis VII, 3) Louis VII and companions set off on crusade. Direction: "[trimmed]. . . de chevaliers et de prelas." 34. fol. 314 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) A woman sleeps in a bed at the left; at right, several nobles offer a child, hands joined in prayer, over an altar; the head of Christ peers from a cloud. Directions: "Comment il fu nez et comment il fu presente ser/ . . . [trimmed]." 35. fol. 329v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Battle. Direction: "les grans batailles qu'il fist et qu'il ot." 36. fol. 354 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines.

The following represents a different translation of the life of Louis VIII, of Guillaume de Nangis's Life of Saint Louis , and of the lives of Philip III and Philip IV than was normally used in the Grandes Chroniques . I have assigned chapter numbers here that correspond to the text as it appears in B.N. fr. 10132. Portions of these same texts appear as well in Castres, B.M.; B.R. 5; and Grenoble, Ms. 407 rés. 37. fol. 362 (Louis VIII, 1) Louis VIII receives a messenger. 38. fol. 363v (Saint Louis, 1) Nimbed Louis IX supervises construction. 39. fol. 368 (Saint Louis, 16) Capture of a Saracen city. 40. fol. 371v (Saint Louis, 20) Battle of Charles of Anjou and Manfred. 41. fol. 372 (Saint Louis, 21) Battle of Charles of Anjou against Conradin and Henry of Spain. 42. fol. 374 (Philip III, 1) Coronation of Philip III. 43. fol. 377 (Philip III, 2) Battle of Peter of Aragon and Philip III. 44. fol. 378 (Philip IV, 1) Philip IV in conversation. 45. fol. 398v (Louis X, 1) Louis X with two youths.

The following illustrate the French translation and continuation of the Chronicle of Jean de Saint-Victor. 46. fol. 403 (Philip V) At left, Philip V; at right, a woman and

monks mourn around a bier. 47. fol. 404 (Charles IV) A messenger comes to Charles IV. 48. fol. 410v (Philip of Valois) At left, King Philip of Valois is presented a baby (the daughter of Charles IV) as, at right, a queen sits up in bed and converses with him.

STYLE: Two artists. I: gatherings 1–50. II: gatherings 51 and 52.

PROVENANCE: Within the introductory materials on fol. 1 is the following passage: "Ci commencent les croniques des Roys de france depuis le temps des premiers roys qui i furent, dusques au temps du roy phelippe qui fu filz phelippe li biaux et frere le Roy looys. Lesqueles pierres honnorez de nuef chastel en normendie fist escrire et ordener en la maniere que elles sont selont l'ordenance des croniques de saint denis. A mestre thomas de maubuege demourant en rue nueuve nostre dame de paris. L'an de grace nostre seingneur. mil.ccc. et xviii." Later, this book belonged to Anne de Bueil (signature fol. 18) who married Pierre d'Amboise in 1428.

REFERENCES: Samuel Berger and Paul Durrieu, "Notes pour l'enlumineur dans les manuscrits du Moyen-Âge " Bulletin et mémoires de la Société nationale des antiquaires de France (1892): 18–20; Delisle, Cabinet des manuscrits , 1:15, 2:345, 3:304; Omont, Catalogue général, Ancien supplément français , 2:50–51 no. 10132.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 10135
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1350)

COLLATION: 1(1)2; 2(3)6; 3(9)8–39(297)8; 40(305)6; 41(311)9, 1st tipped; 42(320)8–50(384)8; 51(392)10; 52(402)8–56(434)8; 57(442)10. Incipits: fol. 1: C'ils qui ceste euvre . . . ; fol. 2: l'empereur de constantinoble . . . ; fol. 3: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 4 (second fol. of chronicle): aucuns en pristrent . . . ; fol. 450: avec aucuns autres. . . . Explicit: fol. 450: . . . pardurablement apres sa mort. Ainsi soit il.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk presents book to king. 2. fol. 3 (I, 1) four parts: Greeks landing in Troy/ Siege of Troy/ Founding of Sicambria/ French defeat Romans. 3. fol. 6v (I, 10) King Childeric's three visions. 4. fol. 9v (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 5. fol. 13 (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 6. fol. 16v (II, 1) King Clovis's four sons at his deathbed. 7. fol. 26 (II, 14) Two of Clotilda's sons make peace. 8. fol. 36 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha as she sleeps. 9. fol. 39v (III, 4) Murder of Sigebert. 10. fol. 43v (III, 8) Condemnation of the archbishop of Rouen. 11. fol. 50 (III, 14) King Chilperic dictates to scribes. 12. fol. 55v (III, 19) Murder of King Chilperic. 13. fol. 59v (III, 24) Murder of Ebeulphe at Saint-Martin of Tours. 14. fol. 62 (IV, 1) King Guntram designates his nephew Childebert as his heir. 15. fol. 74 (IV, 20) Torture of Queen Brunhilda. 16. fol. 81v (V, 6) King Clotaire kills Duke Bertold. 17. fol. 86 (V, 12) Emperor Heraclius regains the Holy Cross. 18. fol. 92v (V, 19) Death of Dagobert; angels and devils fight above his bed. 19. fol. 97 (V, 25) King (sic ) Charles Martel escapes from the prison of his mother. 20. fol. 98 (V, 26) King (sic ) Charles Martel battles Saracens. 21. fol. 103v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Emperor enthroned receives a messenger. 22. fol. 114 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 12+) Charlemagne's son Pepin defeats the king of the Huns. 23. fol. 116v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor. 24. fol. 120v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 5) Conquest of Saragossa. 25. fol. 124 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises construction. 26. fol. 134v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Emperor Charlemagne. 27. fol. 144 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Death of Roland (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. V, 3). 28. fol. 152 (Louis the Pious, 1) King Louis enthroned receives two couples (no textual source). 29. fol. 155v (Louis the Pious, 5) Louis's son Pepin, king of Lombardy, battles Venetians at sea. 30. fol. 176v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 31. fol. 191 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) King Louis presents barons with gifts to win their support. 32. fol. 205 (Lothaire, 1) Funeral of Louis IV. 33. fol. 207v (Hugh Capet, 1) King enthroned. 34. fol. 212v (Henry, 1) Queen Constance and her army rout her son King Henry and his army. 35. fol. 229 (Louis VI, 1) King leads army into a city

(illustrates Louis VI, 2). 36. fol. 235v (Louis VI, 8) Siege of Meaux. 37. fol. 265v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII's Christological vision. 38. fol. 271 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 12) Philip receives messengers from the Holy Land. 39. fol. 278 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Le Mans or Tours. 40. fol. 281v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) Attack on Acre. 41. fol. 287v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 14) Capture of chateau of Aumale. 42. fol. 295 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip listens to preaching of heretics. 43. fol. 301 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines. 44. fol. 308v (Louis VIII, 1) Saint Valery appears to Hugh Capet. 45. fol. 312 (Saint Louis, 1) Louis IX enthroned. 46. fol. 315 (Saint Louis, 10) Death of Saint Isabel, daughter of the king of Hungary. 47. fol. 321 (Saint Louis, 31) Battle of the French and the English. 48. fol. 324 (Saint Louis, 38) Louis IX visits the pope. 49. fol. 325v (Saint Louis, 44) King of Cyprus receives a letter. 50. fol. 328v (Saint Louis, 52) Siege of Damietta. 51. fol. 334 (Saint Louis, 69) Louis IX and troops sail back to France. 52. fol. 337v (Saint Louis, 77) Louis IX feeds the poor and washes their feet. 53. fol. 339 (Saint Louis, 83) Charles of Anjou captures King Marsile. 54. fol. 342 (Saint Louis, 91) Charles of Anjou is crowned king of Sicily. 55. fol. 343 (Saint Louis, 93) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily (with French arms), defeats King Manfred. 56. fol. 345 (Saint Louis, 98) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily (with French arms), battles Henry of Aragon. 57. fol. 347 (Saint Louis, 105) Louis IX and army set sail. 58. fol. 348v (Saint Louis, 110) Capture of Carthage. 59. fol. 351 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, at deathbed of Louis IX. 60. fol. 353v (Philip III, 7) Homage of the king of Tunis. 61. fol. 357 (Philip III, 15) Coronation of Philip III. 62. fol. 365 (Philip III, 35) Pope and cardinals meet with Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily. 63. fol. 369v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England pays homage to Philip. 64. fol. 371 (Philip IV, 6) Acre destroyed by the sultan of Babylon. 65. fol. 375v (Philip IV, 23) Battle of Robert, count of Artois, against the Flemings. 66. fol. 376v (Philip IV, 25) King Philip oversees the translation of the relics of Saint Louis. 67. fol. 379v (Philip IV, 42) Battle of Courtrai. 68. fol. 381v (Philip IV, 47) Battle of Saint-Omer. 69. fol. 383 (Philip IV, 54) A monk battles the devil. 70. fol. 384v (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 71. fol. 391 (Philip IV, 69) Death of Henry, the Holy Roman Emperor. 72. fol. 396v (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 73. fol. 401 (Charles IV, 1) Coronation. 74. fol. 412v (Philip of Valois, 3) Coronation of Philip of Valois and Jeanne of Burgundy. 75. fol. 414 (Philip of Valois, 5) Battle of Cassel. 76. fol. 416 (Philip of Valois, 6) Homage of Edward III of England to Philip of Valois.

STYLE: At least six artists. I (Follower of the Coronation Master [of B.N. fr. 2813]): fol. 3. II: fols. 1, 6v. III: fols. 9v, 13, 16v, 26, 36, 39v, 43v, 50, 55v, 59v, 62, 74, 81v, 86, 114, 308v, 312, 324, 325v. IV: fols. 92v, 207v, 212v, 229, 235v, 265v, 271, 278v, 281v, 287v(?), 295, 301. V: fols. 97, 98, 103v, 116v, 120v, 124, 134v, 144, 152, 155v, 176v(?), 191v, 205, 315, 321, 328v, 334, 337v, 339, 342, 343, 345, 347, 348v, 351, 353v, 357, 369v, 371, 375v, 376v, 381v, 384v, 391v, 396v, 401, 412v, 414v, 416. VI: fol. 365.

PROVENANCE: On fol. 450v is a signature of Charles VI. The manuscript passed into the Burgundian library, where it was no. 78 in the inventory made in 1420: "Item, ung autre livre nomme les Croniques de France , escript en parchemin, de lettre ronde, à deux coulonnes, historié et enlumine, commencant ou II^e fueillet aucuns en pristrent et ou derrenier avecques aucuns autres . couvert de cuir vermeil marquete a fermouers de cuivre." It was still listed in Burgundian hands in the inventory of Philip the Good's manuscripts in 1467.

REFERENCES: Barrois, Bibliothèque prototypographique , 206 no. 1416; Delisle, Recherches , 1:318 no. 93; Doutrepont, Inventaire (1420) , 40 no. 48; Omont, Catalogue général, Ancien supplément français , 2:51 no. 10135.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 17270
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1350)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–45(353)8; 46(361)6; 47(367)8–52(407)8; 53(415)6, 6th excised. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ce sont les grandes croniques de france. . . . T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ;

fol. 2: -pousait. li . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): et priens(?) il hauta . . . ; fol. 4: querre nouvelle habitation . . . ; fol. 419: commenca a deffendre. . . . Explicit: fol. 419v: T:  . . . pardurablement apres sa mort. R: Ci fini la vie et les fais du noble prince phelippe de valoys iadis Roy de France et cetera.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2v (I, 1) four parts: Greeks landing in Troy/ Siege of Troy/ Founding of Sicambria/ French defeat Romans. 2. fol. 94 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) four parts: Emperor Charlemagne enthroned at court with globe and scepter/ Battle/ Emperor Charlemagne routs a king and his army/ Emperor Charlemagne receives gifts from Saracens (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1). 3. fol. 107 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 4. fol. 130v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roland and Ferragut (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8). 5. fol. 137v (Louis the Pious, 1) Coronation. 6. fol. 185 (Hugh Capet, 1) Coronation. 7. fol. 280 (Saint Louis, 1) Louis IX washes the feet of the poor (illustrates Saint Louis, 77). 8. fol. 367 (Charles IV, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Follower of the Coronation Master (of B.N. fr. 2813).

PROVENANCE: An inscription on fol. 419v states: "Ce livre est à messire Tanguy du Chastel, viscomte de la bellière et seigneur de Chastillon sur Yndre." Tanguy was governor of Cerdegne and Roussillon in 1468 and chamberlain of Louis XI. His father (perhaps previous owner of the manuscript?) was chamberlain of Louis of Orléans, went to Italy with the duke of Anjou, and then became chamberlain to Louis, duke of Guyenne. Named provost of Paris in 1415, he retired from Paris and died in 1458.

REFERENCES: Omont, Catalogue général, Ancien Saint-Germain français , 3:57 no. 17270; Unpublished notes, Section Codicologique, Institut de Recherches et l'Histoire de Textes, Paris.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 20350
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: No modern foliation; original foliation given in Roman numerals is full of errors. 1(B)4; 2(1)8–11(73)8, after fol. 77 comes fol. 68; from here on, the foliation written in the manuscript will be placed within brackets, 12(81[71])8–20(145[135])8, after the manuscript's fol. 142 comes 163 and 184; 21(153[163])8–26(193[223])8, after the manuscript's fol. 223 comes 244; 27(202[252])8, the manuscript's fol. 255 is repeated twice; 28(220[259])8; 29(228[267])8, the manuscript's fol. 269 is repeated twice; 30(236[274])8, the manuscript's fols. 274 and 278 are repeated twice; 31(244[280])8; 32(252[288])8; 33(260[296])5, too tightly bound to see which leaf is excised; 34(265[301])8–40(313[349])8, no foliation on manuscript's fol. 349, its fol. 355 is written as 360; 41(321[357])8–43(337[373])8, the manuscript's fol. 379 is followed by fols. 340, 339, and 342; 44(345[339])8, the manuscript's fol. 348 is followed by two fols. 350; 45(353[350])8–47(369[405])8; 48(377[413])10; 49(387[423])2; 50(389[425])8–55(429[465])8, the manuscript's fol. 471 is followed by fols. 412 and 473; 56(437[473])8–59(461[497])8; 60(469[505])4. Incipits: fol. C: R: Ci commencent les croniques de France. T: C'il qui ceste oeuvre commence . . . ; fol. D: il vainqui le roy goudebaut . . . ; fol. 1: R: le premier chapitre parle. . . . T: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 2 (second folio of text): . . . ambroise. En ce temps . . . ; fol. 507: menes en chastellet. . . . Explicit: fol. 507: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: Once numeration errors begin, the manuscript's foliation will appear in brackets. 1. fol. C[D] (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. fol. E[F]v (I, 1) four parts: Flight from Troy/ Coronation of Pharamond/ Building of Sicambria/ Battle. 3. fol. 1 (I, 1) HI: Coronation; at the bottom of the page, angels hold arms repainted with the arms of the de Malet family. 4. fol. 8v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 5. fol. 11v (II, 1) Queen Clotilda supervises the coronations of her four sons. 6. fol. 27 (III, 1) King Chilperic supervises two men who strangle Galswintha with a scarf. 7. fol. 29v (III, 4) King Sigebert in discussion. 8. fol. 47v (IV, 1) King Guntram names his nephew King Chilperic as his heir. 9. fol. 53v (IV, 12) Battle between Kings Clothaire and Theoderic and their

armies. 10. fol. 58 (IV, 20) King orders torture of Queen Brunhilda (here, tied by feet). 11. fol. 60v (V, 1) Stag takes refuge at Saint-Denis from Dagobert and his fellow huntsmen (illustrates V, 2). 12. fol. 62v (V, 4) Dagobert takes refuge from his father at Saint-Denis. 13. fol. 68 (V, 12) Battle between Emperor Heraclius and Emperor (sic ) Chosroes II, king of Persia, on a bridge. 14. fol. 73v (V, 19) The hermit John describes his vision of Dagobert's death to the bishop of Poitiers. 15. fol. 73v [83v] (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 16. fol. 76v [86v] (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 5) Saxons attempt to burn a chapel founded by Saint Boniface, two angels protect it. 17. fol. 78 [88] (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 6+) Charlemagne battles the Saxons. 18. fol. 85 [95] (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor. 19. fol. 90 [100] (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 7) Meeting of a church council; cleric disputes before King Charlemagne, clerics, and nobles. 20. fol. 91v [101v] (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) King Charlemagne supervises construction. 21. fol. 95v [105v] (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6) The emperor of Constantinople gives Emperor Charlemagne relics—the Crown of Thorns and the saint clou . 22. fol. 97 [107] (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 8) In answer to prayers of Charlemagne and others, miracles (of the cut Crown of Thorns and the floating glove) confirm the authenticity of the relics. 23. fol. 99 [109] (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 12) Charlemagne orders sermons preached about the relics. 24. fol. 100v [110v] (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to praying Emperor Charlemagne. 25. fol. 105 [115] (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 6) Charlemagne battles the Saracens. 26. fol. 106v [116] (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 8) Roland battles the giant Ferragut. 27. fol. 109v [119v] (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Saracen kings Marsile and Bagliant send messengers to Charlemagne. 28. fol. 116v [126v] (Louis the Pious, 1) Charlemagne has Louis crowned king of Aquitaine. 29. fol. 124v [134v] (Louis the Pious, 12+) King Louis the Pious in parliament at Noyen. 30. fol. 129v [139v] (Louis the Pious, 18) Pope asks King (sic ) Louis to reconcile with his son. 31. fol. 136 [146] (Louis the Pious, 23) Death of Louis the Pious. 32. fol. 137v [147v] (Charles the Bald, 1) Charles, Lothaire, and Louis divide the empire. 33. fol. 187 [157] (Charles the Bald, 13) Charles's vision before his death. 34. fol. 189 [159] (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis appeases the barons. 35. fol. 197 [167] (Louis IV, 1) Meeting of King Henry of Germany and King Louis IV at the Rhine. 36. fol. 200v [170v] (Lothaire, 1) Tibaut of Chartres accuses Duke Richard of Normandy falsely to Queen Engeberge. 37. fol. 203 [173] (Robert, 1) Robert writes sequences. 38. fol. 210v [280v] (Philip I, 1) Surrender of the count of the Gatinais. 39. fol. 219v [189v] (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 40. fol. 244v [194v] (Louis VI, 7) Assault on the castle of Puisat. 41. fol. 247 [197] (Louis VI, 11) Count Tibault surrenders to Louis VI. 42. fol. 258 [219] (Louis VII, 1) Louis marries Eleanor of Aquitaine (illustrates Louis VII, 2). 43. fol. 259 [220] (Louis VII, 3) Louis VII and the Holy Roman Emperor set out on a crusade. 44. fol. 268 [229] (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Birth of Philip Augustus. 45. fol. 269 [230] (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3) Monks kneel before Philip Augustus and counselors. 46. fol. 277 [240] (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) King besieges Le Mans or Tours. 47. fol. 279v [243v] (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 7) Surrender of Acre. 48. fol. 288v [252v] (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Amaury de Bene preaches heresy. 49. fol. 295 [259] (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 15) Battle of Bouvines. 50. fol. 298v [262v] (Louis VIII, 1) Death of Philip Augustus. 51. fol. 315v [279v] (Saint Louis, 51) Louis IX leaves for crusades. 52. fol. 317v [281v] (Saint Louis, 58) Saint Louis meets with the sultan. 53. fol. 321 [285] (Saint Louis, 69) Saint Louis worships chalice in boat returning to France. 54. fol. 323v [287v] (Saint Louis, 75) Enguerrand IV de Coucy hangs three youths who hunted on his land. 55. fol. 328 [292] (Saint Louis, 91) Charles, count of Anjou, on his way to Rome to be crowned king of Sicily. 56. fol. 331v [295v] (Saint Louis, 99) French found abbey to commemorate victory. 57. fol. 334 [298] (Saint Louis, 110) Capture of Carthage. 58. fol. 336v [300v] (Philip III, 1) Charles, king of Sicily, mourns death of Saint Louis at Tunis. 59. fol. 340 [304] (Philip III, 11) Philip III and army leave Trapes. 60. fol. 353 [317] (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I to Philip IV. 61. fol. 373 [337] (Philip IV, 73) Dispute between nobles. 62. fol. 374v [338v] (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 63. fol. 376 [340] (Philip

V, 1) Death of Jeanne, daughter of Louis X. 64. fol. 380 [344] (Charles IV, 1) Charles receives message. 65. fol. 388v [352v] (Charles IV, 15) Emperor and army outside city. 66. fol. 390v [353v] (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 67. fol. 403 [367] (Philip of Valois, 19) Sea battle between French and English. 68. fol. 407 [371] (Philip of Valois, 26) Battle of king of Spain against Saracens. 69. fol. 408 [372] (Philip of Valois, 28) Death of Duke John of Brittany. 70. fol. 425 [389] (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and his wife (arms of Anjou). 71. fol. 426 [390] (John the Good, 6) King John pardons Charles of Navarre for the murder of the constable of France. 72. fol. 428 [392] (John the Good, 16) King John supervises the execution of rebellious Norman knights. 73. fol. 429v [393v] (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 74. fol. 435v [399v] (John the Good, 40) Preaching of Charles, king of Navarre. 75. fol. 439v [403v] (John the Good, 58) Murder of the marshals of Clermont and Champagne in front of the regent, Charles. 76. fol. 445 [409] (John the Good, 83) Meeting between Charles, king of Navarre, and Charles, regent of France. 77. fol. 447v [411v] (John the Good, 89) Royalist demonstration outside the Bastille (substitutes arms of Berry). 78. fol. 453 [417] (John the Good, 119) English army approaches Reims. 79. fol. 454v [418v] (John the Good, 124) Treaty between kings of France and England. 80. fol. 466 [430] (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V. 81. fol. 472v [436v] (Charles V, 16) Baptism of Charles VI. 82. fol. 473v [437v] (Charles V, 17) Beheading of Pierre d'Espaigne. 83. fol. 486v [450v] (Charles V, 36) Defeat of dukes of Brabant and of Gerle. 84. fol. 487 [451] (Charles V, 37) Baptism of Louis of Orléans. 85. fol. 496 [460] (Charles V, 87) Death of Gregory IX. 86. fol. 507 [471] (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: At least six different artists. I (Follower of Virgil Master): fols. C, Ev, 1, 298v(?). II (Follower of Virgil Master): fols. 8v, 27, 90, 91v, 210v, 317v, 428v, 435v, 439v, 453, 454v, 466, 472v, 473v, 486v, 487. III (Follower of the Virgil Master): fols. 29v, 68, 73v, 76v, 78, 85, 95v, 97, 99, 100v, 105, 106v, 109v, 116v, 124v, 129v, 136, 137v, 187, 189, 197, 200v, 203, 219v, 244v, 247, 258, 259, 268, 269, 315v, 321, 323v, 328, 331v, 334, 336v, 340, 373, 374v, 376, 380, 388v. IV: fols. 11v, 47v, 53v, 58, 60v, 62v, 353, 390v, 403, 407, 408, 425, 426, 429v, 445, 447v. V: fols. 277, 279v, 288v, 295. VI: fols. 496, 507.

PROVENANCE: At the bottom of fol. 1, two angels hold a shield repainted with the arms of Louis Malet, lord of Graville, admiral of France, who died in 1516. The original arms are not visible, but angels often appear as shield bearers in royal manuscripts.

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens petits fonds français , 1:72 no. 20350.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 20352–53
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: Vol. I: 1(1)8, 2nd–7th lack; 2(3)8–18(131)8; 19(139)8, 1st lacks; 20(146)8–22(162)8; 23(170)8, 2nd lacks; 24(177)8; 25(185)8, 5th lacks; 26(192)8–37(280)8; 38(288)2. Vol. II: 1(1)8–23(169)8; 24(177)6; 25(183)8–28(207)8; 29(215)4. Incipits: Vol. I: fol. 1: R: Cy commence les grans croniques. . . . T: C'il qui cest . . . ; fol. 2: missing; fol. 289: au seigneur. . . . Vol. II: fol. 1: R: Cy commence les chapitres. . . . T: Comment le pere saint . . . ; fol. 2: et les prelas . . . ; fol. 218: comme dessus est dit. . . . Explicit: Vol. I: fol. 289v: T: bon roy phelippe dieu donne. R: Cy finent les fais du bon roy loys. Cy apres commence la table et rubriches de bon roy monsieur saint loys. Vol. II: fol. 218v: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: Vol. I: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk presents book to king. 2. fol. (I, 1) (?) four folios lack between fols. 1 and 2. 3. fol. 3v (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 4. fol. 4v (I, 16) Clotilda receives presents from Clovis. 5. fol. 5v (I, 18) Clovis (no crown) defeats the Alemanni. 6. fol. 6v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 7. fol. 7v (I, 21) Battle of King Clovis and King Alarich and their forces. 8. fol. 8 (I, 22) King Clovis kills King Alarich in battle. 9. fol. 9v (I, 25) Death of King Clovis attended by Saint Severin. 10. fol. 10v (II, 1) Four sons of

Clovis divide the realm. 11. fol. 11v (II, 3) Emperor Justinian and Queen (sic ) Antonia attend execution. 12. fol. 14v (II, 8) Atalus delivered from servitude. 13. fol. 18 (II, 14) Clotilda makes peace between her two warring sons. 14. fol. 21 (II, 18) King leads French army against the Saxons. 15. fol. 21v (II, 19) Crannes, his wife, and children are burned within a building. 16. fol. 23 (II, 21) Battle. 17. fol. 24v (II, 24) Discussion of nobles. 18. fol. 26v (III, 1) Four nobles watch King Chilperic strangle his wife Galswintha while she sleeps. 19. fol. 29v (III, 4) Murder of Sigebert. 20. fol. 32 (III, 7) King Meroveus watches swordsmen slay men and children. 21. fol. 38v (III, 14) blank. 22. fol. 42v (III, 18) Queen Fredegunda supervises torture and execution of sorcerers. 23. fol. 45v (III, 22) King Guntram receives messengers from King Childebert. 24. fol. 49v (IV, 1) King Guntram and King Childebert receive messengers. 25. fol. 53v (IV, 8) cut out. 26. fol. 58 (IV, 16) King Theoderic defeats his brother Theodebert in battle. 27. fol. 63v (V, 1) Coronation of Clotaire (?). 28. fol. 89v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) King Charlemagne in battle (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. I, 2). 29. fol. 103 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor. 30. fol. 111 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises construction. 31. fol. 121v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Charlemagne, who is sleeping with his imperial crown on the bed beside him. 32. fol. 131v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 33. fol. 163 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 34. fol. 176 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis approaches the pope. 35. fol. 179v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Louis III and Carloman. 36. fol. 185 (Louis IV, 1) Barons kneel before a king and queen. 37. fol. 191v (Robert, 1) King and barons discuss. 38. fol. 195 (Henry, 1) King besieges a city. 39. fol. 200v (Philip I, 1) Crusaders battle. 40. fol. 210v (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 41. fol. 232v (Louis VII, 1) cut out. 42. fol. 245 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) King Louis VII supervises coronation of Philip Augustus (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 2). 43. fol. 258v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Surrender of Le Mans or Tours. 44. fol. 274v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Philip Augustus orders heretics burnt. 45. fol. 287 (Louis VIII, 1) A king and two youthful kings crowned (?) (no textual source—perhaps loosely inspired by the genealogical passage in the text). Vol II: 46. fol. 1v (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 47. fol. 35v (Philip III, 1) Saint Louis besieges Tunis before his death. 48. fol. 53 (Philip IV, 1) Coronation. 49. fol. 65 (Philip IV, 4) Battle of a monk and the devil. 50. fol. 78 (Louis X, 1) Coronation. 51. fol. 79v (Philip V, 1) Cardinal visits Philip in attempt to negotiate peace between the French and Flemish (illustrates Philip V, 4). 52. fol. 84v (Charles IV, 1) Discussion at court between Charles IV and his queen and bishops (Charles IV separates from his first wife?). 53. fol. 95v (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 54. fol. 131v (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 55. fol. 137 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 56. fol. 176v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon.

STYLE: At least four artists. I: Vol. I, fols. 1, 3v, 4v, 5v, 6v, 7v, 8, 9v, 10v, 11v, 14v, 18, 21, 21v, 24v, 179v, 185, 191v, 195, 200v, 210v. Vol. II, fols. 78, 79v, 84v, 95v. II: Vol. I, fols. 89v, 111, 131v. III: Vol. I, fols. 245, 258v, 274v, 287. IV (Master of the Cité des Dames and assistants): Vol. I, fols. 23, 26v, 29v, 32, 42v, 45v, 49v, 58, 63v, 103v, 121v. Vol. II, fols. 1v, 35v, 53, 65, 131v, 137, 176v.

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens petits fonds français , 1:72 nos. 20352–53.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. fr. 23140
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1350)

COLLATION: 1(2)2; 2(4)6, 5th lacks; 3(9)8, 6th lacks; 4(16)8, 2nd lacks; 5(23)8, 5th lacks; 6(30)8–14(94)8; 15(102)2, after this gathering the beginning books of the life of Charlemagne are missing; 16(104)8–25(176)8; 26(184)4; 27(188)8–38(276)8; 39(284)6; 40(290)10; 41(300)8–54(404)8; 55(412)12. Incipits: fol. 2: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 3: la croissement . . . ; fol. 4: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 5 (second folio of the chronicle): mais festoient . . . ; fol.

423: de decembre. . . . Explicit: fol. 428: T: sa mort. R: Et fin jusques au couronnement du roy Jehan filz du roy phelippe le tres bon catholique finis. finis.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (Prologue) A tonsured monk points to a copy of the Grandes Chroniques (inscribed with the opening lines of the prologue) on a writing desk; the first of three monks approaching him bears a copy with the same inscription. 2. (I, 20) folio lacks after fol. 13, offset. 3. (II, 1) folio lacks after fol. 16, offset. 4. (II, 15) folio lacks after fol. 26, offset.

STYLE: Two artists. I (Artist II of Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, W. 126, dated between 1402 and 1410): fol. 2 miniature. II: fol. 2 (marginal figures).

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Anciens petits fonds français , 2:72 no. 23140.

Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. n.a. fr. 3372
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8; 2(9)8 misbound: Third bifolium (3rd and 6th leaves) should be in place of the fourth bifolium (4th and 5th leaves); 3(17)8–33(256)8; 34(264)8, there is a 270 bis; 35(271)8–39(303)8; 40(311)8, there is a 317 bis; 41(318)8; 42(326)6; 43(332)8–51(396)8; 52(404)1. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui cest oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: Et fu agarantie . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of text): paour deulx parmi . . . ; fol 404: Le dit gouvernement. . . . Explicit: fol. 404: . . . et orent agreable et cetera AMEN. Cy fenisses les fais de bon roy charles le quint ainsi nommez.

MINIATURES: Both miniatures and some initials in this manuscript have been cut out. Sometime (nineteenth century?) repairs were made to the parchment of fol. 1 and two painted miniatures that copy British Library, Add. Ms. 21143, fol. 1, were added. 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) two miniatures: Construction of Sicambria/ Coronation of Pharamond.

REFERENCE: Omont, Catalogue général, Nouvelles acquisitions françaises , 2:45 no. 3372.

Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 782
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to end of the life of Philip Augustus, then continued through the life of Saint Louis)

COLLATION: 1(1)12–4(37)12, two central bifolia (fols. 53–56) are replacements; 6(61)12–23(265)12; 24(277)4, 4th excised; 25(280)12–28(316)12,12th excised; 29(327)12–32(363)12. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: non qui vit et . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): contree et alerent . . . ; fol. 4: emperes seur la terre . . . ; fol. 326 (first final folio): par la commandement . . . ; fol. 374 (second final folio): -te bonne costume. . . . Explicit: fol. 326v (first ending): . . . tempore solve; fol. 374 (second ending): sit gloria soli.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) HI: Primat presents book to king. 2. fol. 2v (I, 1) four parts: Priam dispatches Paris to Greece/ Paris sets sail/ Paris captures Helen at the temple of Venus/ Paris and Helen set sail for Troy. 3. fol. 16v (II, 1) King Childebert enthroned, attended by Kings Theoderic, Clodomir, and Clotaire. 4. fol. 36 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles his sleeping wife, Galswintha. 5. fol. 62v (IV, 1) King Guntram of Burgundy, enthroned, hands a rod to Childebert II, his nephew, as a sign that he will be named heir. 6. fol. 79 (V, 1) two parts: Battle between Clotaire II and the Saxons/ Clotaire II gives the order to kill all Saxon youths who are taller than his sword. 7. fol. 100 (V, 25) HI: Coronation. 8. fol. 103 (V, 28) HI: Carloman and Pepin capture the city of Laon from their brother Grifon. 9. fol. 107 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) two parts: After deliberation, the pope crowns Pepin/ Childeric III renounces the royalty and enters a monastery. 10. fol. 121v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) two parts: Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne at Rome/ Pope and emperor judge conspirators. 11. fol. 129v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) two parts: King Charlemagne supervises construction of Aix-la-Chapelle/ Bridge at Mainz burns. 12. fol. 141 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) two parts: King Charlemagne has vision of starry sky/ Saint James appears to sleeping Charlemagne. 13. fol. 152 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Saracen king

Marsile persuades Ganelon to betray Roland as infidels dispute. 14. fol. 161 (Louis the Pious, 1) two parts: King Charlemagne, accompanied by his son Louis is greeted by Pope Adrian upon his arrival in Rome/ King Charlemagne supervises the coronation of Louis as king of Aquitaine by the pope. 15. fol. 187 (Charles the Bald, 1) two parts: Lothaire's army arrives before Fontenoy/ It flees from Charles the Bald's forces. 16. fol. 202v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) HI: Coronation. 17. fol. 206 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) HI:Coronation of Louis III and Carloman. 18. fol. 208v (Louis the Stammerer, 7) HI: Arrival of the Normans before a city. 19. fol. 208v (Louis the Stammerer, 7+) HI: Coronation of Odo Capet. 20. fol. 209 (Louis the Stammerer, 7++) HI: Richard, duke of Burgundy, puts Norman army to flight. 21. fol. 211v (Charles the Simple, 1) HI: King Raoul rides out from a city. 22. fol. 212 (Louis IV, 1) HI: Coronation of Louis IV. 23. fol. 217 (Lothaire, 1) HI: Coronation. 24. fol. 219 (Louis V, 1) HI: Coronation. 25. fol. 219 (Charles, 1) HI: Army of Charles of Lorraine puts to flight that of Hugh Capet. 26. fol. 219v (Hugh Capet, 1) HI: King Hugh Capet, surrounded by his barons, gives Richard, duke of Normandy, the pardon he asked for Arnoul, count of Flanders. 27. fol. 220 (Robert, 1) HI: As the pope watches, King Robert places a response he had written on the altar of Saint Peter's. 28. fol. 224v (Henry, 1) HI: Robert, duke of Normandy, greets Henry (no crown) who has come to ask for aid and protection. 29. fol. 230 (Philip I, 1) HI: Herpin, viscount of Bourges, sells his viscounty to King Philip I before going on a crusade. 30. fol. 242 (Louis VI, 1) HI: Coronation. 31. fol. 265v (Louis VII, 1) HI: Louis VII and his council meet with the bourgeoise of Orléans. 32. fol. 280 (Philip Augustus, ch. list) HI: Philip Augustus enthroned. 33. fol. 280 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Kneeling Louis VII and Queen Alix receive a crowned Philip Augustus from Christ as an assortment of women, barons, clerics, and monks kneel in prayer. 34. fol. 295 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Le Mans or Tours. 35. fol. 312 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) After deliberation, Pope Innocent III condemns Amaury de Bene. 36. fol. 326v (after the life of Philip Augustus, before dedicatory poem) two-column miniature: Abbot of Saint-Denis and attendant monks supervise presentation of book to Philip III by Primat as barons watch. 37. fol. 327 (Saint Louis, 1) HI: Standing Saint Louis holds a scepter and a model of a church. 38. fol. 374v (at the end of the chronicle) Map of the world.

STYLE: Four artists. I (Sainte-Chapelle group—main line): fols. 1, 2v, 16v, 36, 62v, 79, 100, 103, 107, 121v, 129v, 141, 152, 161, 280, 295, 312. II: fols. 187, 202v, 206, 208v (two pictures), 209, 211v, 212, 217, 219 (two pictures), 219v, 220, 224v, 230, 242, 265v(?), 326v. III: fol. 327. IV: fol. 374v.

PROVENANCE: The dedication miniature and poems on fol. 326v make it clear that this manuscript was presented to Philip the Bold sometime after 1274. On fol. 374v is a signature of Charles V (see Librairie ). Delisle was unable to locate this book in the inventories of Charles V, perhaps because of confusion about the text on the second folio. I have identified this manuscript with a book inventoried in the royal collection in 1373 that was still in the collection in 1411, 1413, and 1423. "986: Unes Croniques de France, en françois, couvertes de veluyau à fleurs de lis, a trois bouillons d'argent, escriptes de lettre de forme à deux coulombes. Comm. du texte: emperières [in inventory of 1413 given as contrée et alerent ] Fin te bonne coustume . A deux fermours d'argent—10 1. Le roy les prinst 16e de decembre 1380. Il les a rendues" [note found in update in 1380 of inventory of 1373]. The prologue ends and the text of the chronicle begins on fol. 2v; thus the second full page of the chronicle's text is fol. 4 ("empères . ."), but the second folio to contain text of the chronicle is fol. 3 ("contrée . . . ").

REFERENCES: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Librairie , 76–77 no. 146; Amedée Boinet, Les manuscrits à peintures de la Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève (Paris, 1921), 39–47; Robert Branner, Manuscript Painting in Paris during the Reign of Saint Louis (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1977), 237; Delisle, Recherches , 1:309–311; François Garnier, Le language de l'image au Moyen-Âge (Paris, 1982).

Paris, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Ms. 783
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–57(449)8; 58(457)3. The Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève limits the amount of time allowed a reader with certain precious manuscripts. Thus, this is Boinet's collation. Incipits: fol. 1: Ce qui ceste euvre commence . . . ; fol. 2: Le xxiiij comment le roy . . . ; fol. 3: prendrent les francois . . . ; fol. 459: la garde. . . . Explicit: fol. 459v: . . . foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. fol. 13 (II, 1) Battle between two kings and their armies. 3. fol. 27v (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles his sleeping wife, Galswintha, with a cord. 4. fol. 47v (IV, 1) King Guntram, enthroned with another king, hands staff to Childebert as a sign that he has been named heir. 5. fol. 60 (V, 1) King receives a messenger. 6. fol. 82 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. 7. fol. 93v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Coronation of Charlemagne as emperor by Pope Leo III. 8. fol. 99v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5) King Charlemagne receives messengers from the emperor of Constantinople. 9. fol. 103 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 6) Emperor Charlemagne receives messengers outside the walls of Constantinople. 10. fol. 108v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Emperor Charlemagne. 11. fol. 117 (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 12. fol. 124 (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises the coronation of Louis as king of Aquitaine by the pope. 13. fol. 127v (Louis the Pious, 6) blank. 14. fol. 145v (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 15. fol. 158 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Coronation. 16. fol. 166v (Louis IV, 1) Coronation. 17. fol. 170v (Lothaire, 1) Coronation. 18. fol. 173v (Robert, 1) Pope and cardinals watch Robert put sequences he has written on the altar of Saint Peter's in Rome. 19. fol. 177v (Henry, 1) King Henry leads army against opponents. 20. fol. 182 (Philip I, 1) William the Conqueror's navy sails for England. 21. fol. 192v (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 22. fol. 211v (Louis VII, 1) Louis VII's entry into Paris. 23. fol. 222v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII and Queen Alix pray before an altar for an heir. 24. fol. 259 (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation. 25. fol. 262 (Saint Louis, 1) Siege of Avignon. 26. fol. 296 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at deathbed of Saint Louis. 27. fol. 312v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England (here, a duke) pays homage to Philip. 28. fol. 335v (Louis X, 1) Coronation of Louis and Clemence of Hungary. 29. fol. 337 (Philip V, 1) Coronation. 30. fol. 342 (Charles IV, 1) Arrival of Maria of Luxembourg at a city. 31. fol. 353v (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss the royal succession. 32. fol. 395v (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and Jeanne of Burgundy. 33. fol. 435 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 34. fol. 469 (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Second artist of B.N. fr. 823.

PROVENANCE: An inscription on fol. 469v, "Cest livre est messire Regnault d'Angennes," and arms at the bottom of fol. 1 (du sable au sautoir d'argent ) confirm that the book belonged to Regnault d'Angennes, lord of Rambouillet, who was governor of the dauphin, Louis, duke of Guyenne; captain of the Louvre in 1392; knight and chamberlain of Charles VI in 1398; and member of the grand council in 1411.

REFERENCES: Boinet, Manuscrits à peintures , 129–33; Marius Barroux, Les fêtes royales de Saint-Denis en mai 1389 (Paris, 1936), 53 n. 1, 69.

Paris, Société des Autographs des Manuscrits Français, Ex-Bute Manuscript (on deposit at the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris)
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1226)

COLLATION: 1(1)2; 2(3)8–10(67)8; 11(75)8, 2nd lacks; 12(82)8–14(98)8; 15(106)9, (?) 1st tipped (tightly bound); 16(115)8–27(203)8; 28(211)8, 8th lacks; 29(218)8–32(242)8; 33(250)2; 34(252)8, 2nd to 6th lack; 35(254)8; 36(262)8, 2nd to 6th lack; 37(264)8, 6th lacks; 38(271)2. Several of the missing leaves that were in the Cotton collection and that survived the fire

are catalogued as British Library, Cotton Vitellus, E II. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ci commence le noble livre. . . . T: C'il qui ceste . . . ; fol. 2: -nouries comme il saisoient . . . ; fol. 3 (second of text): -nonnes il faisoit . . . ; fol. 274: lors estoit venus. . . . Explicit: fol. 274v: T: son pere le roy phelippe le bon roy. R: Ci fini du bon roy loys qui mourut a montpancier. Ci commence saint loys.

MINIATURES: When images from London, British Library, Cotton Vitellus E II can be identified, they will be listed below. 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) four parts: Landing of Greeks/ Greeks besiege Troy/ Battle of Greeks and Trojans (French)/ Building of Sicambria (illustrations from Book I). 2. fol. 2v (I, 1) Paris leads Helen out of a house to meet King Priam. 3. fol. 18 (II, 1) Three sons of Clovis receive messenger. 4. fol. 39 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha as she sleeps. 5. fol. 72 (IV, 20) King Clotaire II supervises torture of Queen Brunhilda. 6. fol. lacks after fol. 75 (V, 1) offset. 7. fol. 82v (V, 9) Kings Dagobert and Caribert supervise the construction of Saint-Denis. 8. fol. 85v (V, 12) Emperor Heraclius recovers the Holy Cross. 9. fol. 93v (V, 20) Kings Sigebert and Louis divide the wealth of their father Dagobert. 10. fol. 96 (V, 23) Martyrdom of Saint Leger, bishop of Autun. 11. fol. 102 (V, 28) Coronation of Pepin by a bishop (instead of the pope). 12. folio lacks after fol. 105 (?) (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) offset. 13. fol. 113v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 13) Pope Leo is tortured by Roman soldiers. 14. fol. 115v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 15. fol. 123v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne supervises the construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 16. fol. 135v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Emperor Charlemagne. 17. fol. 146v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux. 18. fol. 150v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5) Execution of the traitor Ganelon. 19. fol. 155v (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne rides to Rome with young King Louis to have him crowned king of Aquitaine by the pope. 20. fol. 174 (Louis the Pious, 18) King Louis, imprisoned at Soissons, leans out the window to hook the sword from the belt of his sleeping guard. 21. fol. 183 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 22. Cotton Vitellus E II, fol. 1A (Charles the Simple, 1) Normans at sea. 23. Cotton Vitellus E II, fol. 18A (Louis IV, 2) Conspiracy of the count of Flanders against the duke of Normandy. 24. Cotton Vitellus E II, fol. 9A (Louis V, 1) Coronation. 25. Cotton Vitellus E II, fol. 12A (Charles, 1) Battle outside Laon. 26. Cotton Vitellus E II, fol. 22A (Robert, 1) King directs siege of a city. 27. Cotton Vitellus E II, fol. 25A verso (Philip I, 1) French king and army depart for the crusade. 28. Cotton Vitellus E II, fol. 39A (Louis VI, 1) Messengers arrive during coronation. 29. fol. 208v (Louis VI, 17) Louis VI drives out forces of Emperor Henry V. 30. fol. 215 (Louis VI, 23+) Coronation of Louis VII. 31. fol. 216 (Louis VI, 25) Mourners by catafalque of Louis VI. 32. fol. 232 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII's Christological vision. 33. fol. 233 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3) Coronation of Philip by bishops and Henry II of England. 34. fol. 238v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 12) Philip receives messengers from the Christians in Jerusalem. 35. fol. 244v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 22) Philip battles Richard I of England. 36. fol. 248 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Siege of Le Mans or Tours. 37. fol. 250v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 4) Philip arrives at the port of Messina. 38. fol. 251v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) Philip supervises the siege of Acre. 39. fol. 257 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 21) French crusaders arrive at Constantinople. 40. fol. 261v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) King Philip argues with bishops about Amaurian heresy. 41. fol. 264 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 12) Philip exhorts troops before battle. 42. fol. 266 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Philip is knocked off his horse by a grappling iron, and the French take Count Ferrand prisoner. 43. folio lacks after fol. 268 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 19) offset. 44. fol. 271 (Louis VIII, 1) Saints Valery and Riquier appear to sleeping Hugh Capet.

Cotton Vitellus E II (unidentified miniatures)—fol. 49A: King stands at the right, in front of a man seated at a desk. fol. 50A: Soldiers lie in a heap at the lower left; at the right, a single soldier sleeps; a haloed, black-robed monk climbs over the top of the hill to address the sleeping soldier.

STYLE: Two artists. I (Master of the Bible of Jean de Sy): fols. 1, 2v, 18, 85v, 113v, 123v, 146v, 155v, 183(?), 208v, 216, 232, 238v, 244v, 251v(?), 266. II (Master of the Coronation Book of Charles V ): fols. 39(?), 72, 82v, 93v, 96, 102(?), 115v, 135v, 150v, 174, 215, 233, 248(?), 250v, 257, 261v, 264, 271(?).

PROVENANCE: On fol. 1, swans and the arms of John of Berry (fleurs-de-lis semés, a bordure engrelé gueles ) appear in the margins and between the miniatures respectively. A hybrid figure in the margin holds a pennon with france ancien , and two rams wearing capes scattered with fleurs-de-lis butt heads in the lower margin. Because this manuscript does not appear in John of Berry's inventory after his death, de Hamel (Sotheby's catalogue) suggests that it may be one of the Grandes Chroniques that John of Berry gave away, perhaps to his nephew Guillaume.

REFERENCES: Burlington Fine Arts Club, Exhibition of Illuminated Manuscripts (London, 1908) 70–71, no. 145 and pl. 100; Delisle, Recherches , 1:314–17 no. 91; Sotheby's Sales Catalogue, Western Manuscripts and Miniatures , Tuesday, 8 December 1981, lot 94, 116–25.

Prague, National Library, Kynzvarte^[*] Ms. 23 A 12, 2 volumes
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: Contemporary foliation (Roman numerals) is used here because it continues through both volumes. Vol. I: 1(A)2; 2(1)8–10(65)8; 11(n.a.)2, a summary of the battles of Charlemagne (unfoliated leaves); 12(73)8–32(235)8. Vol. II: 1(242)8–20(394)8; 21(403)6; 22(409)8–31(481)8; 32(489)4; 33(493)8–39(535)8; 40(543)6. Incipits: Henceforth, modern foliation appears outside and contemporary foliation inside brackets. Fol. 1[A]: blank (prologue begins on verso); fol. 2[B]: presumption de ce qu'il . . . ; fol. 3[1]: R: La table des livres. . . . T: Pour savoir trouver . . . ; fol. 5[3]: R: Le premier chapitre. . . . T: Quatre cens . . . fol. 6[4] (second folio of chronicle): dams(?) des palus de meade . . . ; fol. 311[547]: R: Du couronnement du roy. . . . T: L'an du grace mil. . . . Explicit: fol. 311[547]: . . . grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: Many of the pictures in this manuscript are inscribed with labels identifying places or people within them. (Vol. I: fols. 5 [3], 25 [23], 58 [56], 206 [204]. Vol. II: fols. 96v [338v], 156 [398], 201 [443]) Those not inscribed have red rubrics that identify the scene and differ from those found in the critical edition; these are transcribed below. Vol. I: 1. fol. 5 [3] (I, 1) four parts: Flight from Troy/ Eleanus the poet dictating/ Battle between the French and the Romans/ Coronation of Pharamond. 2. fol. 15 [13] (II, 1) blank. 3. fol. 25 [23] (III, 1) Caribert replaces Chilperic as ruler of Paris (no textual source). 4. fol. 48 [46] (IV, 1) King Guntram hands a staff to King Childebert. R: Ceste histoire devise comment le roy Gontran donna au Roy childebert son royaume apres sa mort par le signe d'une lance qu'il lui baille. 5. fol. 58 [56] (V, 1) King supervises the beheading of a man labeled "alethee." 6. fol. 66 [64] (V, 22) Barons pay homage to Clovis II. R: fol. 65 Ceste histoire devise comment les barons du roy loys lui baisent le pie et lui font homage. 7. fol. 77v [73v] (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Emperor Charlemagne enthroned within a tent. 8. fol. 122v [118] (Louis the Pious, 1) Louis crowned king of Aquitaine by the pope. R. : Comment l'apostole couronna le roy loys le debonnaire filz de charlemaine la grant. 9. fol. 141 [136] (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 10. fol. 154v [150v] (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Empress Richilda presents Louis with sword. R: Ceste histoire demoustre comment l'emperere Richeut present au Roy loys le barbe l'espee de son pere. 11. fol. 178v [175v] (Philip I, 1) Battle between two kings and their armies. R: Ceste histoire represente comment le vaillant roy de france loys le gros se compatoit souvent contre le roy d'engleterre au vivant du roy philippe de france et apres. 12. fol. 206 [204] (Louis VII, 1) The pope with Conrad, Holy Roman Emperor, and Louis VII at the Holy Sepulchre. R: Ceste histoire represente comment l'empereur conrat d'alemaigne et le roy loys de france se croisirent et alerent visiter le saint sepulcre. 13. fol. 220 [216] (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) King Philip,

holding a pennon, gives a chalice to three barons. R: Ceste histoire signifie comment le roy philippe donne a ses barons a boire sang humain en une coupe d'or. Vol. II: 14. fol. 19 [261] (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation. R: Le couronnement du roy sains loys de france. 15. fol. 68v [310v] (Philip III, 1) King and soldiers arrive on ship; other soldiers on land. R: Comment le roy phelippe de france se mist en mer pour retourner en france apres le trespassement de son pere le roy saint loys. 16. fol. 96v [338v] (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I of England before Philip. 17. fol. 156 [398] (Philip of Valois, 1) The count of Flanders surrenders to Philip of Valois (illustrates Philip of Valois, 5). R: (brown ink): Le roy se mist en possession de flandres par les clefs. 18. fol. 201 [443] (John the Good, 1) John supervises the execution of Raoul, count of Eu and Guines. R: Ceste histoire represente comment le roy Jehan de France fist decapiter le connestable de france C'est assavoir messire Raoul conte d'eu et de guines. 19. fol. 260 [496] (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne de Bourbon. R: (259v [495v]) L'istoire ensuivant devise comment le roy charles le quint fu couronne a rains. Et aussi la royne Jehanne de bourbon sa femme avecques lui.

STYLE: Master of the Berry Apocalypse.

REFERENCE: See Frantisek^[*] Cada, Rukopisy knihovny státního zámku v Kynzvarte^[*] (Prague, 1965), 131 no. 85 and pl. 5.

Reims, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 1469
Grandes Chroniques de France (origins to mid-life of Philip III)

COLLATION: 1(1)12, there is an 8 bis; 2(11)12–40(473)12, numeration for folios 234, 254, 286, 443, 455–58 skipped; 41(485)4. Incipits: fol. 1: Cil qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: ydoles ne se . . . ; fol. 3 (first page of chronicle): estoit ses confines . . . ; fol. 4 (second folio of chronicle): ot les maris pas . . . ; fol. 488: labour et panie vindrent. . . . Explicit: fol. 488: . . . la dispensacion du saint pere.

MINIATURE: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) two columns: Coronation of Clovis, pagan and Christian kings in attendance.

REFERENCE: Reims, Bibliothèque Municipale, Les plus beaux manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Municipale de Reims (Reims, 1967), 29 no. 38; Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, Catalogue général . . . Départements , 39: 683.

Switzerland, Private Collection (Ex-Mostyn)
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins through Philip Augustus)

COLLATION: 1(1)12, 1st is substituted folio; 2(13)12–22(253)12; 23(265)10, last three folios excised. Incipits: fol. 1 (reconstructed): C'il ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: le disiesme parole . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): peuple ala en europe; fol. 269: et li convens responnoient. . . . Explicit: fol. 269: . . . de son age lviii et de son regne xliii.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 2 (I, 1) Priam rides with knights. 2. fol. 14 (II, 1) French king in battle. 3. fol. 30 (III, 1) King Chilperic rides with three women. 4. fol. 50v (IV, 1) King Chilperic receives a gold scepter. 5. fol. 63v (V, 1) Stag hunted by Dagobert takes refuge in Saint-Denis (illustrates V, 2). 6. fol. 86v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Enthroned Emperor Charlemagne receives a messenger. 7. fol. 99 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope Leo before kneeling spectators. 8. fol. 105v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne orders construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 9. fol. 115v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Emperor Charlemagne as he sleeps. 10. fol. 124v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Emperor Charlemagne laments the death of Roland (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. V, 5). 11. fol. 132 (Louis the Pious, 1) King Louis speaks with messengers. 12. fol. 43 155 (Charles the Bald, 1) French king battles an emperor. 13. fol. 168 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Coronation of Louis II. 14. fol. 175v (Louis IV, 1) Queen Algive and young Louis in ship at sea. 15. fol. 179 (Lothaire, 1) Armed men threaten Saint

Hilary of Poitiers. 16. fol. 189v (Philip I, 1) Marriage of Philip I. 17. fol. 199 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation of Louis VI. 18. fol. 218v (Louis VII, 1) Louis VII leads his army. 19. fol. 219v (Louis VII, 3) Louis VII, Emperor Conrad, and others ride on crusade. 20. fol. 230 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) People pray for an heir for Philip VII. 21. fol. 242v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Seige of Tours or Le Mans. 22. fol. 257v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Emperor supervises a royal coronation (sic ) (Coronation of Louis VIII, John of Brienne, emperor of Constantinople, in attendance).

STYLE: Master of the Roman de Fauvel (Geoffroy of Saint Léger ?).

PROVENANCE: This book probably belonged to John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy. I have identified it in the Burgundian inventory of 1420 drafted shortly after Philip the Good's accession and published by Doutrepont: "no. 154, Item, ung autre livre des Croniques de France , couvert de cuir noir houssey a II fermoirs de cuyvre, commencant ou second fueillet Le x^e parole, et ou derrenier Et li convens ." In margin: "Presté à madame."

REFERENCES: Sotheby's Sale Catalogue, Western Manuscripts and Miniatures . Tuesday, 3 July 1984, lot 47, 47–52; Doutrepont, Inventaire (1420) , 102 no. 154.

Toulouse, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 512
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–18(145)8; 19(153)6; 20(159)8–43(343)8; 44(351)4; 45(355)8–48(379)8; 49(387)2; 50(389)8, 1st lacks;; 51(396)8–60(460)8; 61(468)2. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: Quatre cens et quatre . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): gouverneur l'un ot nom . . . ; fol. 468: mais sur le chemin. . . . Explicit: fol. 468v: . . . grant foison de.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. fol. 2 (I, 1) cut out. 3. fol. 9v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 4. fol. 12v (II, 1) Queen Clotilda divides realm among her four sons. 5. fol. 26 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha while she sleeps. 6. fol. 39v (III, 19) Queen Fredegunda watches her henchmen kill King Chilperic. 7. fol. 44 (IV, 1) King Guntram designates King Childebert as his heir. 8. fol. 52v (IV, 20) King Clotaire supervises the torture of Queen Brunhilda. 9. fol. 55v (V, 1) King Clotaire gives treaty to Lombards. 10. fol. 60v (V, 9) Dagobert gives part of his realm to his brother, Caribert, and founds the abbey of Saint-Denis. 11. fol. 68 (V, 19) John the Hermit's vision after Dagobert's death: Saints Martin, Maurice, and Denis save Dagobert from devils' torments. 12. fol. 68v (V, 20) Dagobert's sons divide the treasure after their father's death. 13. fol. 74 (V, 27) Charles Martel beseiges Avignon. 14. fol. 75 (V, 28) Grifon surrenders to his brothers Charlemagne and Pepin. 15. fol. 78 (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard and Turpin writing. 16. fol. 89v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 17. fol. 96 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Charlemagne supervises construction of Aix-la-Chapelle. 18. fol. 105v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Emperor Charlemagne to show him the starry sky. 19. fol. 114v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives presents sent by the Saracens; battle of Roncevaux. 20. fol. 121v (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Charlemagne appoints counselors for young Louis, king of Aquitaine. 21. fol. 129 (Louis the Pious, 11) Emperor Louis supervises the execution of traitors. 22. fol. 143 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 23. fol. 159 (Louis the Stammerer, 1). Empress Richilda gives Louis sword and scepter. 24. fol. 159 (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Louis III and Carloman. 25. fol. 162 (Charles the Simple, 1) Archbishop of Rouen welcomes Rollo, first duke of Normandy. 26. fol. 164 (Charles the Simple, 2+?) Baptism of Rollo, at which he took the name Robert. 27. fol. 164v (Charles the Simple, 3) Battle of French king and barons. 28. fol. 166 (Louis IV, 1) Coronation. 29. fol. 166v (Louis IV, 2) King supervises hanging (no textual source). 30. fol. 170v (Lothaire, 1) Coronation. 31. fol. 172v (Hugh Capet, 1) Coronation. 32. fol. 174v (Robert, 1) Robert presents a sequence he had written to the pope at Saint Peter's. 33. fol. 178v (Henry, 1) Henry beseiges a city. 34. fol. 183v (Philip I, 1) Philip buys county of Bourges from Eudes Arpin, the count. 35. fol. 193v

(Louis VI, 1) At coronation, bishops carefully gird kneeling king with sword. 36. fol. 214 (Louis VII, 1) Louis VII enters Paris. 37. fol. 226 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Louis VII has young Philip crowned (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 2). 38. fol. 237 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Tours or Le Mans, banner inscribed "ardiement." 39. fol. 251 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Burning of heretics. 40. fol. 263 (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation of Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile. 41. fol. 267 (Saint Louis, 1) Mourners around bier of nimbed Louis VII. 42. fol. 300v (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at the deathbed of Saint Louis. 43. fol. 305 (Philip III, 15) Coronation of Philip III. 44. fol. 317 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I (arms of England, no crown) pays homage to Philip. 45. fol. 339v (Louis X, 1) Louis, wearing arms of France and Navarre, welcomes the Jews, wearing red and white badges, back into France. 46. fol. 341 (Philip V, 1) Coronation of Philip, wearing arms of France and Navarre. 47. fol. 345v (Charles IV, 1) Marriage of Charles IV and Maria of Bohemia. 48. fol. 356 (Philip of Valois, 1) Surrender of the count of Flanders to Philip, who wears a fur hat; cleric drafts a treaty (?) in foreground. 49. fol. 392v (Philip of Valois, 19) Battle of Poitiers: English and French arms; French pennons inscribed "leal" and "ale?"; French wear small red crosses; the English, white. 50. folio lacks after fol. 388 (John the Good, 1). 51. fol. 427 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 52. fol. 433 (Charles V, 15) Baptism of Charles VI. 53. fol. 452 (Charles V, 60) Meeting of Charles V and Charles IV, the Holy Roman Emperor. 54. fol. 468 (Charles VI, 1) Coronation.

STYLE: Follower of the Troyes Master (active c. 1390–1415).

REFERENCES: Meiss, Fourteenth Century , 359; idem, Limbourg Brothers , 406–7; Toulouse, Bibliothèque Municipale, Catalogue , (1885) 7:316 no. 512.

Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale, Ms. L. II. 8
Grandes Chroniques de France

COLLATION: This book was burned in the fire of 1904. Its fragmentary condition makes it impossible to provide either a collation or incipits and explicits.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 39 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha while she sleeps. 2. fol. 67v (IV, 1) Discussion between two kings in a landscape. 3. fol. 148 (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to Charlemagne as he sleeps. 4. fol. 153v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Battle of Roncevaux (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. V, 2) 5. fol. 167 (Louis the Pious, 1) Charlemagne and the pope crown Louis king of Aquitaine. 6. fol. 193 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 7. fol. 208 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Louis receives sword and scepter from Empress Richilda. 8. fol. 212v (Louis the Stammerer, 5) Coronation of Carloman and Louis III. 9. fol. 239 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 10. fol. 278 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Christological vision. 11. fol. 326 (Saint Louis, 1) Siege of Avignon. 12. fol. 369 (Philip III, 1) Death of Saint Louis. 13. fol. 391 (Philip IV, 1) Edward I does homage to Philip. 14. fol. 422 (Louis X, 1) Coronation of Louis. 15. fol. 442 (Philip of Valois, 1) Discussion of the royal succession. 16. fol. 486 (John the Good, 1) Coronation. 17. fol. 492 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers.

STYLE: Second artist of B.N. fr. 823.

Valenciennes, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 637
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–11(81)8; 12(89)12–33(341)12; 34(353)6; 35(359)12–44(467)12; 45(479)6. Incipits: fol. 1: C'il qui ceste oeuvre . . . ; fol. 2: il l'espousa a soissons . . . ; fol. 3 (second folio of chronicle): -chacer les plus grans ennemis . . . ; fol. 483: filz et les autres. . . . Explicits: fol. 483v: . . . et emmenerent grant foison de biens.

MINIATURES: Almost every miniature is described by directions to the illuminator in the upper or lower margins. They are included in this listing of miniatures (also see Mangaert

below). 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. Direction: "Docteur seant en une chere . . . vestu en guise de moine et devant lui une table plaine de livres." 2. fol. 2 (I, 1) four parts: Pagan Coronation/ Battle between French and Romans/ King leaves city in formal procession/ King supervises the construction of Sicambria. 3. fol. 14v (II, 1) four parts: Baptism of Clovis; angel brings chrism/ Clovis and Clotilda enthroned in the palace/ Battle/ King Clodomir supervises the execution of Sigismond, king of Burgundy (?). 4. fol. 32 (III, 1) two-column miniature: King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha as she sleeps. 5. fol. 54v (IV, 1) King Guntram receives messengers. Direction: "Le roy siet en une chere et (des clers [crossed out]) legas d'un coste ij ou iij et des nobles d'aultre coste." 6. fol. 70 (V, 1) Queen Gondeberge receives Aalulphes (?) (if so, illustrates V, 5). Direction: "Premiere une royne en une chere et une dame (jeune seant de costeli [crossed out]) et iij noble eglinie devant elle sans chapperon faisant supplication." 7. fol. 93v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Einhard writing. Direction: "Comment l'acteur de la vie challemaigne saet en une haulte chere et un pulpittre tenant une plume comme il escrisist." 8. fol. 104v (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) King Charlemagne judges the rebels who deposed the pope. Direction: "Comment le roy siet en une chere et pluiseurs nobles derriere li tous drois et at iij prisonniers devant li as genoulz en pure lor chemise tant seulement." 9. fol. 111 (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) King Charlemagne supervises construction of a building. Direction: "Comment le roy est tout droit et plusieurs nobles devant lui et devant li un chastiaulx et petites gens qui machonnant a tour, et en at un sur une eschiele et l'autre bas qui taille pierre." 10. fol. 119v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping King Charlemagne. Direction: "Comment le roy gist en un lit et saint jaques s'aparu tout droit devant lui a tout son bourdon." 11. fol. 127v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Two groups of foot soldiers, each with a king. Direction: "Deux grans ost de gens d'armes l'un encontre l'autre sans lanche. et en chescun des deux ost ij rois et ont tous escus et a chescun coste est un des rois devant. et deus contre est vu les bat gens." 12. fol. 134 (Louis the Pious, 1) Charlemagne presents young Louis to a bishop (to be crowned king of Aquitaine?). Direction: "Comment le roy est tout droit accompaignies de deux nobles devant li tient son petit fils par la main et le presente a ij evesque. et le premier le benit et at deriere un chappellain." 13. fol. 154 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 14. fol. 166 (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Army rides in a landscape. Direction: "Ci est une battaille a cheval les lances levee tenans escus et en at un tout davant qui s'en vat armes commes les aultres." 15. fol. 176v (Lothaire, 1) Enthroned king in discussion with bishops and nobles. Direction: "Un roy qui siet en une chere deriere li un sergent a masse et un aultre et par devant iij evesques tous drois et plusieurs aultres tous vestus." 16. fol. 194 (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. Direction: "Le roy seant en une chere tout en imis et l'archevesqui qui loint d'une ampolle sur la couronne. et plusieurs evesque deriere l'arch. et plusieurs nobles d'autre part." 17. fol. 214v (Louis VII, 1) Louis receives homage of a young man (no textual source). Direction: "Comment le roy siet en une chere et pluiseurs nobles deriere li et oussi devant lui. et at un jeune homme en genoulz sans chapperon acuj il prent la main." 18. fol. 226 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Coronation (illustrates Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 3). Direction: "Un roy seant en une cherre atout un mantiaulx fendu devant amains jointes. d'un coste plusieurs evesques tout drois et un archevesque audevant qui tient l'ampolle pardessus son cheff et d'aultre part pluiseurs nobles." 19. fol. 237v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Surrender of Tour or Le Mans to Philip. Direction: "Un roy tout arme sans heaume assis sur un peton. pluiseurs gens d'armes a tous leurs escus deriere li tous drois et iij hommes en genoulx nues les testes. en presentant leur espee par les pointes en criant merci." 20. fol. 252v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Pope Innocent III (haloed) places hand on head of kneeling man as clerics watch (Pope orders Amaury de Bene to cease heretical preaching ?). Direction: "Le pape seant en une haulte chere engourdinee devant lequel il at un homme agnulie sur lequel il met sa main sur sa teste et est vestu d'une house et devant ledit pape at pluiseurs clers vestus de housses avec bonnets sur les testes." 21. fol. 268v (Saint Louis, 1) Coronation (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). Direction: "Le roy seant en une chere aiant un mantiaulx les

mains jointe .a. ij costeli ij evesques desquelx li un tient une ampolle et l'autre met main a la couronne qui est sur sa teste. et d'un coste et d'autre pluiseurs clercs et nobles." 22. fol. 302 (Philip III, 1) Battle. Direction: "Un roy qui se combat atout son ost contre un ost des sarrazins et les desconfist et at pluiseurs mors." 23. fol. 359v (Philip of Valois, 1) Barons discuss royal succession. Direction: "Pluiseurs clers a housses bourgeois et nobles qui font maniere de parler ensamble et de disputer." 24. fol. 396 (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and Bonne of Luxembourg. Direction: "Un roy une royne seant en ij cheres et a main jointes [trimmed] et plusieurs et plusieurs [sic ] evesques a un coste [trimmed]." 25. fol. 440 (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V. Direction: "Un roy et une royne seant sur un siege . . . archevesque et la royne. . . . "

STYLE: Four artists. I: fols. 1, 2, 4, 32, 54v, 70, 93v, 104, 111, 119v, 127v, 134, 176v, 194, 214v, 226, 237v, 252v, 302, 359, 396, 440. II (Second artist of B.N. fr. 823): fols. 154. III: fols. 154, 166. IV: fol. 268v.

PROVENANCE: This manuscript was listed in Philip the Good's inventory in 1467 as, "Unes autres croniques de France, couvert de cuir vermeil caduque, historiée de blanc et noir à deux coulombes chacune page; le second feuillet après la table dist chasser les plus grans ennemis et le dernier, filz et les autres ."

REFERENCES: Barrois, Bibliothèque prototypographique , 205 no. 1411; Jacques Mangaert, Catalogue descriptif et raisonné des manuscripts de la Bibliothèque de Valencienne (Paris, 1860), 512–16; Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts, Catalogue général . . . Départements , 25:442.

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Hs. 2547
Grandes Chroniques de France (from life of Philip Augustus to 1380)

COLLATION: 1(1)8–26(194)8; 27(202)2. Incipits: On fol. 1, contemporary foliation begins with the Roman numeral CC. fol. 1: blank; fol. 2: en ton Regald mais . . . ; fol. 3: non avant qu'il en . . . ; fol. 203: le jeudi ensuivant par. . . . Explicit: fol. 203: . . . grant foison du prisonniers. Cy finissent les chroniques du Roy Charles Cinquiesime.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 35v (Saint Louis, 1) placed in margin: Coronation. 2. fol. 75v (Philip IV, 1) Homage of Edward I of England to Philip IV.

STYLE: Principal artist of B.N. fr. 823.

REFERENCE: H. J. Hermann, Englische und Französische Handschriften des XIV Jahrhundert , in Die westeuropaischen Handschriften (Leipzig, 1936), 7:95–6.

Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Hs. 2564
Grandes Chroniques de France (from origins to 1380)

COLLATION: Contemporary foliation within brackets. 1(1[1])8, 2nd excised; 2(8[9])8–44(344[346])8; 45(352[354])8, 8th lacks; 46(359[365]–361[361]3; 47(362[363])8, 1st and 4th lack; 48(368[372])8–54(416[420])8; 55(424[428])8, 7th lacks; 56(431[436])8–62(479[484])8; 63(487[488])4; 64(491[492])10; 65(501[502])8, last two gatherings contain a table of contents. Incipits: fol. 1: R: Ce sont les croniques. . . . T: C'il que ceste . . . ; fol. 2[3] (second folio of chronicle): Eneas qui resu . . . ; fol. 3[4]: gent s'enfui . . . ; fol. 490[491]: de france. . . . Explicit: fol. 490[491]: . . . foison de biens.

MINIATURES: 1. fol. 1 (Prologue) Monk writing. 2. folio lacks after fol. 1 (I, 1) four parts on recto; (I, 2 or 3) on verso, offsets. 3. fol. 3 (I, 4) Coronation of Pharamond. 4. 5v (I, 10) King Childeric's three visions. 5. fol. 8v (I, 15) Coronation of Clovis. 6. fol. 11v (I, 20) Baptism of Clovis. 7. fol. 15 (II, 1) Four sons of Clovis enthroned. 8. fol. 24 (II, 14) Queen Clotilda prays in the church of Saint-Martin at Tours. 9. fol. 34 (III, 1) King Chilperic strangles Queen Galswintha as she sleeps. 10. fol. 37v (III, 4) Murder of Sigebert. 11. fol. 47v (III, 14) Bishops contradict King Chilperic's heresy. 12. fol. 58v (IV, 1) Two kings

watch seated King Guntram present a crown to King Childebert (Guntram designates his nephew Childebert as his heir). 13. fol. 71 (IV, 20) Torture of Queen Brunhilda. 14. fol. 74 (V, 1) Surrender of Saxons to Clotaire II. 15. fol. 78v (V, 6) King Clotaire II battles Duke Bertold. 16. fol. 83 (V, 12) Emperor Heraclius battles Saracens. 17. fol. 89v (V, 19) Archbishop of Poitiers arrives to hear about the vision of Dagobert's death seen by a hermit named John. 18. fol. 94 (V, 25) Coronation (Chilperic II, Clotaire IV, or Thierry IV). 19. fol. 95 (V, 26) Battle between king (sic ) Charles Martel and Saracens. 20. fol. 100v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 1) Emperor Charlemagne enthroned, holding globe and scepter (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. II). 21. fol. 111v (Charlemagne, Bk. I, 12+) Charlemagne's son, King Pepin, defeats the king of the Huns. 22. fol. 114 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 1) Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor in Rome. 23. fol. 118 (Charlemagne, Bk. II, 5) Surrender of messengers from Saragossa. 24. fol. 121v (Charlemagne, Bk. III, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives the messenger of the Eastern emperor (illustrates Charlemagne, Bk. III, 5). 25. fol. 131v (Charlemagne, Bk. IV, 1) Saint James appears to sleeping Charlemagne. 26. fol. 140v (Charlemagne, Bk. V, 1) Emperor Charlemagne receives gifts sent by the Saracens. 27. fol. 148v (Louis the Pious, 1) Emperor Louis enthroned holding orb and scepter. 28. fol. 172 (Charles the Bald, 1) Battle of Fontenoy. 29. fol. 184v (Louis the Stammerer, 1) Coronation. 30. fol. 196 (Lothaire, 1) King enthroned. 31. fol. 199 (Hugh Capet, 1) Coronation. 32. fol. 203 (Henry, 1) Queen Constance and her sons at the deathbed of King Robert. 33. fol. 217v (Louis VI, 1) Coronation. 34. fol. 223v (Louis VI, 8) King Louis battles Count Thibaut. 35. fol. 249 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 1) Queen sleeps in bed; King Louis VII sits in a chair and holds his swaddled infant. 36. fol. 254v (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 12) Philip receives messengers from the Eastern emperor. 37. fol. 257 (Philip Augustus, Bk. I, 18) Philip speaks with the monks of Saint-Denis. 38. fol. 261v (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 1) Capture of Le Mans or Tours. 39. fol. 264 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 5) Ships arrive at Acre. 40. fol. 269 (Philip Augustus, Bk. II, 14) Capture of chateau of Aumale. 41. fol. 275v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 1) Amaury de Bene preaching. 42. fol. 279v (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 10) Battle of Bouvines. 43. fol. 283 (Philip Augustus, Bk. III, 14) Philip is knocked off his horse by foot soldiers with iron hooks. 44. fol. 287 (Louis VIII, 1) Coronation. 45. fol. 290 (Saint Louis, 1) Louis IX enthroned (illustrates Saint Louis, 2). 46. fol. 295v (Saint Louis, 23) Count Thibaut crowned king of Navarre. 47. fol. 301 (Saint Louis, 43) Louis IX receives messengers from Tartaria. 48. fol. 306v (Saint Louis, 60) Saint Louis receives messengers from Babylon. 49. fol. 312 (Saint Louis, 77) Louis IX, nimbed, washes the feet of the poor. 50. fol. 316 (Saint Louis, 91) Charles of Anjou crowned king of Sicily. 51. fol. 318v (Saint Louis, 98) Battle of Henry of Castile and Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily. 52. fol. 320 (Saint Louis, 105) Louis IX and army enter ships to go on a crusade. 53. fol. 323 (Philip III, 1) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, arrives at Tunis. 54. fol. 325 (Philip III, 7) Kings of Tunis and France make peace. 55. fol. 328 (Philip III, 25) Coronation of Philip III. 56. fol. 334v (Philip III, 35) Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily, kneels before pope. 57. fol. 338v (Philip IV, 1) Edward I of England (no crown) pays homage to Philip. 58. fol. 340 (Philip IV, 6) Capture of Acre by the sultan of Babylon. 59. fol. 345 (Philip IV, 25) Philip IV and an archbishop lift nimbed Louis IX from his grave as bishops watch. 60. fol. 347 (Philip IV, 42) Battle of Courtrai. 61. fol. 349 (Philip IV, 47) King discussing with Cardinal Le Moine (illustrates Philip IV, 46). 62. fol. 350v (Philip IV, 54) Battle of a monk and the devil. 63. fol. 351v (Philip IV, 57) Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle. 64. fol. 358 (Philip IV, 69) Death of Henry, Holy Roman Emperor. 65. folio lacks after fol. 361[361] (Philip V, 1). 66. folio lacks after fol. 364[366] (Charles IV, 1). 67. fol. 407v (John the Good, 1) Coronation of John the Good and Jeanne of Burgundy. 68. fol. 413 (John the Good, 19) Battle of Poitiers. 69. fol. 428 (John the Good, 83) The regent, Charles, and Charles, king of Navarre, swear a truce. 70. fol. 437 (John the Good, 124) Treaty of Brétigny. 71. fol. 448v (Charles V, 1) Coronation of Charles V and Jeanne of Bourbon. 72. fol. 455 (Charles V, 16) Baptism of Charles, the future Charles VI.

STYLE: One artist.

PROVENANCE: Hermann notes the arms of the Montaigu family (d'argent à une croix d'azur cantonnée de quatre aigles au vol deployé de gueules becquées et membrées d'or ) on fols. 1, 5v, 8v, 15, 37v, 71, 74, 83, 89v, 223v, 249, 279v, 283, 287, 328, 334v, 349, 413. This book probably belonged to John of Montaigu, grand master of France under Charles VI. John of Montaigu was executed in 1409.

REFERENCES: Hermann, Englische und Französische , 7.2:96–109; L. Merlet, "Biographie de Jean de Montagu, Grand-Maître de France (1350-1409)," Bibliothèque de l'École de Chartes 13 (1852), 248–84.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

A—
Manuscripts and Early Printed Books[fn1]A—
Manuscripts and Early Printed Books^[1]

Anonymous of Béthune, Chronique des rois de France
B.N. n. a. fr. 6295

Collection of Texts
B.N. lat. 5925

Coronation Book of Charles V
London, B.L. Cotton Tiberius B VIII

Gaignières, Hommages du Comté de Clermont
B.N. fr. 20082

Giles of Paris, Karolinus
B.N. lat. 6191

Grandes Chroniques de France
See list of manuscripts in Appendix II

Grandes Chroniques de France
Vol. 1 (Paris: Guillaume Eustache, 1514)
Vols. 2 and 3 (Paris: Jean Morand for Antoine Verard, 1493) Chicago, Newberry Library, Inc. f. 8291

Guillaume de Nangis, Chronique abrégée des rois de France
B.N. lat. 6184
B.N. fr. 17276
B.N. fr. 2816
B.N. fr. 23138
B.N. fr. 20351

Guillaume de Saint-Pathus, Vie de Saint Louis
B.N. fr. 5719

Ivo of Saint-Denis, Vita et Passio Sanctii Dionysii
B.N. fr. 2090–92
B.N. lat. 5286
B.N. lat. 13836

Ménestrel d'Alphonse de Poitiers, Abrégé de l'histoire de France
B.N. fr. 2815
B.N. fr. 4961
B.N. fr. 5700
B.N. fr. 13565
B.N. n. a. fr. 10043

Recueil of Baptismal Accounts
B.N. fr. 4324

Roman de Godefroi de Bouillon
B.N. fr. 22495

[1] This list includes only those manuscripts consulted for this study.

B—
Primary Sources

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le Bel, Jean, Chronique . Edited by Jules Viard and Eugène Deprez. 2 vols. Paris, 1904–05.

Delachenal, Roland, ed. Les Grandes Chroniques de France: Chroniques des règnes de Jean II et de Charles V . 4 vols. Paris, 1910–20.

Froissart, Jean. Chronique de Froissart . Edited by Simon Luce. 2 vols. Paris: 1869.

———. Oeuvres de Froissart . Edited by Baron J. M. B. C. Kervyn de Lettenhove. 1867: Osnabrück, 1967.

Geoffrey of Monmouth. The British History of Geoffrey of Monmouth . Translated by A. Thompson. Revised by G. A. Giles. London, 1842.

Gerson, Jean. Harangue faicte au nom de l'Université de Paris devant le roi Charles sixiesme et tout le conseil en 1405 . . . . Paris, 1824.

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Montreuil, Jean de. L'oeuvre^[*] historique et polémique . In Opera , vol. 2, edited by Nicole Grévy, Ezio Ornato, and Gilbert Ouy. Turin, 1975.

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Pizan, Christine de. "Christine de Pisan to Isabelle of Bavaria, Paris, October 5, 1405." In Anglo-Norman Letters and Petitions from All Souls Ms. 182 , edited by Mary Dominica Legge, 144–150. Oxford, Anglo-Norman Text Society, 1941.

———. "La lamentacion sur les maux de la France de Christine de Pisan." Edited by A. J. Kennedy, in Mélanges de langue et littérature françaises du Moyen-Âge et de la Renaissance offerts à Monsieur Charles Foulon par ses collegues, ses élèves et ses amis , 177–85. Rennes, 1980.

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Rymer, Thomas, and Sanderson, Robert, comp. Foedera,^[*] conventiones, literae et cujuscunque generis acta publica inter reges angliae et alios quosvis imperatores, reges, pontifices, principes, vel communitates, 4 vols. in 7. London, 1816–69.

Saint-Pathus, Guillaume de. Vie de Saint Louis . Edited by Henri-François Delaborde, Paris, 1899.

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C—
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———. Manuscript Painting at the Court of France: The Fourteenth Century . New York, 1978.

———. "Un chef-d'oeuvre^[*] de l'enluminure sous le règne de Jean le Bon: La Bible moralisée (Ms. fr. 167 de la Bibliothèque Nationale)." Monuments et mémoires publiés par l'académie des inscriptions (Fondation Piot) 58 (1972):95–125.

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———. "La notion de la légitimité et la prophétie à la cour de Philippe Auguste." In La France de Philippe Auguste. Le temps des mutations , edited by Robert-Henri Bautier, 77–110. Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, no. 602. Paris, 1982.

———. "The Prince is Father of the King: The Character and Childhood of Philip the Fair of France." Medieval Studies 49 (1987):282–334.

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———. La société politique et la crise de la royauté sous Philippe de Valois . Paris, 1958.

———. Société politique, noblesse, et couronne sous Jean le Bon et Charles V . Mémories et documents publiés par la Société de l'École des Chartes, no. 28. Geneva, 1982.

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INDEX

A

Abbreviated Chronicle (Guillaume de Nangis), 25 , 282 n.57

Abrégé de l'histoire de France (Ménestrel of Alphonse of Poitiers), 3 , 286 –87 n.27;

as model for Thomas of Maubeuge, 37 ;

prologue as a source for Grandes Chroniques , 4 –5.

See also Paris Bibliothèque Nationale Mss. fr. 2815, fr. 4961, fr. 5700, fr. 13565, n.a. fr. 10043

Abrégé de l'histoire de France (Noël de Fribois), 181

Aeneas, 155 , 169 , color plate 8

Agolant, 86 –87, fig. 66

Aimoin of Fleury:

continuation of (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Ms. lat. 12711), 52 ;

Epistula in librum de gestis Francorum ad Abbonem abbatem , 4 ;

Historia Francorum , 4

Aix-la-Chapelle, châsse of Charlemagne, 12

Alexander V (pope), 163 , fig. 105

devices of, 163

Alix (queen of France), 20 , fig. 7

Amaury de Bene, 146

Amplified Chronicle (Guillaume de Nangis), 37 , 38

Angennes, Regnault d', 145

Anjou, 117

Anonymous of Béthune, Chronique des rois de France , 3

Anonymous of Chantilly, Chronique des rois de France , 3 , 270 n.8

Armagnac party, 179

Arsonval, Jean d', 174

Augustine, Saint, City of God , 152

Avril, François, 31

B

Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, W. 138 (Grandes Chroniques ), 145 –47, 149 –50, 194 –95, fig. 97

Baltimore, Walters Art Gallery, W. 139 (Grandes Chroniques ), 194 –95

Barre, Jean de la, 145

Bayonne, 117

Belgium, private collection, excised miniatures (Grandes Chroniques ), 195

Benedict XII (pope), 64

Benedict, Saint, 79 ;

death of, fig. 55

Benoît de Sainte-Maure, Roman de Troie , 12 –13, fig. 2

Berger, Samuel, 38

Berlin, Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Phill. 1917 (Grandes Chroniques ), 153 –69, 176 , 195 –96, figs. 102 , 105 , 110 , 112 –16, 118 , color plate 8 ;

extra text passages in, 288 n.38

Bernard VII (count of Armagnac), 138

Besançon, Bibliothèque Municipale, Ms. 863 (Grandes Chroniques ), 196 –97;

extra text passages in, 288 n.38

Black Prince, 116 ;

mentioned in Charles V's speech (1378), 121 , 122 , 140 ;

mentioned in Jean de Montreuil's Mémoire grossement abrégée , 139

Blanche of Castile (queen of France), 124 –26, 158 , figs. 87 , 88 , 104 , 106

Bordeaux, 117

Bourges, dauphin Charles flees to, 179

Bouvines, Battle of, 89 , figs. 26 , 27

Brétigny, Treaty of, 97 , 110 , 140 ;

mentioned in Charles V's speech, 121 ;